五唇兰生物学特性及试管繁殖的研究

五唇兰为我国自有的亚热带附生兰,数量稀少,甚为罕见。本文叙述了它的生物学特性,野生幼苗驯化栽培和组织培养。五唇兰的组织培养国内外未见报道,五唇兰组织培养的成功有助我国稀有兰种资源的开发利用。     

中国寄生叶蜂类的卷唇姬蜂

报道我国寄生叶蜂类的卷唇姬蜂属AptesisF?rster,1850的3种,其中含寄生玫瑰三节叶蜂ArgepaganaPanzer的中国1新记录:白基卷唇姬蜂Aptesisalbibasalis(Uchida,1930)。编制了卷唇姬蜂属中国已知种检索表。     

寄生柳丝叶蜂的卷唇姬蜂属一新种（膜翅目：姬蜂科）

报道寄生天水柳丝叶蜂Nematus sp．的姬蜂科1新种：突角卷唇姬蜂Aptesis corniculata Sheng,sp．nov.,模式标本存国家林业局森林病虫害防治总站。     

凹唇壁蜂的营巢生物学研究

凹唇壁蜂Osmia excavata Alfken是我国早春果园重要的野生传粉昆虫,具有重要的农业价值.本研究分别在山东烟台、江西赣州和重庆沙坪坝地区利用人工放养滞育状态下的凹唇壁蜂成虫,并通过野外观察和室内解剖该蜂的筑巢巢管,系统研究了该蜂的筑巢习性、访花行为、日活动规律和生活史等营巢生物学及相关生物学特性.结果表明...     

绵羊的采食行为与草场空间异质性关系

在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站,于１９９３年６月,７月９月,分别对放牧率为４羊／ｈｍ＾２的围栏放牧草场上绵羊采集行为与草场空间异质性的关系进行了定量研究,结果表明,绵羊的采食运动模式与草场空间异质性密切相关,采食区域和卧息及反刍地点相对稳定,对草场的利用依植物群落种类组成的变化有不同的采集顺序,一般地,多选择大针茅,寸草苔,星毛萎陵菜较少的平地上采食,饮水点对采食路线和目标的选择有一定的     

赤水河河源段云南光唇鱼的生物学研究

基于2023年3月—2024年2月在赤水河河源段的逐月采样,对云南光唇鱼Acrossocheilus yunnanensis的年龄、生长、繁殖和摄食特征进行了研究。结果表明,赤水河河源段云南光唇鱼样本由4个龄组组成,雌雄比1∶0.66。体重（W）和体长（L）关系为：W=3.505×10^-6L^3.304,经统计检验,b>3,呈正异速生长。用von Bertalanffy方程对其生长进行了拟合,其参数为：L_∞=283.561 mm,k=0.336,t₀=-0.632。其体长生长速度和加速度不具拐点,生长速度随年龄增加而持续下降;体重的生长速度具拐点,拐点年龄为2.92龄。雌、雄鱼的初次性成熟体长分别为178.96 mm、143.97 mm,对应年龄分别为2.24龄、1.53龄。赤水河的云南光唇鱼为分批产卵类型,繁殖期为4—9月,产卵高峰在5月,个体绝对繁殖力和相对繁殖力的平均值分别为6 624粒/尾和47粒/g。摄食率和摄食强度均保持在较高水平,受水深、浊度和水温等影响,呈现出春秋季高于夏冬季的特点。云南光唇鱼与环境相适应的大卵粒、分批产卵和较长的繁殖期等生活史特征可能是其在赤水河河源段成为优势物种的生物学基础,限制捕捞和保护近岸微生境是该物种保护的关键。     

雄性大熊猫对化学信息行为反应的年龄差异

化学通讯对哺乳动物的生存和繁殖起着重要作用。研究了雄性大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)对同伴个体尿液气味行为反应的发育模式。结果显示,在成年雌性个体的尿液气味刺激下,雄性个体表现显著多的嗅闻行为和嗅闻/舔舐环境行为,但是嘶咬气味刺激物的行为明显减少。在雌性个体的尿液气味刺激下,不同年龄段的雄性个体行为表现不同,成年雄性个体表现较亚成年和幼年个体显著多的舔舐行为。此外,成年个体和亚成年个体均表现较多的嗅闻/舔舐环境行为,而幼年个体则无该行为表现。幼年个体较成年和亚成年个体表现显著多的气味涂抹行为,而且嘶咬气味刺激物的时间较亚成年个体显著多。幼年个体和亚成年个体对雌性和雄性个体尿液气味刺激的行为反应不存在显著差异。研究结果表明,雄性大熊猫对同种个体尿液中化学信息的行为反应呈现出年龄差异。     

