Does Physiological Integration Enable Clonal Herbs to Integrate the Effects of Environmental Heterogeneity?

Abstract The effects of physiological integration on clone behaviour are examined at various structural scales, using data from the stoloniferous herb Glechoma hederacea . The consequences for clone expansion of traumatic fragmentation of the connections between clonal ramets are also illustrated. These results, together with information from other species, are used to refute the commonly-quoted view that physiological integration between the ramets of clonal herbs evens out the effects of variation in environmental quality, and promotes equitable ramet performance. Instead, clonal species are responsive, at a variety of structural scales, to environmental quality. Therefore, in a heterogeneous habitat, within-clone variation in the performance of ramets and clonal sub-structures is to be expected. The seminal study which purports to demonstrate environmental averaging in clonal herbs is shown to be both inadequately designed and inappropriately analysed to accomplish its aim.
Physiological and architectural reasons for the local responses to environmental quality seen in the majority of clonal herbs are discussed.     

紫苏与白苏不同化学型挥发油成分的研究

本文对不同地区的八个紫苏、白苏样品进行了植物形态与挥发油化学成分的对比研究。花为白色、植物全绿者其挥发油主要成分为紫苏酮,此植物为紫苏酮型。花为淡紫色,植株全紫者(老叶叶面为绿色,叶背面为紫色)其挥发油的主要成分为紫苏醛,此植物为紫苏醛型。花为粉白色,叶子面绿背紫绿色或者叶绿,叶柄、茎为紫绿色者其挥发油主要成分为莳萝油脑或肉豆蔻醚,此植物为苯丙烯基型。     

Automated Measurement of L-Glutamate in Soy Sauce Using L-Glutamate Dehydrogenase

An automated method for rapid and convenient measurement of L-glutamate has been developed by using a discrete analyzer, EEL Auto Chemist. It is based on the colorimetric measurement of NADH produced on a mole-mole basis by enzymatic dehydrogenation of L-glutamate using L-glutamate dehydrogenase from bovine liver. The values of L-glutamate obtained by this method were well agreed with those obtained by the routine Waruburg mano-metric method using L-glutamate decarboxylase from Escherichia coli.     

Studies on Enzymatic Synthesis of Oligosaccharides

The overproduction of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was suppressed by orally administering a perilla leaf extract (PLE). When mice were successively injected with OK-432, severe TNF-α was induced in the serum, but this elevated TNF-α level was reduced after an oral administration of PLE (400 μl/mouse). Oral administration of PLE also inhibited TNF-α production that was induced by muramyl dipeptide (500 μg/mouse) and OK-432 (3 KE/mouse). These characteristics were obtained from all strains of perilla. The inhibitory activity against TNF-α production was heat-stable, and the existence of several active molecules was suggested. When PLE was passed through an ultrafilter, the inhibitory activity against TNF-α production was collected in those fractions with a mass of 0.5 to 1 kDa and more than 10 kDa. When PLE was solvent-extracted, the strongest activity was recognized with aqueous preparation, although significant activity was also detected in preparations extracted with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. These findings suggest that the daily use of certain functional foods may be useful for controlling the host defense system.     

模拟氮沉降对紫苏叶挥发油主要成分的影响

我国为世界三大高氮沉降区之一,氮沉降严重影响了植物生长发育。该研究采用喷施硝酸铵(NH4NO3)模拟氮沉降,分析了不同浓度氮沉降作用下紫苏叶中紫苏醛、D-柠檬烯、α-蒎烯等3种挥发油成分的变化规律。结果表明:随喷施氮盐浓度不断提高,紫苏叶挥发油的3种主要成分含量均有显著下降趋势;氮盐浓度升至0.044 mol·L~-1时,紫苏醛、D-柠檬烯、α-蒎烯的含量降至最低,之后趋于稳定;氮盐浓度对3种挥发油成分含量的比例也有影响;不同氮盐浓度处理下,3种挥发油成分的变异系数不同,紫苏醛的变异系数为0.692 9,D-柠檬烯的变异系数为0.460 1,而α-蒎烯的变异系数为0.271 6,即紫苏醛含量变化最大,α-蒎烯含量最为稳定。大气氮沉降浓度对紫苏叶挥发油主要成分含量有显著影响,随氮盐浓度不断提高,紫苏醛、D-柠檬烯、α-蒎烯等3种挥发油成分含量呈降低趋势,尤以紫苏醛含量的降低最为剧烈。氮沉降增加对紫苏叶有效成分含量有降低的作用。     

