共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 781 毫秒
1.
In the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, a chimpanzee mother moved to a neighboring unit-group leaving her 5-year-old
son behind in the original group. The mother remained in the new group for ten months and then after conceiving, returned
to the original group. The mother and son were reunited again but the son died of illness two months later. The mother gave
birth to a baby in the original group but eventually transferred to the neighboring group after that baby disappeared. This
is the first record of an immature chimpanzee abandoned by its emigrating mother, although a similar phenomenon has been reported
for gorillas and Hanuman langurs. The abandoned offspring followed an adult male of the unit-group and the male was the individual
who gave most of the care to the offspring. The offspring's time spent on grooming others increased, the time spent on being
groomed decreased, and the rate of aggression toward him increased after his mother's desertion. This report will occasion
to reconsider the previous notion of all-powerful mother-offspring bond in chimpanzees. 相似文献
2.
Hiroshi Ihobe 《Primates; journal of primatology》1992,33(2):163-179
Male-male relationships among wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) in two adjacent unitgroups (E1 and E2 groups), which were formed by division of the E group, were studied at Wamba, in the
Central Zaire Basin, by analyzing the proximity and social interactions among males. Dominant-subordinate relationships between
a male-male dyad were easily recognized from the directions of individual agonistic interactions. Male bonobos rarely joined
forces in aggression. Clear differences in social status existed between adult and adolescent male bonobos in both groups,
as reported in the case of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). The presence of mothers in the unit-group greatly influenced the dominant-subordinate relationships among males through
strong mother-son bonds in both groups. However, the extent of the mother-son bonds differed between the groups. Males in
the E2 group participated more frequently in agonistic or affinitive interactions than did males in the E1 group. Males in
the E1 group were divided spatially into several clusters, while there were cohesive relationships among the adult males in
the E2 group. The difference in intensities of mother-son bonds between the groups may be explained by the distribution of
males at the time of the division of the E group. Differences in male-male relationships between bonobos and chimpanzees seem
to be related to differences in intra- and inter-unit-group competition among males between the two species. Male chimpanzees
may achieve coexistence by manipulating ambivalent relationships that are caused by intra- and inter-unit-group competition
among them, while male bonobos may achieve coexistence by decreasing intra- and inter-unit-group competition among them. 相似文献
3.
Takeshi Furuichi 《International journal of primatology》1989,10(3):173-197
The unit-group of Pan paniscustends to form one large mixed party consisting of most of its members. Females usually stay in the party irrespective of their
estrous state. They aggregate in the center of the party; and, older females stay in the most central part. Adult and adolescent
sons of the old adult females stay in the central part more than males without mothers in the unit-group do. Females leave
their natal unit-groups as older juveniles or in early adolescence and. settle in another unit-group after visiting several.
Newly immigrated young females are eager to have social interactions with senior females to improve their social positions.
Females become less eager to interact socially with other females when they have their own offspring. The strong bond between
mother and son continues into his adulthood; and, females in old age become important members of the unit-group, both as the
targets of association for younger females and as the mothers of highranking males. High social status of females seems related
to their cohesive grouping tendency. The consistency of the multimale/multifemale party and the existence of prominent mother-offspring
subunits are unique characteristics of P. paniscusamong the Pongidae. This social structure may provide a feasible model of the basic society from which human society evolved. 相似文献
4.
A prolonged attack on a mother and 2-year-old infant that resulted in the death of the infant was observed in the Kanyawara
study group in Kibale National Park. The mother was a border-area resident who was first observed associating with unit-group
males six years previously. The attackers were an adult male and an adult female with a 6-week-old infant clinging ventrally
to her. The attack was unusual in several respects: it is the first time a male and a female chimpanzee have been observed
cooperating closely in an infanticidal attack; the adult female initially attempted to intervene in the victim's behalf, but
later joined in the attack after receiving aggression from the male; and the episode was longer in duration than other reported
cases. In the year following the incident, the mother did not increase her association with community males, but was seen
with the male who killed her infant. The relevance of these observations to sexual selection-based explanations for infanticide
in chimpanzees is discussed. 相似文献
5.