尖唇散白蚁的梳理清洁行为和食物交哺行为

为了了解尖唇散白蚁梳理清洁行为和交哺行为,为防治该种白蚁提供依据,通过定性观察和定量测定的方法对尖唇散白蚁的梳理清洁行为和交哺行为进行了研究。结果表明:尖唇散白蚁的梳理清洁行为主要由4龄以上工蚁完成,4~6龄的若蚁也参与,但不及工蚁频繁;梳理清洁行为占到其昼夜活动时间的1.6%左右,当白蚁体表沾染污物时,如体表沾有染料或真菌孢子等,梳理清洁行为的频率增加,占用的时间也增多,人为用染料污染白蚁体表,梳理清洁行为可占到6.5%;尖唇散白蚁的交哺行为可发生于各个品级之间,其中工蚁是交哺行为中最活跃的品级,其他各品级均可接受来自工蚁的饲喂;6龄以上工蚁对工蚁的染料食物交哺测试显示,取食后24 h受喂工蚁获得的食物量仅占原取食工蚁取食量的5.86%,48 h饲喂者与受喂者消化道食物量大致持平,并随时间推移逐渐减少,受喂者消化道中的食物始终低于饲喂者。本研究结果支持散白蚁的交哺行为属于层叠式交哺模式的观点。     

雄性大熊猫对化学信息行为反应的年龄差异

化学通讯对哺乳动物的生存和繁殖起着重要作用。研究了雄性大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)对同伴个体尿液气味行为反应的发育模式。 结果显示,在成年雌性个体的尿液气味刺激下,雄性个体表现显著多的嗅闻行为和嗅闻/舔舐环境行为,但是嘶咬气味刺激物的行为明显减少。在雌性个体的尿液气味刺激下,不同年龄段的雄性个体行为表现不同,成年雄性个体表现较亚成年和幼年个体显著多的舔舐行为。此外,成年个体和亚成年个体均表现较多的嗅闻/舔舐环境行为,而幼年个体则无该行为表现。幼年个体较成年和亚成年个体表现显著多的气味涂抹行为,而且嘶咬气味刺激物的时间较亚成年个体显著多。幼年个体和亚成年个体对雌性和雄性个体尿液气味刺激的行为反应不存在显著差异。研究结果表明,雄性大熊猫对同种个体尿液中化学信息的行为反应呈现出年龄差异。     

Testosterone and chemosensory detection in male Syrian hamster

Gonadal steroids stimulate both sexual motivation and performance. However, steroid facilitation of appetitive sexual behavior is poorly understood. The present study determined if castration impairs chemosensory detection in male hamsters. Chemosensory cues are the principal sensory modality to initiate mating in this species. We compared LiCl-induced conditioned taste avoidance to female hamster vaginal secretion (FHVS) in gonad-intact and castrated males. Following overnight water deprivation, males received FHVS for 15 min, followed by LiCl (2 ml of 0.15 M) or saline ip. The next day, fluid consumption in a two-bottle choice test was recorded for 5.5 h. Pairings were repeated 4×. Initially, discrimination of FHVS from estrous females (10 or 100 μg/ml) was compared with plain water. Subsequently, we determined if males could distinguish FHVS from Syrian vs. Djungarian females or from estrous vs. anestrous females. When 100 μg/ml FHVS was paired with saline, all gonad-intact and 86% of castrated males preferred FHVS over water. However, when 100 μg/ml FHVS was paired with LiCl, the preference was reversed: 12.5% of intact males and 25% of castrates preferred FHVS (P < 0.05 vs. saline pairing). When exposed to 10 μg/ml FHVS, neither gonad-intact nor castrated males expressed conditioned taste avoidance, suggesting that 10 μg/ml FHVS is below the threshold for detection. Comparing discrimination of FHVS from Syrian and Djungarian females, only castrated males developed a significant conditioned taste avoidance to Syrian FHVS paired with LiCl. While 71% of castrated males preferred Syrian FHVS after saline pairing, only 12.5% of castrates preferred Syrian FHVS after pairing with LiCl (P < 0.05). In gonad-intact males, 57% preferred Syrian FHVS after saline pairing, while 14% preferred Syrian FHVS following LiCl pairing (P > 0.05). Neither gonad-intact nor castrated males successfully discriminated between FHVS from estrous and anestrous females. These data demonstrate that castrated males perform as well as gonad-intact males in a test of LiCl-induced conditioned taste avoidance. Therefore, it is unlikely that steroids enhance detection of sexually relevant chemosensory cues.     

