Morphological and Anatomical Studies of Linaria species from South-west Spain: Fruits

A morphological and anatomical study of fruits of 24 taxa ofLinaria Miller from south-west Spain has been made. Followingexamination of these species, by scanning electron and lightmicroscopy, five morphological types are established relatingto hair types, symmetry and dehiscence of capsules. A key tothe different species or groups of species is provided. Finally,dehiscence mechanisms are discussed briefly. Copyright 1999Annals of Botany Company Pericarp, hairs, dehiscence, SEM, Antirrhineae.     

Extremotolerance and Resistance of Lichens: Comparative Studies on Five Species Used in Astrobiological Research I. Morphological and Anatomical Characteristics

Lichens are symbioses of two organisms, a fungal mycobiont and a photoautotrophic photobiont. In nature, many lichens tolerate extreme environmental conditions and thus became valuable models in astrobiological research to fathom biological resistance towards non-terrestrial conditions; including space exposure, hypervelocity impact simulations as well as space and Martian parameter simulations. All studies demonstrated the high resistance towards non-terrestrial abiotic factors of selected extremotolerant lichens. Besides other adaptations, this study focuses on the morphological and anatomical traits by comparing five lichen species—Circinaria gyrosa, Rhizocarpon geographicum, Xanthoria elegans, Buellia frigida, Pleopsidium chlorophanum—used in present-day astrobiological research. Detailed investigation of thallus organization by microscopy methods allows to study the effect of morphology on lichen resistance and forms a basis for interpreting data of recent and future experiments. All investigated lichens reveal a common heteromerous thallus structure but diverging sets of morphological-anatomical traits, as intra-/extra-thalline mucilage matrices, cortices, algal arrangements, and hyphal strands. In B. frigida, R. geographicum, and X. elegans the combination of pigmented cortex, algal arrangement, and mucilage seems to enhance resistance, while subcortex and algal clustering seem to be crucial in C. gyrosa, as well as pigmented cortices and basal thallus protrusions in P. chlorophanum. Thus, generalizations on morphologically conferred resistance have to be avoided. Such differences might reflect the diverging evolutionary histories and are advantageous by adapting lichens to prevalent abiotic stressors. The peculiar lichen morphology demonstrates its remarkable stake in resisting extreme terrestrial conditions and may explain the high resistance of lichens found in astrobiological research.     

黑龙江槭树属植物导管分子解剖学研究

利用扫描电子显微镜,通过管道铸型技术,对黑龙江槭树科（Aceraceae）槭树属（Acer Linn.）中8种植物导管分子的微形态结构进行了比较研究。结果表明：该属植物导管分子长度,除白牛槭 （Acer mandshurica Maxim.）较长外,其余植物种类导管分子长度在133.00～187.50 μm;导管管腔宽度,在17.06～28.00 μm之间;纹孔排列方式以对列式、互列式单独存在,或以两者形式并存;管间纹孔成群分布且大部分呈现一定形状;讨论了导管分子管腔的主要特征及其与生境的关系。     

A New Species of Coronilla (Loteae, Fabaceae) from Southeastern Spain: Evidence from Morphological and Molecular Data

Currently, there are nine species classified within the genus Coronilla (Loteae, Fabaceae); however, some populations discovered in the province of Almería, SE Spain, have features that are not present, as a whole, in the other known species. These plants are related to Coronilla juncea and C. minima, although several features of branches, leaves, flowers and seeds (zigzag branches; fleshy, deciduous leaves without hyaline margin; connate reddish stipules; very narrow seeds with fluted foveolae) are usually recognized as belonging to distinct species. To clarify the taxonomic status of these populations, morphological and genetic studies have been performed. The results obtained suggest that their separate classification is appropriate. Accordingly, a new species, Coronilla talaverae, whose currently recorded range is restricted to three populations in southeastern Spain is described here. Regarding its risk of extinction, the IUCN red list criteria have been followed to assess its category, proposing the status EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v). In addition, an identification key is provided for the species of the genus Coronilla.     