In the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, a young adult male chimpanzee was observed to feed on a 3-month-old male
infant of the same unit-group. Four other adult males and an adult female shared the carcass. The mother of the victim had
immigrated from a neighboring unit-group four years previously. Circumstantial evidence strongly suggests that the first-observed
cannibal male also killed the infant. The adult male and the mother of the victim had been familiar socially and sexually
with each other since the female immigrated. Since the mother of the victim had usually been ranging in the peripheral part
of the unit-group's range, i.e., the overlapping area of the two unit-group's ranges during pregnancy and soon after birth,
the infanticidal male might have had reason to suspect the paternity of her infant. Four such cases of within-group cannibalism
by adult males suggest that the female range and association pattern before and after parturition are key factors allowing
an infant to survive. The possibility of male-biased infanticide is also discussed. 相似文献
6.
Dominance among male chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains National Park,Tanzania: A preliminary study
Hitoshige Hayaki Michael A. Huffman Toshisada Nishida 《Primates; journal of primatology》1989,30(2):187-197
Dominance relationships among male chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, were analyzed. Although all
adolescent males were unequivocally subordinate to all adult males, dominance relationships within the age classes were much
less clear. Especially among adolescent males, few pant-grunts or agonistic interactions occurred. While adolescent males
frequently pant-grunted at adult males, these latter males, except the alpha and the youngest, rarely pant-grunted to one
another. This suggests that a difference of social status exists between adolescent and adult males. Adult males rarely display
overt dominance to one another probably because the presence of other males affects their interactions. Moreover, they seem
to try to keep their dominance relationship ambiguous when making it overt is not advantageous to them. This may be a political
way for males to coexist with one another in a unit-group. 相似文献
7.
Kenji Kawanaka 《International journal of primatology》1984,5(5):411-434
In order to characterize the social unit in chimpanzees, about which several conflicting views have been proposed, the proximity
matrix among 55 recognized chimpanzees and the range covered by each of them are examined, on the basis of data obtained at
the Mahale Mountains during 12 months in 1978–1979. It is shown once again that chimpanzees have a bisexual social unit (unit-group).
Two such unit-groups were detected in the study area. All animals belonged to one of the two unit-groups except a few cycling
females (and a juvenile male accompanied by his cycling mother) which were seen to associate alternately with members of two
neighboring unit-groups, covering a whole range of one or even two unit-groups. The problem of such females is discussed in
relation to the spatial relationships between the two unit-groups. Reexamining the membership of a unit-group, it is demonstrated
that a unit-group was most likely patrilineal. While nulliparous females transferred between unit-groups, parous females tended
to remain in a unit-group where they first gave birth to infants and to have several offspring therein. This appeared significant
for ensuring recruitment of members of the next generation to a patrilineal unit-group. Although some adult males left their
natal unit-group, they never joined the other. Male departure from a unit-group seemed to be forced by the other males and
to be the sociological equivalent of going into exile, which is unique in nonhuman primates. 相似文献
8.
A mother, her adult son, four adult males and six adult females from a free-ranging group at Katsuyama were paired in a cage
in the sexual seasons from 1976 to 1980. The paired subjects were classified into the following three types: mother and son,
familiar pairs and unfamiliar pairs. The familiar pairs consisted of monkeys who had been in the Katsuyama group until about
six months before the experiment. The unfamiliar pairs consisted of monkeys who had not met each other at all or who had not
met each other for more than eight years before the experiment. Serial mounts which terminated with ejaculation occurred in
nine of ten unfamiliar pairs, four of five familiar pairs, but there were none between the son and mother. The son and mother
did not appear to be sexually aroused between themselves, although they were sexually active to other partners. However, on
rare occasions, the son mounted singly on the mother, and on one occasion he ejaculated. Their interaction did not change
essentially during the three years. The son rarely mounted serially on a female who had a close relationship with his mother. 相似文献
9.
