肺炎链球菌糖代谢蛋白CcpA对荚膜多糖的调控作用

摘要:【目的】研究肺炎链球菌糖代谢蛋白CcpA对肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖(CPS)的调控作用。【方法】利用大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3)工程菌原核表达CcpA蛋白,使用Ni2+亲和层析的方法纯化蛋白。利用纯化后的CcpA蛋白免疫昆明小鼠并制备多克隆抗体;采用ELISA法测定抗CcpA抗体效价。随后,利用Westertn blot方法分析CcpA蛋白在肺炎链球菌中的保守性。另外,利用EMSA方法分析CcpA与cps基因座启动子区域片段的结合。最后,构建ccpA基因缺失株和ccpA基因回复株;利用ELISA法测定野生D39菌 株、ccpA基因缺失株和ccpA基因回复株的荚膜多糖含量。【结果】Western blot结果显示CcpA蛋白在多种血清型的肺炎链球菌均有表达,CcpA蛋白可与cps基因座启动子区域结合,且呈剂量依赖性;ccpA基因缺失时,细菌CPS含量升高,回复表达CcpA蛋白后,CPS含量显著降低。【结论】CcpA是肺炎链球菌中一种保守表达的蛋白,可通过调节cps基因座启动子负性调控肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖的表达。     

合成肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖基因的研究进展

肺炎链球菌是导致婴幼儿和老年人罹患肺炎、脑膜炎、中耳炎等疾病的主要病原体之一,其致病力与位于细菌表面的荚膜多糖密切相关,而荚膜多糖层的薄厚和多糖结构是影响致病力的主要因素。在分子水平探索参与荚膜多糖合成的相关基因,不仅有助于进一步理解肺炎链球菌的致病机理,而且可从基因水平选育高表达荚膜多糖的肺炎链球菌菌株用于多糖疫苗的研发。鉴于此,现就合成肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖基因的作用机制和研究方法作一综述。     

一种溶菌酶样蛋白对肺炎链球菌毒力及荚膜多糖合成的影响

摘要：【目的】为了研究肺炎链球菌（Streptococcus pneumoniae, S.pn）的一种假想的溶菌酶样蛋白在细菌生物学性状及其致病中的作用。【方法】利用长臂同源PCR对该基因进行敲出,并同时构建带有拯救质粒的缺失菌株,观察D39野生菌、缺失菌与带有拯救质粒的缺失菌株在相关生物学性状及其致病力改变,从而鉴定这种假想溶菌酶样蛋白的功能。【结果】缺失菌与野生菌相比,细菌生长减缓,毒力下降,荚膜多糖合成明显减少。而将拯救质粒转入缺失菌株后,该溶菌酶样蛋白的mRNA表达水平较野生菌高,其毒力及荚膜合成     

肺炎链球菌cps操纵子的启动子序列点突变可导致细菌荚膜缺失

摘要:【目的】明确肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖合成操纵子的启动子序列出现的点突变313713 T→C是否可导致细菌荚膜缺失。【方法】Western blot检测肺炎链球菌突变株SPY1 (NC_008533.1 313713 T→C)荚膜多糖含量;实时定量荧光PCR分析荚膜多糖合成基因cps2A、cps2B、cps2C以及cps2D的表达量;构建重组质粒pEVP3-cps promoterD39和pEVP3-cps promoterSPY1,分别转化D39和SPY1菌株,通过β-半乳糖苷酶活性检测来验证转入的启动子序列对细菌荚膜合成的影响,并通过电镜观察荚膜结构和荚膜肿胀试验进一步验证。【结果】肺炎链球菌SPY1 的荚膜多糖含量较野生型显著下降,其相关基因cps2A、cps2B、cps2C以及cps2D的表达量较野生型D39均显著降低;与D39-pEVP3-cps promoterD39对比,D39-pEVP3-cps promoterSPY1的β-半乳糖苷酶活性下降了76%,与SPY1-pEVP3-cps promoterD39相比,SPY1-pEVP3-cps promoterSPY1的β-半乳糖苷酶活性下降了约79%;电镜结果显示,重组SPY1-pEVP3-cps promoterD39荚膜可恢复至野生型水平,并且重组D39-pEVP3-cps promoterSPY1 (NC_008533.1 313713 T→C)荚膜肿胀试验呈阴性。【结论】荚膜多糖合成操纵子的启动子序列点突变313713 T→C可导致荚膜多糖合成基因表达显著下调,从而引起菌株SPY1的荚膜显著减少甚至缺失。     