4种两栖爬行动物嗅器和犁鼻器的显微结构比较

用光镜观察了4种两栖爬行动物嗅器和犁鼻器的组织结构.结果显示,北方山溪鲵(Batrachuperus tibetanus)鼻囊内开始分化出犁鼻器,犁鼻器位于嗅器的腹外侧,但犁鼻器还不发达;隆肛蛙(Feirana quadranus)犁鼻器与嗅器虽然共同位于鼻囊内,但犁鼻器较为发达且其周围有发达的犁鼻腺,犁鼻器通过一细小管道与嗅器相通;秦岭蝮(Gloydius qinlingensis)和菜花烙铁头(Trimeresurus jerdonii)犁鼻腔与鼻腔已经完全分离形成两个独立的囊,而且鼻腔又进一步分化为嗅部与呼吸部.说明犁鼻器从有尾两栖动物开始出现,至无尾两栖类开始分化,到蛇类高度发达且成为一个独立器官.犁鼻器的形成是脊椎动物适应陆地生活的直接结果,是四足动物的特征之一.     

Characterization of connexin30.3-deficient mice suggests a possible role of connexin30.3 in olfaction

We have generated connexin30.3-deficient mice in which the coding region of the connexin30.3 gene was replaced by the lacZ reporter gene. The expression pattern of this connexin was characterized using beta-galactosidase staining and immunoblot analyses. In skin, beta-galactosidase/connexin30.3 protein was expressed in the spinous and granulous layers of the epidermis. Specific beta-galactosidase/connexin30.3 expression was also detected in the thin ascending limb of Henle's loop in the kidney. In addition, we found beta-galactosidase/connexin30.3 in progenitor cells of the olfactory epithelium and in a subpopulation of cells in the apical layer of the vomeronasal organ. Connexin30.3-deficient mice were fertile and displayed no abnormalities in the skin or in the chemosensory systems. Furthermore, they showed normal auditory thresholds as measured by brain stem evoked potentials. These mice did, however, exhibit reduced behavioural responses to a vanilla scent.     

The vomeronasal epithelia of NMRI mouse

Summary The features of the apical and lateral surfaces of cells of the vomeronasal epithelium were studied in adult male mice by scanning electron microscopy. Supporting cells and receptor cells of the neuroepithelium are covered with microvilli. Microvilli of the sensory cells are longer and thinner than those of the supporting cells. Additionally, the former differ in local distribution, orientation, occurrence of branching and appearance of the cell coat. The receptor-free epithelium consists most likely of one cell type only, which shows different structural modifications including the presence, number and length of microvilli and cilia. In the transitional region, between the neuroepithelium and the receptor-free epithelium, immature receptor cells are present.This paper is dedicated to Prof. A. JinoSupported by grants from the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Br. 358/5-1)     

废用条件下大鼠和达乌尔黄鼠骨骼肌氧化应激和抗氧化防御能力与肌萎缩的比较研究

有鳞类(蛇和蜥蜴)具有较发达的嗅器和犁鼻器,对其不同种类嗅觉结构的认识有助于阐明爬行动物化学感觉的进化。本文采用组织学方法比较了草原沙蜥(Phrynocephalus frontalis)、荒漠沙蜥(P. przewalskii)、密点麻蜥(Eremias multiocellata)和秦岭滑蜥(Scincella tsinlingensis)的嗅器及犁鼻器。结果发现,草原沙蜥的鼻腔较为狭长,秦岭滑蜥呈梨形,其他两种蜥蜴的鼻腔略成圆形。秦岭滑蜥的嗅上皮最厚,其次是密点麻蜥和草原沙蜥,荒漠沙蜥最薄。犁鼻器主要由犁鼻腔、犁鼻感觉上皮、犁鼻神经及蘑菇体等组成,没有腺体。草原沙蜥和荒漠沙蜥的犁鼻腔较为宽阔,密点麻蜥和秦岭滑蜥的较窄。4种蜥蜴的犁鼻感觉上皮均较嗅上皮厚,蘑菇体向后逐渐缩小至消失,犁鼻感觉上皮成闭环状,包围犁鼻腔。密点麻蜥和秦岭滑蜥的犁鼻感觉上皮位于犁鼻器的背侧,蘑菇体位于腹侧;与此不同,两种沙蜥的犁鼻感觉上皮偏向于犁鼻器的腹内侧,蘑菇体位于背外侧。密点麻蜥的犁鼻感觉上皮最厚,其次为秦岭滑蜥,两种沙蜥最薄;秦岭滑蜥犁鼻感觉上皮的感觉细胞密度最高,其次是密点麻蜥,两种沙蜥最低。这些结果提示,密点麻蜥和秦岭滑蜥对嗅觉信号的依赖和投入较两种沙蜥多;4种蜥蜴犁鼻器的结构差异间接地佐证了有鳞类犁鼻器系统发生的特异性。     