G Epple 《Hormones and behavior》1978,11(2):139-150
The social interactions of 12 adult, permanently cohabiting male-female pairs with strange conspecifics were studied before and after the male of each pair was either castrated or underwent control surgery. Prior to surgery, the pairs directed a relatively high amount of injurious aggression and displays toward the stranger. Aggression, display behavior, and scent marking tended to be more frequent in females. Moreover, female strangers received more aggression than male strangers, particularly by female subjects. Castration of the males did not result in a decrease in aggression, display behavior, and scent marking. On the contrary, the agression scores of all subjects tended to be higher after surgery, an increase which was probably caused by extraexperimental variables. 相似文献
10.
The social group of wild chimpanzees in the Mahali Mountains 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Toshisada Nishida 《Primates; journal of primatology》1968,9(3):167-224
There are more than six large groups of wild chimpanzees in the study area, which is in the north-eastern part of the Mahali Mountains of Western Tanzainia. One of these groups was provisionized, that is, customarily fed sugar cane and bananas. The characteristics of the social group of wild chimpanzees are clarified by long-term observation of the baited population. The chimpanzees live in a clear-cut social unit which consists of adult males, adult females, and immature animals. The permanency, stable membership, and integrative nature of the unit-group were confirmed during the course of this study. The size of unit-groups ranges from 30 to 80 head.The unit-group generally splits up into temporary subgroups that repeat joining and parting. The size of the subgroups of the baited population ranges from one to 28 head, the mean being 8.1 head. The centralization of a unitgroup is mainly sustained by the high sociability of adult males. The random nature of the membership of subgroups is emphasized in this paper, although subgroups are usually composed by social bonds on the basis of similar age, sex, blood relationship, and/or sexual attraction.The inter-unit-group interaction is peaceful; the subordinate unit-group avoids the dominant one. The home ranges of unit-groups overlap each other extensively, the overlapping areas being used flexibly by both unit-groups on the basis of dominance-subordination relationship. The member-exchange among unit-groups may sometimes occur, but the extent of openness or closedness of a unit-group has not been well elucidated.The research has been financed by the Scientific Research Fund of the Ministry of Education and in part by the Wenner-Gren Foundation. 相似文献
11.
Interactions between adult males and infants may have important consequences not only for males and infants, but also for
mothers. Considerable attention has been paid to interactions that involve two males and an infant. Investigators have proposed
three different general strategies to account for this behavior: (a) exploitation of the infant for one male’s advantage,
(b) protection of the infant from harassment and aggression, and (c) development of relationships with the infant’s mother.
We review various accounts of these interactions, detail the hypotheses used to explain the behavior, make predictions derived
from the hypotheses, and evaluate available data for testing the predictions. We conclude that multiple factors are probably
at work, but the development of social relations between a male and an infant’s mother is a central force. 相似文献
12.
Pascale Sicotte 《Primates; journal of primatology》2000,41(1):93-101
In mountain gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei), male immigration in bi-sexual units is rare. This paper presents the case of a nearly weaned male infant gorilla who followed
his mother in her transfer. This case was recorded in the study population at the Kariske Research Center in 1988. The data
come from observation in Group B (on 12 days just prior to the transfer and on 54 days after the transfer over a period of
6 months). The situation of the infant did match the conditions in which infanticide occurs in gorillas, but he was not killed,
despite receiving male aggression and being wounded twice. In fact, both the mother and the infant received male aggression
more frequently than the long term residents in the group. The aggression received by the mother decreased after she mated
with the males and after she weaned the infant. The aggression received by the infant, however, did not decrease after his
mother mated with the males, and increased in intensity. The infant reacted fearfully to male aggression, in marked contrast
to his mother, who reacted either with indifference, or by simply avoiding the males. The aggression eventually stopped, and
the infant became a blackback in Group B. Evolutionarily, the death of the infant would not have markedly accelerated the
mother's return to estrus, but the death of the infant could still have benefitted the males, by decreasing the reproductive
output of a competitor. Adult male gorillas are also presumably selected to resist male immigration. Proximately, the aggression
directed towards the infant was not related to mating access to the mother. The sex of the infant may contribute to explain
the post-transfer male aggression, but data on the integration of old female infants in a new group is needed to test whether
the sex of the infant has an effect on their vulnerability to infanticide. Also, the intense fear displayed by the infant
may have played a role in prompting male aggression. 相似文献
13.