紫苏PfFUL基因调控拟南芥开花和角果发育

紫苏 (FRUITFULL,FUL)基因属植物MADS-box家族中的AP1/FUL亚家族,具有调控开花时间、花分生组织分化和果实发育的功能。本研究根据紫苏转录物组注释克隆获得PfFUL基因序列,利用生物信息学方法对PfFUL蛋白的基本理化性质进行了分析,通过系统发育树分析了PfFUL与其他物种FUL的进化关系。构建35S::PfFUL植物表达载体,分别转化野生型Col-0及突变体ful-7拟南芥获得了过表达35S::PfFUL/Col-0和回补突变35S::PfFUL /ful-7植株,并对其进行表型比较分析,初步明确了PfFUL基因在植株开花及角果发育过程中的功能。PfFUL基因全长CDS为738 bp,编码245个氨基酸。系统发育分析表明,紫苏PfFUL与番茄、一串红和芡欧鼠尾草亲缘关系较近,而与拟南芥、烟草和葡萄关系较远。相比于Col-0和ful-7,转基因植株均表现出早花现象(P＜0. 05),35S::PfFUL /ful-7植株的角果长度可恢复到野生型表型(P＞0. 05),且种子皱缩的数量明显降低(P＜0. 01)。此外,表型观察发现,转基因植株还表现出节间生长伸长,茎生叶变窄且卷曲。本研究证实,PfFUL基因可调控植物开花和角果的发育,并参与营养生长。     

Novel Antioxidants Isolated from Perilla frutescens Britton var. crispa (Thunb.)

Two novel antioxidants (vinyl caffeate and trans-p-menth-8-en-7-yl caffeate) and seven known antioxidants (3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, methyl 3,4-dihydroxy-benzoate, methyl caffeate, 3′,4′,5,7-tetra-hydroxy-flavone, caffeic acid, 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin, and rosmarinic acid) were isolated from Perilla frutescens Britton var. crispa (Thunb.). The redox potentials of the novel isolated antioxidative compounds were comparable to those of known antioxidants. trans-p-menth-8-en-7-yl caffeate was effective to prevent the oxidative degradation of perillaldehyde in the essential oil of P. frutescens.     

不同基因型紫苏耐盐性比较研究

以不同基因型紫苏为材料,研究150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫对紫苏种子萌发,幼苗生长及其生理指标的影响.结果显示:(1)盐胁迫下,不同基因型紫苏种子发芽率和发芽势均比对照显著降低,种子发芽指数、活力指数等发芽指标下降;不同基因型紫苏幼苗地上部和地下部干重均有不同程度降低,高油1(Y1)、紫野1(Z1)、紫野2(Z2)、紫野3(Z3)和紫野4(Z4)幼苗组织含水量均比对照显著降低,且幼苗存活率低而盐害指数显著高于其他基因型品种.(2)盐胁迫下不同基因型紫苏幼苗根系活力均比对照显著降低,其中Y1降幅最大,紫野6(Z6)和紫野7(Z7)降幅较小,可溶性糖含量均比对照显著提高.基因型Y1、Z1和Z2幼苗中MDA含量显著高于对照,表明其膜脂过氧化程度较高.(3)基因型苏引1(S1)、Z6、Z7、紫野8(Z8)、紫野9旱(ZY9)和紫野10(Z10)幼苗叶片中SOD、CAT和POD活性均显著高于对照,Y1、Z1、Z2、Z3和Z4幼苗中SOD和CAT活性与对照差异不显著,且Y1、Z2和Z4幼苗POD活性较对照显著降低,表明其抗氧化能力较差.研究发现,基因型S1、Z6和Z7在盐胁迫下其种子发芽能力、耐盐能力及幼苗渗透调节能力和活性氧清除能力均较强,表现出较强的耐盐性;基因型Y1、Z1、Z2、Z3和Z4受盐胁迫影响较大,为盐敏感基因型;Z8、Z9、ZY9和Z10为中等耐盐性基因型.     