11群肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖合成相关基因的分子生物学研究

目的利用分子生物学方法,研究7株11群肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖合成相关基因(cps loci)。方法根据11群肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖合成相关基因设计合成5对特异性引物,以7株肺炎链球菌基因组DNA作为模板进行PCR扩增,并对扩增产物进行序列测定及基因序列比对,确定其血清型。多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing,MLST)技术分析7株11群肺炎链球菌序列型(ST)。采用相邻合并分析(neighbour-joining analysis),根据MLST的7个管家基因和cps基因分别绘制系统发育树。结果根据wcw C、gct和wcj E等3个基因产物确定5株原11A型肺炎链球菌为11A型,无11E型;根据wcwR和gct等2个基因产物确定2株原11B型肺炎链球菌为11B型。获得7株不包括4个合成调控基因(wzg、wzh、wzd和wze)的11群肺炎链球菌cps loci,长度为11～12 kb,11A型具有12个开放式阅读框(ORF),11B型具有11个ORF。5株11A型肺炎链球菌部分cps基因序列差异较大; 2株11B型肺炎链球菌部分cps基因序列相似性高于99%。根据MLST分析发现3种新的ST型。根据MLST的7个管家基因绘制的系统发育树和cps基因绘制的系统发育树差异很大。结论从分子水平上确定了11A和11B血清型。获得了5株11A型和2株11B型肺炎链球菌ST型和部分荚膜多糖合成相关基因(cps loci),完善了11群肺炎链球菌的菌种档案。     

应用分子生物学方法鉴定6群肺炎链球菌血清型

目的利用分子生物学方法,鉴定26株6群肺炎链球菌的血清型。方法利用6群肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖相关基因设计合成6对特异性引物,PCR扩增26株肺炎链球菌,并对PCR产物进行基因序列的测定及分析。结果26株肺炎链球菌cpsD蛋白229个氨基酸中有7个突变点,第220~222位均没有缺失;其中,19株肺炎链球菌具有与wci Nα蛋白氨基酸序列完全一致的氨基酸组成,第150位均为Ala,第38位均为Asp,其余7株与wciN_α蛋白氨基酸序列没有相似性,但与wciN_β蛋白氨基酸序列相似性超过99%;15株wciP蛋白第195位为Ser,11株wci P蛋白第195位为Asn。综合分析比对后,26株6群肺炎链球菌中,11株属于6A型肺炎链球菌,8株属于6B型肺炎链球菌,4株属于6C型肺炎链球菌,3株属于6D型肺炎链球菌。结论分子生物学方法可用于6群肺炎链球菌血清型的鉴定,为完善6群肺炎链球菌的菌种档案提供了实验依据。     

