Beclin 1对凋亡和自噬的调控作用

Beclin 1是自噬关键调控蛋白之一,参与自噬体膜形成.近期,大量研究结果指出, Beclin 1是caspase家族蛋白酶的全新底物,可被caspase剪切.剪切后的Beclin 1失去自噬调节功能,转而加剧凋亡进程.因而,Beclin 1对细胞凋亡和自噬起着重要的调控作用. 本文主要对细胞凋亡和自噬的相关性,以及Beclin 1在两通路中的调控作用进行了回顾与总结.在此基础上,进一步讨论了Beclin 1与人类疾病如肿瘤、神经系统退行性疾病的关联.最后,简要介绍了实验室常用于Beclin 1研究的工具.     

原发性肝细胞癌组织中Beclin 1的表达及其意义

目的：探讨原发性肝细胞癌（HCC）组织中Beclin 1的表达及其在肝细胞癌发生发展中的作用。方法：应用免疫组化EnVision法检测54例肝细胞癌组织及其癌旁组织中Beclin 1的表达,分析其与肝细胞癌的病理分级、临床分期、侵袭及转移等临床病理因素的关系。结果：HCC组织中Beclin 1阳性表达率明显低于癌旁组织（X2=7.53,P〈0.01）。病理分级Ⅲ～Ⅳ、TNM分期Ⅲ～Ⅳ、存在静脉浸润和淋巴结转移的肝癌组织中的Beclin 1表达水平明显低于病理分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ、TNM分期Ⅰ～Ⅱ、无静脉浸润和淋巴结转移的肝癌组织（P〈0.01）。结论：HCC组织中存在Beclin 1表达缺失,可能与HCC的发生有着密切的关系,且对HCC的恶性生物学行为有重要影响。     

Sprouty1 regulates neuritogenesis and survival of cortical neurons

In multicellular organisms, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) control a variety of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. Sprouty (SPRY) proteins represent an important class of ligand-inducible inhibitors of RTK-dependent signaling pathways. Here, we investigated the role of SPRY1 in cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Expression of SPRY1 was substantially higher in neural stem cells than in cortical neurons and was increased during neuronal differentiation of cortical neurons. We found that SPRY1 was a direct target gene of the CNS-specific microRNA, miR-124 and miR-132. In primary cultures of cortical neurons, the neurotrophic factors brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) downregulated SPRY1 expression to positively regulate their own functions. In immature cortical neurons and mouse N₂A cells, we found that overexpression of SPRY1 inhibited neurite development, whereas knockdown of SPRY1 expression promoted neurite development. In mature neurons, overexpression of SPRY1 inhibited the prosurvival effects of both BDNF and FGF2 on glutamate-mediated neuronal cell death. SPRY1 was also upregulated upon glutamate treatment in mature neurons and partially contributed to the cytotoxic effect of glutamate. Together, our results indicate that SPRY1 contributes to the regulation of CNS functions by influencing both neuronal differentiation under normal physiological processes and neuronal survival under pathological conditions.     

Immobilization of HIV-1 TAT peptide on gold nanoparticles: A feasible approach for siRNA delivery

RNA interference is one of the prosperous approaches for cancer treatment. However, small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery to cancer cells has been faced with various challenges restricting their clinical application over the decades. Since ROR1 is an onco-embryonic gene overexpressed in many malignancies, suppression of ROR1 by siRNA can potentially fight cancer. Herein, a delivery system for ROR1 siRNA based on HIV-1 TAT peptide-capped gold nanoparticles (GNPs) was developed to treat breast cancer. Besides, we introduced a new feasible method for conjugating the peptide to the nanoparticles. Since the GNPs have high affinity to the sulfur, the findings demonstrated the peptide successfully conjugated to the nanoparticles via Au–S bonds. As positively charged nanoparticles showed high cellular uptake, we could use a low concentration of nanoparticles led to high efficient gene transfection with negligible cytotoxicity that was confirmed by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, gel retardation, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Following transfection, downregulation of ROR1 and its targeted gene, CCND1, induced apoptosis in cancer cells. In conclusion, the reported capped GNPs could be potentially utilized for delivering negatively charged therapeutic agents in particular genes.     