水龙骨亚科植物(水龙骨科)的形态解剖学研究

对水龙骨科水龙骨亚科5属16种植物的孢子形态、叶表皮结构、叶柄和根状茎的横切、根状茎上的鳞片以及叶脉特征进行了详细的观察和分析,探讨了该亚科植物的系统位置和亲缘关系。结果表明,在该亚科植物类群中,主要分布于亚洲亚热带地区的篦齿蕨属、拟水龙骨属和水龙骨属的亲缘关系较近,而主要分布于亚洲热带地区的棱脉蕨属和亚洲温带地区的多足蕨属的系统位置则分别较孤立。     

Taxonomic Study of Linaria depauperata and L. supina Complexes in Eastern Spain

Morphological characteristics were studied in two groups ofclosely related taxa of sectionSupinae , Linaria depauperataand L. supina, from eastern Spain. Vegetative, floral and seedcharacteristics were of little use in distinguishing betweenthese taxa as the ranges for all the taxa studied overlapped.Flower colour could be used as a diagnostic character for somebut not all of these taxa. Seed coat characters were of hightaxonomic value, both when trying to distinguish among thesetwo groups, and the taxa included within them, and also whenestablishing relationships among the taxa studied. Some differenceswere found in the indumentum distribution and density. Threetypes of trichomes were identified, two of them eglandular andcommon to all taxa. The third type of trichome was a simplegland, that varied in the number of cells in the stalk and gland.Trichome length and wall width of stalk cells allowed severalgroups of taxa to be distinguished. Similarity relationshipsamong the samples studied are shown in a UPGMA phenogram. Accordingto these results, two new species, L. cardonica and L. sulphurea,are described. L. arabiniana is conspecific with L. depauperatasubsp. hegelmaieri. A key to identify the different taxa isprovided. Copyright 2001 Annals of Botany Company Scropulariaceae, Antirrhineae, taxonomy, morphological characters, seed-coat, trichomes, Linaria depauperata,Linaria supina     

新疆18种木灵藓属(Orthotrichum Hedw.)植物解剖结构研究

采用徒手切片法对新疆木灵藓属(Orthotrichum Hedw.)18种植物孢蒴上的气孔、茎和叶进行了比较解剖学观察。研究结果表明,木灵藓属植物茎横切结构形状稳定,由表皮和皮层组成,无中轴细胞分化;除半裸木灵藓(Orthotrichum hallii Sull.et Lesq.)外,其它种叶上部均为单层细胞;叶中部边缘外卷,叶细胞具有高度不同的分叉疣或单疣。在确定气孔显、隐型的基础上,茎和叶横切面的颜色、茎表皮和皮层细胞组成及细胞壁加厚程度、叶细胞疣的高度、叶中肋横切面的形状、中肋的宽度、细胞组成以及芽孢形态等特征可作为该属种间分类的依据。还根据18种木灵藓属植物孢蒴上的气孔显、隐型,及茎、叶的比较解剖学特征,编制了新疆木灵藓属植物的分种检索表。     

Morphological and anatomical studies on fruits of Veronica from south-west Spain

Following examination by scanning electron and light microscope of the fruit features of 12 species of Veronica from south-west Spain, morphological and anatomical studies revealed that these taxa can be differentiated on the basis of these features. Phenetic analysis with 28 characters additionally revealed several groups of species in Veronica to be closely related on the basis of their seed morphology. A key distinguishing the different taxa is provided. Finally, dehiscence mechanisms are briefly discussed.     