Kenji Kawanaka 《Primates; journal of primatology》1982,23(4):558-562
In the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania, a case of encounter between chimpanzees of different unit-groups was observed in June 1979,
where two young adult males and two adult females of the M-group came across four adult females and a juvenile male of the
K-group. While the participants did not explicitly show any agonistic behavior but greeted and groomed each other, they repeatedly
defecated during the interactions. This clearly indicated that they were put under unusual strain, which could be considered
to be brought on because they were cognizant of that the opponents were not the members of their own unit-group. It can be
said, therefore, that in chimpanzees, even females identify themselves with a particular unit-group, and that a chimpanzee
unit-group should be regarded as a bisexual unit. 相似文献
14.
P. J. Casero I. Casimiro L. Rodríguez-Gallardo G. Martín-Partido P. G. Lloret 《Protoplasma》1993,176(3-4):138-144
Summary In onion adventitious roots cellular events have been identified that indicate that lateral root initiation occurs earlier and nearer the apex than previously documented. Lateral roots are not initiated when a pericycle cell divides periclinally but earlier, when a pair of neighbouring pericycle cells in the same column divide transversely and asymmetrically, with both mitoses close to the end towards the neighbouring pericycle cell. Each cell therefore produces two cells of unequal length. The shorter cells produced by the mother pericycle cells are adjacent, while the longer cells are located above and below the shorter cells. This objective morphological criterion allows clear identification of the site of lateral root initiation. Subsequent to these asymmetric divisions, both the longer pericycle cells again divide transversely and asymmetrically producing more short cells adjacent to the previous ones. The first periclinal division occurs in one of these short pericycle cells. 相似文献
15.
OLAV HOGSTAD 《Ibis》1987,129(1):1-9
The social hierarchies in winter of ten flocks of Willow Tits Parus montanus were studied when the birds were foraging naturally and when visiting feeders. All the flocks consisted of one adult mated pair together with two juvenile males and two juvenile females (probably pairs). All flocks studied had a stable composition and the hierarchies remained constant throughout the study period. The hierarchies were linear and unilateral. The adults of each sex dominated the respective juveniles and within each age group the male dominated the female. The dominance relationships between the age and sex groups were not consistent. Although the males dominated all the females in six flocks, in one flock the adult female dominated both the juvenile males, but only one of them in three other flocks. The degree of aggression between flock-members was 0.8 encounters per hour, and males initiated 94% of all attacks. Body-weight explained 77% of the variation in dominance rank. It is suggested that the dominance rank of a male is also a function of his seniority, while the rank of a juvenile female is correlated with the rank of her mate. 相似文献
16.
Murai T Mohamed M Bernard H Mahedi PA Saburi R Higashi S 《Primates; journal of primatology》2007,48(2):117-121
Successful or unsuccessful female transfers were observed seven times during a 32-month field study of proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) inhabiting a riverine forest along a tributary of the Kinabatangan River, Sabah, Malaysia. In all cases, the females voluntarily
left their own groups and immediately joined with another one. When adult females tried to shift to other groups, adult males
called them back to their own groups, but appeared to be indifferent to subadult females. When the adult females returned,
the males never attacked the females physically, but instead often emitted herding sounds to them. One subadult female was
repelled by a resident adult female. When one adult female transferred into a new one-male group, she left her behind son
in an all-male group. The number of females often fluctuated in most study groups, with this fluctuation being more prominent
among subadult females than adult females. It is likely that female transfer in proboscis monkeys is not a rare occurrence
and that it is especially common among sub-adult females. 相似文献
17.
Shigeo Uehara 《Primates; journal of primatology》1986,27(1):1-13
Sex differences in animal prey intake were revealed by fecal analysis among wild chimpanzees of the large-sized M-group (ca.