嗜热链球菌IMAU20246胞外多糖基因簇及其表达分析北大核心

【目的】嗜热链球菌IMAU20246是一株具有良好发酵特性且高产胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides,EPS)的菌株,但其EPS基因簇及合成途径尚不清晰。因此可通过全基因组测序及生物信息学分析菌株基因组序列,探究EPS合成及调控机制。【方法】本实验对嗜热链球菌IMAU20246进行全基因组测序并进行生物信息学分析,解析EPS生物合成相关基因簇及EPS合成途径,同时采用实时荧光定量PCR技术(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)对其不同时间点EPS基因簇的表达进行定量分析。【结果】嗜热链球菌IMAU20246基因组中有一个18.1 kb的EPS生物合成基因簇,编码15个与EPS生物合成相关的基因。嗜热链球菌IMAU20246通过转运葡萄糖、甘露糖、果糖、半乳糖、乳糖、海藻糖、纤维二糖及蔗糖合成UDP-葡萄糖、dTDP-葡萄糖、dTDP-鼠李糖、UDP-半乳糖、UDP-呋喃半乳糖、UDP-N-乙酰葡萄糖胺和UDP-N-乙酰半乳糖胺等7种糖核苷酸。qRT-PCR的结果表明,EPS基因簇中的基因在细胞生长阶段均能表达,特别是糖基转移酶基因epsE、epsF、epsH和epsJ在培养6 h时表达量最高,此时EPS产量达到最高。【结论】本研究从基因组解析了嗜热链球菌IMAU20246 EPS基因簇及其合成途径,为菌株的进一步开发提供了理论依据。     

低浓度红霉素对猪链球菌蛋白表达、交叉耐药性与荚膜多糖的影响

【目的】探索低浓度红霉素对猪链球菌蛋白表达、交叉耐药性与荚膜多糖的影响,为进一步研究饲料中低浓度抗生素促生长剂对环境中微生物的影响奠定基础。【方法】猪链球菌接触低浓度红霉素后,利用蛋白质组学iTRAQ技术,筛选关键差异表达蛋白。同时测定猪链球菌的交叉耐药性和荚膜多糖含量。【结果】共鉴定到差异表达蛋白181个,占总鉴定蛋白的12%,猪链球菌通过改变自身蛋白质组的表达量,以适应红霉素的选择性压力。多数差异表达蛋白参与催化和代谢过程,属于膜蛋白,其中13个ATP结合盒转运蛋白、3个核糖体蛋白、DNA回旋酶上调表达,8个荚膜多糖蛋白、DNA聚合酶Ⅳ下调表达。接触低浓度红霉素后,猪链球菌对多种抗生素出现交叉耐药性,消除红霉素后,药物敏感性恢复。接触低浓度红霉素后,荚膜多糖含量也未发生大幅度变化。【结论】猪链球菌为适应低浓度红霉素的选择性压力,大量表达多重耐药的主动外排泵,增加核糖体蛋白的表达量,降低荚膜多糖蛋白的表达量。     

多杀性巴氏杆菌aroA基因缺失突变株的构建及鉴定

【目的】构建多杀性巴氏杆菌aroA基因缺失突变株,并验证其致病性。【方法】采用正向筛选同源重组技术构建多杀性巴氏杆菌aroA基因缺失突变株,利用PCR对突变株进行鉴定,分析其遗传稳定性、生长特性和致病性。【结果】成功构建多杀性巴氏杆菌aroA基因缺失突变株,连续传代20代,遗传稳定;突变株体外生长曲线表明,在前6h生长速度稍慢于亲本菌,随后两者生长速度一致。对小鼠的致病性试验表明:经腹腔注射aroA基因缺失突变株在1.0×106 CFU对小鼠无致死性,而亲本菌株在1.0×102 CFU对小鼠是致死性的。【结论】本研究获得多杀性巴氏杆菌aroA基因缺失突变株,对小鼠的致病性是减弱的。多杀性巴氏杆菌突变株的构建有助于研究其致病机理。     

副鸡禽杆菌aroA基因克隆及序列分析

旨在建立一种方便、高效的同源保守基因克隆方法,并对副鸡禽杆菌aroA基因进行克隆和结构分析。本试验以副鸡禽杆菌国际标准株145(C-3)基因组DNA为模板,用CODEHOP软件设计针对aroA基因的兼并引物,并运用改进的染色体步移方法扩增aroA基因序列;对该核酸序列及其编码蛋白进行结构分析并与该菌其他血清型及相关细菌进行序列比对分析。结果显示,获得了完整的aroA基因,全长1 293 bp。该基因编码由430个氨基酸组成的多肽,具有2个功能位点和5个抗原表位位点。不同血清型间氨基酸序列同源性为88.1%-100%,与其他相关细菌核酸同源性为75%以上。首次将兼并PCR和改进的染色体步移技术结合起来对副鸡禽杆菌aroA基因全长进行扩增研究,得到了预期的结果。     