风毛菊属3种植物叶的解剖结构比较

采用石蜡切片法对分布于祁连山海拔5 000 m左右流石滩上菊科风毛菊属水母雪兔子（Saussurea medusa Maxim）、鼠曲雪兔子（Saussurea gnaphalodes (Royle) Sch.）、红叶雪兔子（Saussurea paxiana Diels.）3种植物叶片的解剖结构进行了比较研究,结果表明：叶片表皮细胞均为单层,上下表皮都有气孔分布,气孔不下陷;角质层较厚,叶表面均被单列细胞的表皮毛。3种植物均为异面叶;叶肉栅栏组织较发达,通常由2～3层细胞组成,但栅栏组织细胞排列较疏松;海绵组织存在大量的细胞间隙;叶肉中通气组织发达,且均有不规则裂生性气腔。叶脉维管束中韧皮部都具有异细胞存在。这些共同特征是3种植物对高山地区缺氧、低温、强辐射等自然条件长期适应的结果。但是,3种植物在叶片的外部形态特征、叶肉栅栏组织细胞的特点、维管束发育程度、内分泌结构、不规则裂生气腔等方面又存在明显的不同,表现出3种植物对环境的适应也是存在差异的。     

What Stakeholders Think About Marine Protected Areas: Case Studies from Spain

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are often met with reluctance by affected stakeholders, and in some instances outright objection. Some argue that this is due to insufficient understanding of the functions of MPAs. Others suggest that it could be because of a perception that they are losing more than they are gaining. It is also possible that stakeholders are generally supportive of the idea but think that the MPA should be located elsewhere. We argue that it is images people have about what the MPA is and does that determine how they react. Drawing from three MPA case studies in Spain, we illustrate the importance of critical examination of stakeholders’ images and what they imply for the governance of MPAs.     

西藏地区13种虾脊兰植物花部表型及花粉形态特征研究

该研究对西藏地区13种虾脊兰植物花部表型及花粉形态特征进行观察比较,目的为虾脊兰植物的分类鉴定和种间亲缘关系的确定提供新依据。研究结果显示:①13种虾脊兰在花颜色大致可分为黄色、黄绿色、黄褐色、粉红色4种,以粉红色的花居多;②13种虾脊兰均为总状花序,花各部位(萼片、花瓣、唇瓣、子房、柱头)的长、宽度测量指标均表现出不同程度的差异,萼片长、花瓣宽、唇瓣宽和柱头长4个测量指标的差异性最大,在各个种之间的P值结果表现出显著性差异水平;③这13种虾脊兰的花粉块均由成千上万个单粒花粉组成,未见到萌发孔结构,有些虾脊兰植物的花粉粒之间可以看到有明显黏结物质。花粉块大小不一,整体形状多呈卵圆形、长椭圆形和梨形;④不同种的虾脊兰花粉块表面形态特征有所差异,花粉粒纵向或横向排列堆积在一起,花粉粒形状也各不相同;⑤不同种虾脊兰的花粉粒表面纹饰特征区别明显,可划分为凹陷型、光滑型、小孔型和穿孔型。以上结果表明花部表型及花粉形态特征可作为13种虾脊兰植物分类鉴定的参考性状,对这13种虾脊兰植物亲缘关系的确定和系统分类有补充价值。     

A New Coastal Species of Limonium (Plumbaginaceae) from Southeastern Spain

A new species, Limonium scopulorum (Plumbaginaceae), is described from the maritime cliffs of Alicante province, Spain (southeastern part of the Iberian Peninsula). This new taxon belongs to the group of Limonium delicatulum, which is highly diversified in the Mediterranean territories of the Iberian Peninsula. It is related to the Balearic species L. biflorum, though several leaf, floral and chromosomal features warrant its easy recognition. Molecular divergence, shown in previous studies, also supports its separate treatment. Major affinities and differences with other related taxa are discussed. Moreover, morphological, ecological, chorological, biogeographic features of the new taxon are discussed, and its conservation status is reported. An identification key is provided for Spanish taxa of the Limonium delicatulum group.     