100 members) in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania: prime adult or old males feed more on vertebrates, while adult
females more onCamponotus ants. By contrast, such differences were not obvious in the neighboring, small-sized K-group (ca. 20–30 members), despite
the similar environment in which the two unit-groups lived. Such sex and group differences may be explained in terms of various
factors, either ecological or social, or both, but social factors seem most responsible in particular for the group differences.
It seems likely that increased capture rate of vertebrates per unit-group in the larger-sized M-group results in increased
per capita intake of meat among prime adult or old males. Also, the more frequent interactions among prime adult or old males
of M-group appear to reduce the frequency of theirCamponotus ant-fishing behavior. 相似文献
18.
Differential responses to neighbours and strangers (the dear enemy phenomenon) and individual recognition presumably evolve to reduce costs of territorial defence. Territorial residents have been found to demonstrate reduced aggression towards neighbours wherever they are encountered along that resident's territory boundary except for when the neighbour is displaced to the boundary opposite the shared boundary. In this new location, the displaced neighbour represents a greater threat to the resident's territory ownership, and should be treated as equally aggressive as a stranger. Finding increased aggression towards displaced neighbours has been interpreted as individual recognition, but these results do not provide sufficient evidence to rule out the possibility that the resident sees the neighbour out of its normal context as just another stranger. We tested the hypothesis that territorial collard lizards can individually recognize neighbours and will increase aggression towards them as the threat to territorial ownership increases. Resident males treated neighbours that had been moved to the opposite boundary as equally aggressive as strangers. However, residents responded more aggressively towards strangers than towards neighbours on natural territories (the dear enemy phenomenon) and also in neutral arena encounters. Our results suggest that resident male collared lizards are able to recognize individuals regardless of context and respond to them according to the threat that they pose. Copyright 2003 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 相似文献
19.
Michaŀ Kozakiewicz Agnieszka Choŀuj Anna Kozakiewicz Miŀosŀawa Sokóŀ 《Acta theriologica》2009,54(2):157-164
A laboratory experiment was carried out in order to test the hypothesis that in a free-living population of bank volesMyodes glareolus Schreber, 1740, long distance movements and mating with females representing other breeding colonies may be a male strategy
to increase their reproductive success. In an experimental cage system, the behaviour of female bank voles towards males that
were either familiar to them or strangers was investigated, including whether or not females will accept stranger males as
breeding partners. It was found that females did not display increased aggression towards stranger males; instead they tried
to contact them and the level of female interaction did not differ significantly between the two categories of males. Based
on an analysis of microsatellite markers in the genomic DNA of adults and their young, the proportion of offspring fathered
by the stranger and familiar males was the same. In addition, a considerable proportion (40%) of double paternity litters
was found among those obtained during the course of the study. 相似文献
20.
Kenji Kawanaka 《Primates; journal of primatology》1989,30(3):285-305
The behavior and social interactions of young male chimpanzees were studied in relation to their age change. The data were
obtained at the Mahale Mountains National Park, during a four-month period in 1986. Early adolescent males, becoming independent
of their mothers, spend a long time near adults of both sexes. Late adolescent males are not tolerated by the senior males.
Although such animals do not stop traveling together with their seniors, they are separated from the other members including
the males of their own age class, and each of them lives a relatively lonely life. Where seniors are not nearby, they perform
charging displays in front of estrous females. Young adult males tend to remain in the proximity of the alpha male, and can
associate with their seniors without pant-grunting. Although some young adult males dominate over some senior males, increasingly
performing charging displays, they do not appear to be permitted to associate intimately with their seniors; they are not
yet considered to have attained social maturity. Prime and senior males are strongly bonded with one another, being able to
associate intimately with those of their own or senior age classes including the alpha male. A young adult male's rise in
rank is not connected with joining the “adult male-cluster,” nor does a senior male's decline necessarily means his dropping
out from the cluster: the social position of male chimpanzees cannot be understood solely from their agonistic dominance rank.
The alpha male plays a leading part in integrating the males of the unit-group. Young adult males and their seniors tend to
associate most frequently with him, and all the males of the early adolescent or senior age classes pay attention to his movements. 相似文献