Hybridization between introduced smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora; Poaceae) and native California cordgrass (S. foliosa) in San Francisco Bay, California, USA

Introduced Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) is rapidly invading intertidal mudflats in San Francisco Bay, California. At several sites, S. alterniflora co-occurs with native S. foliosa (California cordgrass), a species endemic to California salt marshes. In this study, random amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs) specific to each Spartina species were identified and used to test for hybridization between the native and introduced Spartina species in the greenhouse and in the field. Greenhouse crosses were made using S. alterniflora as the pollen donor and S. foliosa as the maternal plant, and these crosses produced viable seeds. The hybrid status of the crossed offspring was confirmed with the RAPD markers. Hybrids had low self-fertility but high fertility when back-crossed with S. foliosa pollen. Hybrids were also found established at two field sites in San Francisco Bay; these hybrids appeared vigorous and morphologically intermediate between the parental species. Field observations suggested that hybrids were recruiting more rapidly than the native S. foliosa. Previous work identified competition from introduced S. alterniflora as a threat to native S. foliosa. In this study, we identify introgression and the spread of hybrids as an additional, perhaps even more serious threat to conservation of S. foliosa in San Francisco Bay.     

Effects of drainage and soil organic content on growth of Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae) in an artificial salt marsh mesocosm

An artificial salt marsh mesocosm was constructed using 680-L polypropylene tanks to determine the effect of soil drainage depth and organic content on growth and rhizome proliferation of the salt marsh smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora. Soil drainage depth had no effect on accumulation of aerial or subsurface plant tissue, but tanks that had 2.5% soil organic content supported enhanced aerial tissue and rhizome growth compared to tanks that contained sand alone. We propose a mathematical model for predicting the mass of photosynthetically significant leaf tissue without cutting and drying leaves. Implications of these findings for salt marsh creation projects are discussed.     

芦苇与入侵植物互花米草的光合特性比较

以上海崇明东滩湿地外来入侵植物互花米草与本地种芦苇为研究对象,对它们的光合特性进行了比较研究,结果表明:(1)与芦苇相比,互花米草具有更高的表观量子效率(AQY)、CO2羟化效率(CE)和最大净光合速率(pmax);(2)生长季节初期,互花米草午间时段的光合、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均高于芦苇,各指标与光、温的变化基本一致;(3)互花米草的净光合速率曲线呈“单峰”型,测定指标在强光合辐射、高温条件下迅速上升,芦苇则表现出明显的“午休”现象;(4)在生长季节初期(5月份)和活跃期(9月份),互花米草的净光合速率显著高于芦苇,而在生长季节后期(11月份)则低于芦苇。该项研究有利于解释互花米草生长迅速,生产力高,竞争性强的生理生态学特性。     

互花米草的两面性及其生态控制

互花米草是美国大西洋沿岸的本土植物,其高生产力、高繁殖率、高抗性和致密发达的地下部分等生物学特性使它能在沿海地区的抗风防浪、保滩护岸、促淤造陆、修复湿地和固定二氧化碳等方面发挥很好的正生态效应;然而,正是这与生俱来的生物学优势使该物种在引种地区侵占光滩,很快形成茂盛的单种优势群落,体现出很强的入侵性,从而也具有相当大的负生态效应。本文综述了互花米草的正负生态效应,分别从以下4个方面展开:抗风防浪的功效与改变景观的负作用,促淤造陆的功效与改变河口水文格局的负作用,固碳效应与释放温室气体的负作用,为一些物种提供营养与栖息地的同时对其他物种栖息环境的破坏性。研究证实,互花米草的本土化倾向已比较突出,如在超过100年引种历史的美国西部维拉帕湾、引种历史近40年的旧金山湾,以及引种历史近30年的我国大丰滩涂等。对于互花米草的生态控制,应结合各地的自然、社会、经济状况,因地制宜,如在一些生态脆弱(开发过度、缺乏大型植被、蚀退现象严重)的沿海地区,防灾减灾任务艰巨,根除互花米草须谨慎;在充分利用互花米草抗风防浪和促淤造陆后,可以适时围垦,以达到某些区域大面积减除的目标;此外,综合治理与利用相结合是较为科学的举措,既充分利用互花米草生物质(加工生产新食品、保健品、生物气等),又有效控制其种子飘落和扩繁,是一项生态工程,也是一种具有生态经济效益的利国利民之举。     