Genetic analysis of the capsular polysaccharide synthesis locus in 15 Streptococcus suis serotypes

The capsular polysaccharide (CPS) synthesis locus of 13 Streptococcus suis serotypes (serotype 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 19, 23, 25 and 1/2) was sequenced and compared with that of serotype 2 and 16. The CPS synthesis locus of these 15 serotypes falls into two genetic groups. The locus is located on the chromosome between orfZ and aroA. All the translated proteins in the CPS synthesis locus were clustered into 127 homology groups using the tribemcl algorithm. The general organization of the locus suggested that the CPS of S.?suis could be synthesized by the Wzy-dependent pathway. The capsule of serotypes 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 19 and 23 was predicted to be amino-polysaccharide. Sialic acid was predicted to be present in the capsule of serotypes 1, 2, 14, 16 and 1/2. The characteristics of the CPS synthesis locus suggest that some genes may have been imported into S.?suis (or their ancestors) on multiple occasions from different and unknown sources.     

Evidence for lateral transfer of the Suilysin gene region of Streptococcus suis

Suilysin is a cholesterol-binding cytolysin encoded by sly in Streptococcus suis. DNA sequence determination of the sly locus in a strain lacking sly revealed the presence of another gene, designated orf102, in the place of sly. No transposable element or long-repeat sequence was found in the close vicinity. Except for six strains whose corresponding loci have been rearranged, all of the remaining 62 strains examined had either sly or orf102 at the same locus and their flanking regions were conserved. The genetic organizations having either sly or orf102 were found in the strains whose 16S rRNA sequences were identical. These results suggest that S. suis acquired sly or orf102 from a foreign source and that these genes subsequently spread among S. suis strains by homologous recombination.     

猪链球菌2型荚膜基因PCR快速检测方法的建立及试剂盒的研制

根据猪链球菌2型的荚膜基因2H序列设计一对引物,成功地扩增了荚膜基因,并建立了检测猪链球菌2型的PCR方法。用ScaI进行确认,获得了与预期大小一致的389bp和300bp的两个片段。然后对该方法的敏感性、特异性进行了研究。结果表明,敏感程度可达10个细菌;对其他细菌PCR检测结果均呈阴性,表明建立的猪链球菌2型荚膜基因的PCR检测方法,其特异性和敏感性均很高,可作为猪链球菌病快速诊断的方法。在建立PCR方法的基础上,研制成试剂盒,并对试剂盒的特异性、敏感性和稳定性进行了研究。     

Different foreign genes incidentally integrated into the same locus of the Streptococcus suis genome

Some strains of Streptococcus suis possess a type II restriction-modification (RM) system, whose genes are thought to be inserted into the genome between purH and purD from a foreign source by illegitimate recombination. In this study, we characterized the purHD locus of the S. suis genomes of 28 serotype reference strains by DNA sequencing. Four strains contained the RM genes in the locus, as described before, whereas 11 strains possessed other genetic regions of seven classes. The genetic regions contained a single gene or multiple genes that were either unknown or similar to hypothetical genes of other bacteria. The mutually exclusive localization of the genetic regions with the atypical G+C contents indicated that these regions were also acquired from foreign sources. No transposable element or long-repeat sequence was found in the neighboring regions. An alignment of the nucleotide sequences, including the RM gene regions, suggested that the foreign regions were integrated by illegitimate recombination via short stretches of nucleotide identity. By using a thermosensitive suicide plasmid, the RM genes were experimentally introduced into an S. suis strain that did not contain any foreign genes in that locus. Integration of the plasmid into the S. suis genome did not occur in the purHD locus but occurred at various chromosomal loci, where there were 2 to 10 bp of nucleotide identity between the chromosome and the plasmid. These results suggest that various foreign genes described here were incidentally integrated into the same locus of the S. suis genome.     