紫苏花蜜腺的发育解剖学研究

紫苏花蜜腺位于不均等分裂的花盘裂片上,属于子房基部的盘状蜜腺。3枚小裂片上的蜜腺由分泌表皮和产蜜组织组成,而另一枚大裂片上的指状蜜腺则由分泌表皮、产蜜组织和维管束组成。4枚蜜腺的表皮细胞外均具薄的角质层,仅在指状蜜腺的顶部分布着密集的气孔器。蜜腺来源于花盘表面的2～3层细胞。在蜜腺发育过程中,液泡和淀粉粒呈现有规律的消长变化,这与蜜汁的合成与分泌有关。3枚小裂片蜜腺的原蜜汁来源和泌蜜途径与指状蜜腺不同。     

紫苏愈伤组织迷迭香酸的纯化及抗菌活性研究

紫苏叶外植体在添加ＮＡＡ和２,４－Ｄ的ＭＳ培养基上诱导分化愈伤组织,愈伤组织中迷迭香酸的含量为８５％,愈伤组织干燥后经乙醇提取,乙酸乙酯萃取后,经Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ ＬＨ－２０柱层析,最后获得了纯度为９５％的迷迭香酸。抑菌实验表明此法获得的迷迭香酸对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及立枯丝合菌的生长均有明显的抑制作用,其最低抑制浓度分别为３００、４００及８００μｇ／ｍＬ。     

紫苏腺毛的形态发生研究

紫苏叶上有两种腺毛：质状腺毛和头状腺毛。两者都具１个基细胞、１个柄细胞和头部。前者的头部可由１、２、４或８个分泌细胞组成,扩展成质状;后者的头部由１、２或４个分泌细胞组成,聚成圆球状。两种腺毛的原始细胞都来源于原表皮细胞,经两次平周分裂产生基细胞、柄细胞和顶细胞。在腺毛后期的形态发生中,柄细胞的分化状态决定腺毛的类型。若柄细胞保持扁平关且处于分生状态时,其顶细胞将发育成质状腺毛的头部;若柄细胞纵向     

紫苏腺毛的形态发生研究

紫苏叶上有两种腺毛:盾状腺毛和头状腺毛。两者都具1个基细胞、1个柄细胞和头部。前者的头部可由1、2、4或8个分泌细胞组成,扩展成盾状;后者的头部由1、2或4个分泌细胞组成,聚成圆球状。两种腺毛的原始细胞都来源于原表皮细胞,经两次平周分裂产生基细胞、柄细胞和顶细胞。在腺毛后期的形态发生中,柄细胞的分化状态决定腺毛的类型。若柄细胞保持扁平状且处于分生状态时,其顶细胞将发育成盾状腺毛的头部;若柄细胞纵向引长并迅速液泡化时,其顶细胞将发育成头状腺毛的头部。     

云南境内紫苏种下变异的研究

选取26个性状,应用不加权算术平均配对法对来自云南各地的20份紫苏试材进行了数值分类学研究。结果表明:这20份紫苏试材可分成紫苏、回回苏、耳齿紫苏、野生紫苏和白苏5个变种;并对白苏变种的设立和耳齿紫苏变种的分布进行了探讨。