Effect of oxygen availability and salinity on EARLY LIFE HISTORY STAGES OF SALT MARSH PLANTS. I. Different germination strategies of Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis (Poaceae)

Gradients in oxygen availability and salinity are among the most important environmental parameters influencing zonation in salt marsh communities. The combined effects of oxygen and salinity on the germination of two salt marsh grasses, Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis, were studied in growth chamber experiments. Germination of both species was initiated by emergence of the shoot and completed by root emergence. Percentage S. alterniflora germination was reduced at high salinity (40 g NaCl/L) and in decreased oxygen (5 and 2.5%). In 0% oxygen shoots emerged, but roots did not. P. australis germination was reduced at a lower salinity (25 g NaCl/L) than S. alterniflora, and inhibited at 40 g NaCl/L and in anoxia. However, a combination of hypoxia (10 and 5% O2) and moderate salinity (5 and 10 g NaCl/L) increased P. australis germination. When bare areas in the salt marsh are colonized, the different germination responses of these two species to combinations of oxygen and salt concentrations are important in establishing their initial zonation. In high salinity wetlands S. alterniflora populates the lower marsh and P. australis occupies the high marsh at the upland boundary.     

三种类型互花米草抗盐生态型的分化

从美国引种成功的三种类型互花米草在不同NaCl浓度的盐渍生境中,叶细胞膜透性、渗透调节物(主要是K+、Na+)和氨基酸的变化以及光合作用、呼吸作用的变化都存在明显的差异,这是由于长期不同生境的选择和互花米草的基因型适应所造成的生态型分化的结果。按抗盐性分：G型抗性最强、F型最弱、N型居中。     

Genotypic diversity enhances invasive ability of Spartina alterniflora

Although genetic diversity is very important for alien species, which have to cope with new environments, little is known about the role that genetic diversity plays in their invasive success. In this study, we set up a manipulation experiment including three levels of genotypic diversity to test whether genotypic diversity can enhance the invasive ability of alien species, in our case the invasive Spartina alterniflora in China, and to infer the underlying mechanisms. There was no significant relationship between genotypic diversity and parameters of performance in the first year; however, from the summer of the second year onwards, genotypic diversity enhanced four of the six parameters of performance. After two growing seasons, there were significant positive relationships between genotypic diversity and maximum spread distance, patch size, shoot number per patch, and aboveground biomass. Moreover, abundance of the native dominant species Scirpus mariqueter was marginally significantly decreased with genotypic diversity of S. alterniflora, suggesting that enhanced invasive ability of S. alterniflora may have depressed the growth of the native species. There was no significant difference in most measures of performance among six genotypes, but we observed a transgressive over performance in four measures in multiple‐genotype patches. At the end of the experiment, there were significant nonadditive effects of genotypic diversity according to Monte Carlo permutations, in six‐genotype, but not three‐genotype plots. Our results indicated that both additive and nonadditive effects played roles in the positive relationship between genetic diversity and invasion success, and nonadditive effects were stronger as duration increased.     

东北19种禾本科植物花粉形态研究

报道了禾本科19种植物的花粉形态.通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜,对花粉的形态、表面饰纹、萌发孔的许多特征进行了观察.总结了禾本科植物花粉形态的类型及萌发孔的特征.     