Pathogenic role of BECN1/Beclin 1 in the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Pharmacological activation of autophagy is becoming an attractive strategy to induce the selective degradation of aggregate-prone proteins. Recent evidence also suggests that autophagy impairment may underlie the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Mutations in the gene encoding SOD1 (superoxide disumutase 1) trigger familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), inducing its misfolding and aggregation and the progressive loss of motoneurons. It is still under debate whether autophagy has a protective or detrimental role in ALS. Here we evaluate the impact of BECN1/Beclin 1, an essential autophagy regulator, in ALS. BECN1 levels were upregulated in both cells and animals expressing mutant SOD1. To evaluate the impact of BECN1 to the pathogenesis of ALS in vivo, we generated mutant SOD1 transgenic mice heterozygous for Becn1. We observed an unexpected increase in life span of mutant SOD1 transgenic mice haploinsufficient for Becn1 compared with littermate control animals. These effects were accompanied by enhanced accumulation of SQSTM1/p62 and reduced levels of LC3-II, and an altered equilibrium between monomeric and oligomeric mutant SOD1 species in the spinal cord. At the molecular level, we detected an abnormal interaction of mutant SOD1 with the BECN1-BCL2L1 complex that may impact autophagy stimulation. Our data support a dual role of BECN1 in ALS and depict a complex scenario in terms of predicting the effects of manipulating autophagy in a disease context.     

二烯丙基二硫上调Beclin1 介导白血病K562 细胞自噬性死亡的研究

目的：通过二烯丙基二硫诱导白血病K562 细胞发生自噬性死亡,探讨其作用机制。方法：40 mg/LDADS 作用K562 细胞12 小时后,透射电镜观察K562 细胞超微结构,MDC 染色荧光显微镜观察自噬泡及流式细胞仪定量检测自噬率,RT-PCR 检测Beclin1mRNA 的表达水平。结果：DADS 作用后的K562 细胞后,透射电镜可观察到胞质内出现大量自噬体;MDC染色荧光显微镜观 察显示,K562 细胞胞浆中的自噬泡明显增多,而空白组与溶媒组胞浆中的自噬泡很少;流式细胞术定量测定空白对照组、溶媒对 照组、DADS药物组自噬率分别为(7.27± 5.60)%、(7.10± 5.13)%、(27.39± 6.51)%（P<0.05）;空白对照组为0.658± 0.007,溶媒对 照组为0.671± 0.012,两者的Beclin1mRNA 的表达强度无明显差异（P>0.05）,DADS 药物组为0.911± 0.008,高于对照组（P<0. 05）。结论：二烯丙基二硫可诱导白血病k562 细胞发生自噬性死亡,其机制可能与Beclin1 的上调有关。     

The Beclin 1 network regulates autophagy and apoptosis

Beclin 1, the mammalian orthologue of yeast Atg6, has a central role in autophagy, a process of programmed cell survival, which is increased during periods of cell stress and extinguished during the cell cycle. It interacts with several cofactors (Atg14L, UVRAG, Bif-1, Rubicon, Ambra1, HMGB1, nPIST, VMP1, SLAM, IP(3)R, PINK and survivin) to regulate the lipid kinase Vps-34 protein and promote formation of Beclin 1-Vps34-Vps15 core complexes, thereby inducing autophagy. In contrast, the BH3 domain of Beclin 1 is bound to, and inhibited by Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL. This interaction can be disrupted by phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Beclin 1, or ubiquitination of Beclin 1. Interestingly, caspase-mediated cleavage of Beclin 1 promotes crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy. Beclin 1 dysfunction has been implicated in many disorders, including cancer and neurodegeneration. Here, we summarize new findings regarding the organization and function of the Beclin 1 network in cellular homeostasis, focusing on the cross-regulation between apoptosis and autophagy.     

二烯丙基二硫上调Beclin1介导白血病K562细胞自噬性死亡的研究

目的：通过二烯丙基二硫诱导白血病K562细胞发生自噬性死亡,探讨其作用机制。方法：40 mg/LDADS作用K562细胞12小时后,透射电镜观察K562细胞超微结构,MDC染色荧光显微镜观察自噬泡及流式细胞仪定量检测自噬率,RT-PCR检测Beclin1mRNA的表达水平。结果：DADS作用后的K562细胞后,透射电镜可观察到胞质内出现大量自噬体;MDC染色荧光显微镜观察显示,K562细胞胞浆中的自噬泡明显增多,而空白组与溶媒组胞浆中的自噬泡很少;流式细胞术定量测定空白对照组、溶媒对照组、DADS药物组自噬率分别为（7.27±5.60）%、（7.10±5.13）%、（27.39±6.51）%（P〈0.05）;空白对照组为0.658±0.007,溶媒对照组为0.671±0.012,两者的Beclin1mRNA的表达强度无明显差异（P〉0.05）,DADS药物组为0.911±0.008,高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：二烯丙基二硫可诱导白血病k562细胞发生自噬性死亡,其机制可能与Beclin1的上调有关。     