四种蜥蜴嗅器和犁鼻器结构的比较

有鳞类(蛇和蜥蜴)具有较发达的嗅器和犁鼻器,对其不同种类嗅觉结构的认识有助于阐明爬行动物化学感觉的进化。本文采用组织学方法比较了草原沙蜥(Phrynocephalus frontalis)、荒漠沙蜥(P. przewalskii)、密点麻蜥(Eremias multiocellata)和秦岭滑蜥(Scincella tsinlingensis)的嗅器及犁鼻器。结果发现,草原沙蜥的鼻腔较为狭长,秦岭滑蜥呈梨形,其他两种蜥蜴的鼻腔略成圆形。秦岭滑蜥的嗅上皮最厚,其次是密点麻蜥和草原沙蜥,荒漠沙蜥最薄。犁鼻器主要由犁鼻腔、犁鼻感觉上皮、犁鼻神经及蘑菇体等组成,没有腺体。草原沙蜥和荒漠沙蜥的犁鼻腔较为宽阔,密点麻蜥和秦岭滑蜥的较窄。4种蜥蜴的犁鼻感觉上皮均较嗅上皮厚,蘑菇体向后逐渐缩小至消失,犁鼻感觉上皮成闭环状,包围犁鼻腔。密点麻蜥和秦岭滑蜥的犁鼻感觉上皮位于犁鼻器的背侧,蘑菇体位于腹侧;与此不同,两种沙蜥的犁鼻感觉上皮偏向于犁鼻器的腹内侧,蘑菇体位于背外侧。密点麻蜥的犁鼻感觉上皮最厚,其次为秦岭滑蜥,两种沙蜥最薄;秦岭滑蜥犁鼻感觉上皮的感觉细胞密度最高,其次是密点麻蜥,两种沙蜥最低。这些结果提示,密点麻蜥和秦岭滑蜥对嗅觉信号的依赖和投入较两种沙蜥多;4种蜥蜴犁鼻器的结构差异间接地佐证了有鳞类犁鼻器系统发生的特异性。     

黑斑蛙嗅器和犁鼻器的组化及超微结构特征

嗅感受器主要感知外界环境中化学信号分子.本文采用银染、NADPH-组化染色和电镜技术来观察黑斑侧褶蛙(Petophylax nigromaculatus)的嗅器和犁鼻器的功能差异及细胞组成.银染法可对嗅上皮和犁鼻上皮的细胞进行分类及区分.其中,支持细胞胞核深染成黑色,嗅细胞胞核银染为花斑状.细胞计数显示,犁鼻上皮的嗅神经细胞含量百分比显著高于嗅上皮.组化结果显示,黑斑侧褶蛙嗅上皮和犁鼻上皮对NADPH-d表达模式差异显著,前者表达明显高于后者.电镜结果显示,黑斑侧褶蛙嗅上皮和犁鼻上皮的支持细胞由两种类型的细胞组成,分别为纤毛型和颗粒型支持细胞.     

Sexual differentiation of pheromone processing: Links to male-typical mating behavior and partner preference

Phoenix et al. (Phoenix, C., Goy, R., Gerall, A., Young, W., 1959. Organizing actions of prenatally administered testosterone propionate on the tissues mediating mating behavior in the female guinea pig. Endocrinology 65, 369–382.) were the first to propose an essential role of fetal testosterone exposure in the sexual differentiation of the capacity of mammals to display male-typical mating behavior. In one experiment control male and female guinea pigs as well as females given fetal testosterone actually showed equivalent levels of mounting behavior when gonadectomized and given ovarian steroids prior to adult tests with a stimulus female. This finding is discussed in the context of a recent, high-profile paper by Kimchi et al. (Kimchi, T., Xu, J., Dulac, C., 2007. A functional circuit underlying male sexual behaviour in the female mouse brain. Nature 448, 1009–1014.) arguing that female rodents possess the circuits that control the expression of male-typical mating behavior and that their function is normally suppressed in this sex by pheromonal inputs that are processed via the vomeronasal organ (VNO)-accessory olfactory nervous system. In another Phoenix et al. experiment, significantly more mounting behavior was observed in male guinea pigs and in females given fetal testosterone than in control females following adult gonadectomy and treatment with testosterone. Literature is reviewed that attempts to link sex differences in the anatomy and function of the accessory versus the main olfactory projections to the amygdala and hypothalamus to parallel sex differences in courtship behaviors, including sex partner preference, as well as the capacity to display mounting behavior.     

Unusual structural changes in mitochondria during spermiogenesis in the oribatid mite,Hafenrefferia gilvipes (Acari)

Summary N-methyl-formimino-methylester (MFM), a highly volatile chemical substance, causes massive, transient sensory-cell degeneration in the main, but not in the vomeronasal olfactory sensory epithelium of mice. After MFM-treatment it appears possible to study the accessory olfactory system after chemical deafferentation of the main system.Supported by grants from Bundesanstalt für Arbeit, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and Alexander von Humboldt-StiftungThe authors are indebted to Prof. F. Effenberger for help with the synthesis of N-methyl-formimino-methylester