A preliminary study on the culture ofDiscomycetes,especially the perfect stage

Summary The author made a study of the culture ofDiscomycetes. About fourty species were studied in vitro. An ascertaining of the conditions inducing the perfect stage was aimed at and as far as these fructifications developed they were studied. From six of these fungiviz., Cenangium ferruginosum Fr.,Encoelia fascicularis (Fr.) Karst.,Mollisia spec.,Pezicula cinnamomea (Fr.) Sacc.,Phialea acuum (Alb. en Schw. ex Fr.) Rehm andSclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, apothecia were obtained in culture, the others failed to do so.     

Oribatid mite (Acari, Oribatida) feeding on ectomycorrhizal fungi

The coexistence of a large number of soil animals without extensive niche differentiation is one of the great riddles in soil biology. The main aim of this study was to explore the importance of partitioning of food resources for the high diversity of micro-arthropods in soil. In addition, we investigated if ectomycorrhizal fungi are preferentially consumed compared to saprotrophic fungi. Until today, ectomycorrhizal fungi have never been tested as potential food resource for oribatid mites. We offered six ectomycorrhizal fungi [Amanita muscaria (L.) Hook., Boletus badius (Fr.) Fr., Cenococcum geophilum Fr., Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Fr., Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. and Piloderma croceum J. Erikss. & Hjortstam], one ericoid mycorrhizal fungus [Hymenoscyphus ericae (D.J. Read) Korf & Kernan] and three saprotrophic fungi [Agrocybe gibberosa (Fr.) Fayod, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. and Mortierella ramanniana (A. Møller) Linnem.] simultaneously to each of the mainly mycophagous oribatid mite species Carabodes femoralis (Nicolet), Nothrus silvestris Nicolet and Oribatula tibialis Nicolet. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungus H. ericae and the ectomycorrhizal fungus B. badius were preferentially consumed by each oribatid mite species. However, feeding preferences differed significantly between the three species, with O. tibialis being most selective. This study for the first time documented that oribatid mites feed on certain ectomycorrhizal fungi.     

Fungi pathogenic to ryegrass seedlings

Summary Fungi borne on or in ryegrass (Lolium spp.) seeds or invading ryegrass seedlings grown on field soils were isolated and identified. Selected isolates were tested to determine their pathogenicity to ryegrass seedlings. Seed-borne fungi were generally weakly virulent or non-pathogenic to ryegrass seedlings. Pathogenic seed-borne fungi includedChaetomium globosum Kunze: Fr.,Curvularia trifolii (Kauffm.) Boedijn, and species ofPenicillium Link andAspergillus Mich. ex Link. Species of fungi isolated from seedlings grown on field soils de pended on soil and temperature. Soil-borne fungi pathogenic to seedlings includedFusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc.,F. culmorum (W. G. Smith) Sacc.,F. equiseti (Corda) Sacc.,F. oxysporum Schlecht.: Fr.,F. solani (Mart.) Sacc.,Pythium afertile Kanouse and Humphrey,P. debaryanum auct. non Hesse,P. irregulare Buisman,P. ultimum Trow, a sphaerosporangiatePythium sp.,Chaetomium globosum, Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk,Trichoderma koningii Oudem., and aPhomopsis sp. Individual isolates of fungi differed in virulence to ryegrass seedlings, and ryegrass cultivars differed in susceptibility to seedling pathogens.     

Diffuse competition for heterogeneous substrate in soil among six species of wood-decomposing basidiomycetes

Competition among six wood decay fungi was studied using 15×15 mm wood blocks placed in 250×250 mm plastic trays filled with unsterilized sand or clay. The wood blocks were preinoculated with Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref., Resinicium bicolor (Alb. & Schw. ex Fr.) Parm., Phanerochaete sanguinea (Fr.) Hjortstam, Coniophora sp. DC. ex Me"rat, Armillaria borealis Marxmuller and Korhonen and Hypholoma capnoides (Fr.) Kummer before they were combined in all possible combinations in the trays. Two methods were used, one with all wood blocks inoculated, and one with sterilized non-inoculated wood blocks distributed between the inoculated ones. Wood blocks preinoculated with the six species were also used in a pairwise competition test. Following incubation for 9 months in darkness at 21°C, mycelia were reisolated and identified. R. bicolor was most successful at invading through the soil and replacing other species in the wood blocks. P. sanguinea, Coniophora sp. and H. capnoides also had some success.     