互花米草生物量年动态及其与滩涂生境的关系

本文研究了不同滩涂生境对互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)群落特征及生物量的影响。其结果是：建立在小潮高潮线附近滩面的互花米草群落,其密度、高度、地上和地下生物量(本文生物量均为现存生物量),均比建立在偏低、偏高位置滩面的群落为高。在淡水、肥水来源丰富的河口潮滩上建立的互花米草群落,其群落特征更突出,生物量比建立在土壤肥力低、含盐量高的非河口潮滩上群落高。潮滩上的互花米草群落地下生物量随龄级的增加而增长,但地上生物量和总生物量以三年龄群落为最高,四年龄群落却比三年龄群落低。     

从能值效益角度研究互花米草生态工程资源配置

应用能值分析的方法 ,分别对江苏省射阳河口的 3种治理方法 :海滨潮间带盐沼湿地 (方案 A)、互花米草湿地 (方案B)和互花米草生态工程 (方案 C)进行能值计算和评价。计算结果为能值投放 A:2 .84 E 1 2 sej/a· m2 ;B:3.67E 1 1 sej/a1· m2 ;C:8.94 E 1 1 sej/a·m2 ;能值产出 A:5.78E 0 9sej/a· m2 ;B:3.4 4E 1 1 sej/a· m2 ;C:3.4 6E 1 2 sej/a·m2。从主要能值指标看 ,A的持续性需以人类活动的不断投入来维持 ,B和 C较 A具有明显的优越性 ,C的能值产出更大。以能值为单位 ,考察资源的最佳配置点 ,B的自然资源对资本和服务的边际技术替代率较大 ,其 MRTS=MP2 /MP1较大说明 B的人类经济活动所投入占的比例较小 ,增加少量的资本和服务投入可取得更大的边际产出。     

The influence of arsenic chemical form and concentration on Spartina patens and Spartina alterniflora growth and tissue arsenic concentration

Arsenic (As) uptake by two perennial coastal marsh grasses growing in hydroponic conditions was studied in relation to the chemical form and concentration of As added to nutrient solution. A 4×3×2 factorial experiment was conducted with treatments consisting of four As chemical forms [arsenite, As(III); arsenate, As(V); monomethyl arsonic acid, MMAA; and dimethyl arsinic acid, DMAA], three As concentrations (0.2, 0.8, and 2.0 mg As L^-1) and two plant species (Spartina patens and Spartina alterniflora). Arsenic phytoavailability and phytotoxicity were primarily determined by the As chemical form present in the nutrient solution, though As concentration also influenced both As availability and toxicity. Application of As(V) increased root, shoot and total dry matter production; this positive plant growth response may be linked with P nutrition. Organic arsenicals and As(III) were the most phytotoxic species to both marsh grasses when plant growth was considered. Arsenic uptake and transport in plant were species-specific. Phytoavailability of As followed the trend DMAA MMAA As(V) < As(III). Root and shoot As concentrations significantly increased with increasing As application rates to the rooting medium, regardless of the As chemical form. Upon absorption, inorganic arsenicals and MMAA were mainly accumulated in the root system, while DMAA was readily translocated to the shoot.     

芦苇与外来植物互花米草在不同CO2浓度下的光合特性比较

以上海崇明东滩湿地外来植物互花米草与本地种芦苇为研究对象,对两者在不同CO2浓度条件下的光合/呼吸-CO2响应机制,光合作用进程及光合特性指标进行比较研究.结果表明：（1）随CO2浓度的增加,互花米草与芦苇的净光合速率增加,暗呼吸速率下降;（2）互花米草与芦苇的光合/呼吸-CO2响应机制不同,互花米草表现出更高的表观羧化效率（CE）和暗呼吸速率（R）;（3）互花米草的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）及蒸腾速率（Tr）在400μmol/mol CO2浓度下均高于芦苇,在1000μmol/molCO2浓度下则显著下降,表现出对设定环境因子和高CO2浓度胁迫的光合生理响应.本项研究通过对入侵植物互花米草与本地种芦苇的在特定时间段内的光合特性比较研究,将有助于揭示互花米草和芦苇的CO2-光合适应机制,为解释互花米草生长迅速,生产力高,竞争性强的生理生态学特性提供实验依据.