一个水稻颖花器官突变体的形态解剖分析(英文)

从水稻 (OryzasativaL .)育种后代材料中获得一个受单隐性基因控制的颖花器官突变体。该突变体的内外稃变型、退化 ;雄蕊雌蕊化 ,每个颖花含 1～ 3个发育完整的雌蕊 ,其他雌蕊发育不完全。有的雌蕊化的雄蕊下部为花丝 ,其上着生不规则膨大组织和 0～ 3个羽毛状柱头。横切面和纵切面观察均可见每个颖花含 3个子房。人工辅助授粉后 ,每个颖花可产生 1～ 2粒种子。根据这些结果推断 ,该突变体为类似B功能缺失的突变体。     

Two New Species of Liuixalus (Rhacophoridae,Anura): Evidence from Morphological and Molecular Analyses

Due to small body sizes, superficial similarities in morphologies, and obscure activity behaviors, the phylogeny and taxonomy of species in the genus Liuixalus were very troublesome. Some species might comprise a complex of cryptic species. To investigate the species of group, we constructed the matrilineal genealogy of the genus using 16s rRNA mitochondrial DNA sequences. Analyses recovered six well supported matrilines that involved L. romeri, L. ocellatus, L. hainanus, L. calcarius, Liuixalus shiwandashansp. nov. and Liuixalus jinxiuensissp. nov., though the historical relationships among them remained unresolved. Currently, Liuixalus included 4 species, distributed eastwards from northern Vietnam to Hong Kong, China. Based on genealogical and morphological distinctiveness, we described Liuixalus jinxiuensissp. nov. from the type locality Mt. Dayao, Jinxiu, China and Liuixalus shiwandashansp. nov. from the type locality Mt. Shiwanda, China. A combination of morphological measurements, genetic, bioacoustic and osteological analysis was served to diagnose the new taxa.     

High Performance Liquid Chromatography of Molecular Species from Free Sterols and Sterylglycosides Isolated from Oat Leaves and Seeds

Free sterols and sterylglycosides (SG) from oat leaves and seedswere isolated by conventional thin layer chromatography (TLC)and subjected to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)for resolution of molecular species. Acylsterylglycosides, isolatedby TLC, were converted to SG by mild alkaline hydrolysis anddetermined as SG. Sterols and SG were injected onto the columnwithout any chemical treatment and the separated species weredetected at 200 nm. The separation of SG-species follows exactlythe separation of free sterols. Though gas liquid chromatography still is the method of choice,advantages of HPLC is to analyse directly the SG-species withouthydrolysis and derivatization as compared to GLC. After TLCthe sterol- and the SG-fraction are injected directly onto thecolumn. This is extremely important for labile sterylglycosidesor sterols, as demonstrated for the avenasterols. ¹ Preliminary reports have been presented on the "4. Arbeitstagung,Pflanzliche Lipide", October 7–8, 1983 in M?nster (FRG)and on the "6th International Symposium on the Structure, Functionand Metabolism of Plant Lipids", Neuchatel, Switzerland, July16–20, 1984. (Received November 12, 1984; Accepted January 14, 1985)     

四川藁本属植物果实和叶柄解剖学研究

对四川省藁本属5种植物的叶柄及果实进行了解剖研究,结果表明:藁本属植物的果实分为近两侧压扁和背腹压扁两种类型,背棱每棱槽内油管总数多为1~4个,合生面油管总数4~8个,在少数种间有一定的差异;胚乳背面微微隆起,腹面平直或微凹,如多管藁本,胚乳向内微凹;在蕨叶藁本中,胚乳占很大的比重,胚乳形状有很明显的个体差异.果实的压扁程度、油管特征、胚乳的形状等特征可以作为确定本属植物种间关系的依据.叶柄横切面类型多样,包括圆型、U型和V型,其中U型植物3种,占60%;近轴面除蕨叶藁本外,都具有沟槽;膜苞藁本和抽葶藁本中不具有髓腔,其他种类具髓腔,且大小、形状略有不同;横切面上维管束的数目多为5~14个,排列类型为圆型、U型、V型.以上叶柄等特征比较稳定,并且具有明显的种间差异,可以作为本属分类的重要依据.