Ecological traits of the lichen flora of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (Yugra)

A lichen biodiversity study conducted in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (district) reports 958 species in 199 genera and 72 families. Cetrelia alaskana (Llano) W. L. Culb. et C. F. Culb. is new to West Siberia; Graphis elegans (Borrer ex Sm.) Ach., Porpidia hydrophila (Fr.) Hertel et A. J. Schwab, and Sclerococcum sphaerale (Ach.) Fr. are new to Siberia; Acarospora fusca B. de Lesd., Cliostomum tenerum (Nyl.) Coppins et S. Ekman, Pertusaria corallina (L.) Arnold, and P. stalactiza Nyl. are new to Russia. High diversity of epilithic lichens is ecologically due to a variety of ecotopes that include mountain habitats on the eastern spurs of the Subarctic and Northern Urals in addition to plain ones.     

新疆泡鳞衣属地衣的研究

该文采用形态解剖、化学及生态等传统分类方法,以及显色反应(CT)、薄层层析(TLC)等生物化学方法,对新疆天山南麓巴音布鲁克山区和天山中部米泉哈熊沟泡鳞衣属地衣进行了分类学研究,并鉴定采样区泡鳞衣属的地衣种类。结果表明:共鉴定出似皮革泡鳞衣Toninia alutacea(Anzi)Jatta、兰黑泡鳞衣T.caeruleonigricans(Lightf.)Th.Fr.、白泡鳞衣T.candida(Weber)Th.Fr.、泡状泡鳞衣T.physaroides(Opiz)Zahlbr.、暗色泡鳞衣中亚亚种T.tristis subsp.asiae-centralis(H.Magn.)Timdal等5个种,其中2个为中国新记录种:似皮革泡鳞衣T.alutacea和泡状泡鳞衣T.physaroides;同时描述了5个种的形态解剖特征、化学特征及其生境,并提供了相关彩色图片和新疆泡鳞衣属地衣检索表。研究结果可为新疆地衣的研究提供实验数据,为中国泡鳞衣属研究提供科学依据。     

Effects of pH,water stress and temperature on in vitro cultures of ectomycorrhizal fungi from Mediterranean forests

A comparative study of the growth of eight species of ectomycorrhizal fungi [Hebeloma edurum Métrod ex Bon, Lactarius deliciosus (L.: Fr.) S.F. Gray., Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) Th.M.Fr., Suillus collinitus (Fr.) Kuntze, Suillus granulatus (L.: Fr.) Roussel, Suillus luteus (L.: Fr.) Roussel, Tricholoma focale (Fr.) Ricken, Tricholoma striatum (Schaeff.) Sacc.] in pure culture at different pH values, water potentials and temperatures was carried out. The biomass production and mycelial growth of each strain were assessed and characterised morphologically. H. edurum and L. deliciosus showed a clear affinity for neutral or slightly basic media. Most species had the lowest colony diameters and biomass production at pH 2.5. Only H. edurum, R. roseolus and S. collinitus grew at the highest water stress levels (−13.85 and −15.45 bar). All species grew at the lowest values of temperature whereas only R. roseolus and S. collinitus did at 30 °C.     

Action inhibitrice de l'acide 3-indolyl-acétique sur la croissance de quelques Basidiomycètes mycorhizateurs

La croissance en milieu liquide de quelques champignons mycorhizateurs a étéétudiée en présence d'acide 3-indlolyl-acétique (AIA). Les champignons suivants ont été utilisés: Amanita muscaria (L. ex Fr.) Quél., A. rubscens (Pers. ex Fr.) Quél., Suillus granulatus (L. ex Fr.) O. Kuntze et S. variegatus (Sw. ex Fr.) O. Kuntze. Tous ont été inhibés, à des degrés divers, par l'AlA à la concentration do 1.75 mg/l. Soumis à diverses concentrations d'AIA, S. variegatus a montré une croissancc légèrement accrue au voisinage de 0.2 mg/l de cette substance. Cependant, pour des concentrations supérieures à celle-ci, l'inhibition de la croissancc a été proportion-nelle à la concentration en AIA; elle a été de 50 pour-cent en présence de 2.0 mg/l d'AIA.     

An in vitro method for establishing mycorrhizae on coniferous tree seedlings

Summary A method for in vitro synthesis of mycorrhizae on coniferous tree seedlings is described. Tree seedlings (Larix decidua Mill., Picea abies (L.) Karst, and Pinus sylvestris L.) and fungi Amanita muscaria (L. ex Fr.) Hooker, Piloderma croceum Erikss. et Hjorst., Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker et Couch, and Suillus grevillei (Klotzsch) Singer were maintained under sterile conditions in petri dishes. Typical ectomycorrhizae were established within 2–3 weeks after inoculation and within 2 months after germination of seedlings. Eventually a high percentage of mycorrhizal root tips was obtained.     