The Bcl-2 Homology Domain 3 Mimetic Gossypol Induces Both Beclin 1-dependent and Beclin 1-independent Cytoprotective Autophagy in Cancer Cells

Gossypol, a natural Bcl-2 homology domain 3 mimetic compound isolated from cottonseeds, is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Here, we provide evidence that gossypol induces autophagy followed by apoptotic cell death in both the MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma and HeLa cell lines. We first show that knockdown of the Bcl-2 homology domain 3-only protein Beclin 1 reduces gossypol-induced autophagy in MCF-7 cells, but not in HeLa cells. Gossypol inhibits the interaction between Beclin 1 and Bcl-2 (B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2), antagonizes the inhibition of autophagy by Bcl-2, and hence stimulates autophagy. We then show that knockdown of Vps34 reduces gossypol-induced autophagy in both cell lines, and consistent with this, the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate-binding protein WIPI-1 is recruited to autophagosomal membranes. Further, Atg5 knockdown also reduces gossypol-mediated autophagy. We conclude that gossypol induces autophagy in both a canonical and a noncanonical manner. Notably, we found that gossypol-mediated apoptotic cell death was potentiated by treatment with the autophagy inhibitor wortmannin or with small interfering RNA against essential autophagy genes (Vps34, Beclin 1, and Atg5). Our findings support the notion that gossypol-induced autophagy is cytoprotective and not part of the cell death process induced by this compound.     

紫茎泽兰花蕾发育过程中类Beclin1基因的克隆表达分析

以紫茎泽兰不同发育时期花蕾为实验材料,通过光学显微观察、DNA ladder检测表明紫茎泽兰花蕾发育过程中绒毡层有PCD现象发生,自紫茎泽兰花蕾中克隆长为679 bp的Beclin1 cDNA基因部分片段,同烟草叶片的Beclin1基因序列（AY701316）同源性为98%,通过Northern blotting分析,在紫茎泽兰花蕾发育过程中细胞程序性死亡（PCD）相关Beclin1基因表达在花蕾发育第Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期较为旺盛,且在花蕾发育第Ⅱ期最强烈。本研究首次克隆并证实紫茎泽兰花蕾Beclin1基因与PCD有一定的相关性,为分析紫茎泽兰入侵机理提供新的思路和手段。     

Targeting the HIV-1 RNA leader sequence with synthetic oligonucleotides and siRNA: Chemistry and cell delivery

New candidates for development as potential drugs or virucides against HIV-1 infection and AIDS continue to be needed. The HIV-1 RNA leader sequence has many essential functional sites for virus replication and regulation that includes several highly conserved sequences. The review describes the historical context of targeting the HIV-1 RNA leader sequence with antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, such as GEM 91, and goes on to describe modern approaches to targeting this region with steric blocking oligonucleotide analogues having newer and more advantageous chemistries, as well as recent studies on siRNA, towards the attainment of antiviral activity. Recent attempts to obtain improved cell delivery are highlighted, including exciting new developments in the use of peptide conjugates of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) as potential virucides.     

抑制Beclin1促进H2O2诱导的神经胶质瘤U251细胞凋亡

氧化应激能够引起细胞自噬和凋亡同时发生,但其中细胞自噬的作用仍不十分明确,研究表明Beclin 1作为调节前自噬体形成的关键基因,参与了胶质瘤氧化应激的损伤过程.为了探讨自噬在H2O2引起的神经胶质瘤U251细胞损伤中的作用,本文应用真核细胞转染技术将Psilencer3.1-siRNA-Beclin 1重组质粒转入人...     

飞机草花蕾中Beclin1基因的克隆与表达

以入侵植物飞机草的不同时期花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR法扩增得到了与PCD相关的类Beclin1基因的部分cDNA序列(大约700 bp),与烟草叶片中的基因序列(AY701316)同源性为95%;Northern blotting结果表明类Beclin1基因在花蕾发育中期的表达量高于初期和后期;通过DNA ladder检测表明在花蕾发育过程中伴随着PCD的发生,这些结果表明花蕾发育中期是PCD初期发生的活跃期,是绒毡层逐渐退化和花粉不断形成的过程.通过对生殖过程中的细胞程序性死亡的分子生物学研究,初步揭示了飞机草入侵过程与PCD的相互关系.     