Genetic relatedness of the Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular biosynthetic loci

Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) produces 1 of 91 capsular polysaccharides (CPS) that define the serotype. The cps loci of 88 pneumococcal serotypes whose CPS is synthesized by the Wzy-dependent pathway were compared with each other and with additional streptococcal polysaccharide biosynthetic loci and were clustered according to the proportion of shared homology groups (HGs), weighted for the sequence similarities between the genes encoding the shared HGs. The cps loci of the 88 pneumococcal serotypes were distributed into eight major clusters and 21 subclusters. All serotypes within the same serogroup fell into the same major cluster, but in six cases, serotypes within the same serogroup were in different subclusters and, conversely, nine subclusters included completely different serotypes. The closely related cps loci within a subcluster were compared to the known CPS structures to relate gene content to structure. The Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus mitis polysaccharide biosynthetic loci clustered within the pneumococcal cps loci and were in a subcluster that also included the cps locus of pneumococcal serotype 21, whereas the Streptococcus agalactiae cps loci formed a single cluster that was not closely related to any of the pneumococcal cps clusters.     

Ⅱ型猪链球菌二元信号转导系统2148hk/rr基因敲除突变体的构建

构建猪链球菌2型(Streptococcus suis type 2)强毒株05ZYH33二元信号转导系统2148hk/rr基因敲除突变体.构建中间为壮观霉素抗性基因,两侧为2148hk/rr编码基因上、下游同源序列的基因敲除质粒,通过同源重组筛选2148hk/rr编码基因敲除突变体.PCR分析和Southern杂交结果均显示2148hk/rr编码基因完全被壮观霉素抗性基因替代,基因敲除突变体构建成功.筛选获得05ZYH33二元信号转导系统2148hk/rr基因敲除突变体,为阐明该调控系统在猪链球菌致病过程中的作用奠定了基础.     

Distribution of the SsuDAT1I restriction-modification system among different serotypes of Streptococcus suis

The SsuDAT1I restriction-modification (R-M) system, which contains two methyltransferases and two restriction endonucleases with recognition sequence 5'-GATC-3', was first found in a field isolate of Streptococcus suis serotype 2. Isoschizomers of the R-M system were found in the same locus between purH and purD in a field isolate of serotype 1/2 and the reference strains of serotypes 3, 7, 23, and 26 among 29 strains of different serotypes examined in this study. The R-M gene sequences in serotypes 1/2, 3, 7, and 23 were very similar to those of SsuDAT1I, whereas those in serotype 26 were less similar. These results indicate intraspecies recombination among them and genetic divergence through their evolution.     

Ⅱ型猪链球菌二元信号转导系统2148hk/rr基因敲除突变体的构建

构建猪链球菌2型(Streptococcus suis type 2)强毒株05ZYH33二元信号转导系统2148hk/rr基因敲除突变体。构建中间为壮观霉素抗性基因, 两侧为2148hk/rr编码基因上、下游同源序列的基因敲除质粒, 通过同源重组筛选2148hk/rr编码基因敲除突变体。PCR分析和Southern杂交结果均显示2148hk/rr编码基因完全被壮观霉素抗性基因替代, 基因敲除突变体构建成功。筛选获得05ZYH33二元信号转导系统2148hk/rr基因敲除突变体, 为阐明该调控系统在猪链球菌致病过程中的作用奠定了基础。     

Unusual features in organisation of capsular polysaccharide-related genes of C. jejuni strain X

PCR probing of the genome of Campylobacter jejuni strain X using conserved capsular polysaccharide (CPS)-related genes allowed elucidation of a complete sequence of the respective gene cluster (cps). This is the largest known Campylobacter cps cluster (38 kb excluding flanking kps regions), which includes a number of genes not detected in other Campylobacter strains. Sequence analysis suggests genetic rearrangements both within and outside the cps gene cluster, a mechanism which may be responsible for mosaic organisation of sugar transferase-related genes leading to structural variability of the capsular polysaccharide (CPS).