The use of a surface coating to ameliorate the rate of spread of post-harvest fungal diseases of top fruit

The impact of TAL Pro-long coatings (a sucrose-ester composition) on the development of some common post-harvest fungal rots of top fruit is reported. Coatings were not observed to be fungistatic but did diminish the incidence of fungal infections on Conference pears held in cold store. At higher temperatures coatings modified the spatial distribution and reduced the rate of spread of lesions within apples and pears. In comparison to experimental controls, TAL Pro-long had a greater effect on those rots caused by Botrytis cinerea Fr., Monilinia fructigena (Aberh. & Ruhl.) Honey and Rhizopus nigricans Lind. than those of Alternaria alternata Fr., M. laxa (Aberh. & Ruhl.) Honey and Penicillium expansum Link em. Thom. The efficacy of the treatments was related to the concentration of the preparations applied, the variety of fruit, the timing of application and the temperature to which produce were subsequently exposed.     

Effects of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) mycorrhizoplane-associated actinomycetes onin vitro growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi

Mycorrhizoplane-associated actinomycetes were isolated using an enrichment technique from red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) roots of seedlings recently outplanted onto cleared northern hardwood sites in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA. Interactions were assessedin vitro between actinomycete isolates and three commonly occurring ectomycorrhizal fungi (Laccaria bicolor (Maire) Orton,L. laccata (Scop.: Fr.) Berk. and Br., andThelephora terrestris Fr.). Most actinomycete isolates exerted a range of effects on the growth of the three fungus isolates during the four week test period, inhibiting some while stimulating others; several inhibited growth of all three fungus isolates. Mycorrhizoplane-associated actinomycetes show potential for use as coinoculants with selected ectomycorrhizal fungi to optimize the soil microflora for developing seedlings.     

Mycelial production, spread and root colonisation by the ectomycorrhizal fungi Hebeloma crustuliniforme and Paxillus involutus under elevated atmospheric CO2

Effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels on the production and spread of ectomycorrhizal fungal mycelium from colonised Scots pine roots were investigated. Pinus sylvestris (L.) Karst. seedlings inoculated with either Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull:Fr.) Quél. or Paxillus involutus (Fr.) Fr. were grown at either ambient (350 ppm) or elevated (700 ppm) levels of CO₂. Mycelial production was measured after 6 weeks in pots, and mycelial spread from inoculated seedlings was studied after 4 months growth in perlite in shallow boxes containing uncolonised bait seedlings. Plant and fungal biomass were analysed, as well as carbon and nitrogen content of seedling shoots. Mycelial biomass production by H. crustuliniforme was significantly greater under elevated CO₂ (up to a 3-fold increase was observed). Significantly lower concentrations and total amounts of N were found in plants exposed to elevated CO₂.     

Species diversity within the Morchella esculenta group (Ascomycota: Morchellaceae) in Germany and France

The distribution of the Morchella esculenta group in Germany and France is examined based on 22 samples, a sample from Montenegro is studied as well. In the recent literature the group was often treated as a single species, M. esculenta sensu lato. Our study, based on the polymorphism of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region within the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA), indicates the presence of three distinct species: M. esculenta (L.) Pers., M. crassipes (Vent.) Pers. : Fr., and M. spongiola Boud. They can be identified easily by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) of the ITS region.     

Einfluß von Textur,Gehalt an organischer Substanz,Dichte und Luftgchalt des Bodens auf die Vermehrung von Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, 1871 an Zuckerrüben

Defense reactions of embryo and megagametophyte (endosperm) of European black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) were studied by in vitro technique. As a tester, basidiomycete Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.) Pat. was used. Both, defense reaction of embryo and very strong defense reaction of megagametophyte were found. Some substances which may be involved in defense reactions are discussed.     