飞机草花蕾中Beclin1基因的克隆与表达

本文以入侵植物飞机草的不同时期花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR法扩增得到了与PCD相关的类Beclin1基因的部分cDNA序列(大约700bp),与烟草叶片中的基因序列（AY701316）同源性为95%;Northern blotting结果表明类Beclin1基因在花蕾发育中期的表达量高于初期和后期;通过DNA ladder检测表明在花蕾发育过程中伴随着PCD的发生,这些结果表明花蕾发育中期是PCD初期发生的活跃期,是绒毡层逐渐退化和花粉不断形成的过程。通过对生殖过程中的细胞程序性死亡的分子生物学研究,初步揭示了飞机草入侵过程与PCD的相互关系。     

mTOR and Beclin1: Two key autophagy-related molecules and their roles in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury

Autophagy is the general term of lysosomal degradation of substances in cells, which is considered the key to maintaining the normal structure and function of the heart. It also has a correlation with several heart diseases, in particular, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. At the stage of myocardial ischemia, autophagy degrades nonfunctional cytoplasmic proteins providing the critical nutrients for the critical life activities, thereby suppressing cell apoptosis and necrosis. However, autophagy is likely to affect the heart negatively in the reperfusion stage. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Beclin1 are two vital autophagy-related molecules in myocardial I/R injury playing significant roles in different stages. In the ischemia stage, mTOR plays its roles through AMPK/mTOR and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mTOR pathway, whereas Beclin1 plays its roles through its upregulation in the reperfusion stage. A possible interaction between mTOR and Beclin1 has been reported recently, and further studies need to be done to find the underlying interaction between the two molecules in myocardial I/R injury     

放疗与吉西他滨治疗对肺癌A549细胞自噬相关基因Beclin1表达的影响

目的:探讨放疗与吉西他滨(Gemcitabine,GEM)治疗对人肺腺癌A549细胞中自噬相关基因Beclin1表达的影响。方法:使用60Coγ照射(6Gy)人肺腺癌A549细胞,细胞继续培养6、12和24h。使用人剂量吉西他滨处理人肺腺癌A549细胞,细胞继续培养24 h后,以未处理的A549细胞为对照,用RT-PCR和Western blotting法检测A549细胞中Beclin1 m RNA和蛋白的表达。结果:经过放射线照射后,三组A549细胞内Beclin1 m RNA和蛋白的表达量均增加,且在24小时末表达量达到最大。经过吉西他滨处理后,吉西他滨处理组A549细胞内Beclin1 m RNA和蛋白的表达量均增加。结论:放射治疗与吉西他滨治疗均可导致A549细胞内自噬相关基因Beclin1表达上调。     

新生隐球菌MIS1基因的siRNA表达载体的构建及鉴定

目的 构建靶向新生隐球菌MIS1基因的siRNA重组表达载体质粒,并进行鉴定.方法 根据GenBank的MIS1基因序列,按照载体要求设计单链引物,克隆到空载体psilencer4.I-CMV neo中,经过LiAc化学法将重组质粒转染到新生隐球菌细胞中并用G418筛选,利用real time PCR鉴定阳性细胞的MIS1基因水平.结果 重组表达质粒Psilencer4,1-CMV-si-MIS1经PCR、双酶切及测序鉴定,结果证明重组表达载体构建成功,其能在mRNA水平显著抑制MIS1的表达.结论 已成功构建新生隐球菌MIS1基因的siRNA表达载体,为深入研究MIsl在隐球菌相关疾病的发生及发展中的作用提供了技术手段.     

Beclin 1 self‐association is independent of autophagy induction by amino acid deprivation and rapamycin treatment

Autophagy, a process of self‐digestion of cellular constituents, regulates the balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation. Beclin 1 represents an important component of the autophagic machinery. It interacts with proteins that positively regulate autophagy, such as Vps34, UVRAG, and Ambra1, as well as with anti‐apoptotic proteins such as Bcl‐2 via its BH3‐like domain to negatively regulate autophagy. Thus, Beclin 1 interactions with several proteins may regulate autophagy. To identify novel Beclin 1 interacting proteins, we utilized a GST‐Beclin 1 fusion protein. Using mass spectroscopic analysis, we identified Beclin 1 as a protein that interacts with GST‐Beclin 1. Further examination by cross linking and co‐immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that Beclin 1 self‐interacts and that the coiled coil and the N‐terminal region of Beclin 1 contribute to its oligomerization. Importantly, overexpression of vps34, UVRAG, or Bcl‐x_L, had no effect on Beclin 1 self‐interaction. Moreover, this self‐interaction was independent of autophagy induction by amino acid deprivation or rapamycin treatment. These results suggest that full‐length Beclin 1 is a stable oligomer under various conditions. Such an oligomer may provide a platform for further protein–protein interactions. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 1262–1271, 2010. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.