黑粉菌属一新种及中国黑粉菌补遗VI

本文描述采自河北小五台山的黑粉菌一新种,即寄生在野青茅(Deyeuxia arundinacea(L.) Beauv)上的野青茅黑粉菌(Ustilago deyeuxiae L. Guo)。此种与网优黑粉菌(Ustilago scrobiculata Liro)近似,但野青茅黑粉菌网纹明显,网眼高。并报道三种黑粉菌中国新记录。1)酢浆草黑粉菌(Ustilago oxalidis Ellis&Tracy)寄生于醉浆草(Oxalis corniculata L.),此种是我国首次在酢浆草科(Oxalidaceae)植物上发现的黑粉菌。2)网状黑粉菌(Ustilago polygoni-alati Thirum. & Pavgi)寄生于尼泊尔萝(Polygonum nepalense Meisn.),作者对此种进行了订正研究。3)臭草条黑粉菌(Urocystis melicae (Lagerheim & Liro) Zundel)寄生于细叶臭草(Melica radula Fr.)。     

Isolation and virulence of entomopathogenic fungi against the great spruce bark beetle,Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Twelve fungal strains including Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch.) Zare and Gams, Isaria farinosa (Holmsk.) Fr., Fusarium sp., Beauveria bassiana Sensu Lato and Beauveria sp. were isolated from larvae and adults of D. micans. In addition, virulence of these isolates against this pest was determined. Conidia suspensions of 1×10⁶ conidia mL^–1 were applied to larvae and adults. The highest mortality and mycosis for larvae were obtained from isolate ARSEF 9271 (Beauveria bassiana) with 90% mortality and mycosis within 10 days. ARSEF 9271 also produced 93% mortality and mycosis in adults. On the other hand, the highest mortality and mycosis for adults were obtained with isolate ARSEF 9272 (Beauveria sp.), with 100% mortality and 80% mycosis within 10 days. These results indicate that isolates ARSEF 9271 and ARSEF 9272 seem to be the most promising potential fungal biocontrol agents against D. micans.     

An ectomycorrhizal fungus,Cenococcum geophilum,in a coastal pine forest has a high tolerance for an insecticide used to control pine wilt disease

Cenococcum geophilum Fr., one of several ectomycorrhizal species associated with black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.), is dominant in the coastal forests of Japan, even under adverse abiotic environmental conditions. In these forests, many tonnes of Sumipine® (fenitrothion) are applied every year to protect P. thunbergii from pine wilt disease, which is transmitted by a beetle. Here, we examined the effect of this insecticide on the species of fungi found as ectomycorrhizae on naturally regenerated P. thunbergii seedlings collected from coastal forest sites that had or had not been sprayed with fenitrothion. The proportion of C. geophilum ectomycorrhizae on black pine root tips was significantly higher in areas where fenitrothion had been applied than in areas where it had not. We measured the in vitro mycelial growth of C. geophilum as well as other ectomycorrhizal fungi of coastal black pine, Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) Th. Fr. and Pisolithus arhizus (Scop.) Rauschert, at three levels of fenitrothion (density: 1.32 g/cm³), i.e., 0, 0.1 and 0.2 mL L^?1. The growth of all three species decreased significantly as the fenitrothion dosage increased. However, the reduction of mycelial growth in response to fenitrothion was lower in C. geophilum than in the other two species. These results suggest that C. geophilum has a high tolerance for fenitrothion, which may explain its dominance over other ectomycorrhizal species in coastal forests in Japan where fenitrothion is routinely sprayed.

     

Non-invasive observation of the development of fungal infection in fruit

Summary The progression of infection caused by a fungal pathogen,Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr., in a fruit of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) was followed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microscopic imaging over a 4 day period. It was found that a standard gradient echo sequence discriminated clearly between infected and healthy tissue as mycelium spread across the fruit from a single woundinoculated drupelet.     

几种担子菌胞外漆酶同工酶谱的研究

从猴头(Hericium erinaceus)、亚侧耳(Hohenbuehelia serotina)、毛柄金钱菌(Co-llybia velutipes)、多脂鳞伞(Pholiota adiposa)、香菇(Lentinus edodes)、黑木耳(Auriculariaauricula)、草菇(Volvaria volpacea)二孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)和紫孢侧耳(Pleurotussapidus)、侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)风尾菇(P.sajor-caju)、金顶侧耳(P.citrinopileatus)、鲍鱼菇(P.cystidiosus)、佛罗里达侧耳(P.florida)、爪哇漏斗状侧耳(P.sajor-caju var.javanicus)商品化菌种的培养滤液里所得到的胞外漆酶(LC),采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦盘状电泳方法,分析比较了它们的胞外漆酶同工酶。经多批次比较试验,获得了侧耳属七个种和八个不同属间各自恒定的漆酶同工酶谱。在这些酶谱中,分别包含了 A 组(pH3—5)和 B 组(pH5—8)的谱带。而且,所有菌种间漆酶带的等电点值(pI)各有异同。没有测定菌种间各漆酶带含量差别。讨论了漆酶同工酶谱用于分类研究的可能性。