甘西鼠尾草一新变型

2004年8月份,我们在巴颜喀拉山南坡考察时,在四川省的壤塘县发现了甘西鼠尾草的个白花变型,生境为海拔3350m的沟谷林缘灌丛,现报道如下。     

甘西鼠尾草化学成分研究

采用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱及其他分离手段从甘西鼠尾草中分离得到12个化合物,根据化合物理化性质和波谱数据分别鉴定为:丹参酮ⅡA(1)、丹参酮Ⅰ(2)、丹参内酯(3)、隐丹参酮(4)、丹参酸甲酯(5)、间羟基苯甲醛(6)、迷迭香酚(7)、异迷迭香酚(8)、紫丹参甲素(9)、紫丹参乙素(10)、二氢丹参酮Ⅰ(11)、丹参新醌甲(12)。其中化合物7、8为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物6为首次从该属植物分离得到。     

Tanshinone production in roots of micropropagated Salvia przewalskii Maxim

Production of tanshinones (tanshinone I and IIA) was determined in roots of Salvia przewalskii micropropagated plants. It was found that the total tanshinone content (tashinone I and tashinone IIA) was dependent on the age of the analyzed plants. The roots of 2-year-old in vitro regenerated plants at flowering stage produced highest tanshinone levels (3.8 mg/g dry weight of tanshinone I and 7.6 mg/g dry weight of tanshinone IIA).     

甘西鼠尾草对大鼠高原肺动脉高压的干预作用及机制*

目的:探讨甘西鼠尾草(SPM)对大鼠高原肺动脉高压(HAPH)的干预作用及可能的机制。方法:将雄性SD大鼠随机分成对照组、缺氧组、SPM(0.5 g/kg、1 g/kg、2 g/kg)剂量组,每组14只,对照组饲养于西宁(海拔约2260 m),其余组均饲养于玛多县人民医院(海拔约4260 m)。SPM剂量组灌胃不同浓度的SPM(1 ml/100 g),浓度分别为0.5 g/kg、1 g/kg、2 g/kg,对照组和缺氧组灌胃等体积蒸馏水,每日一次,连续4周后,测定大鼠平均肺动脉压(mPAP)并取相同部位肺组织置液氮保存备用。采用RT-PCR法测定每组大鼠肺组织中的细胞增殖核抗原(PCNA)、细胞周期素依赖激酶(CDK4)、细胞周期蛋白D(CyclinD1)、RhoA(Ras同源基因家族成员A)、ROCK1、ROCK2的mRNA表达水平。结果:与对照组比较,缺氧组大鼠mPAP、肺组织中PCNA、CDK4、CyclinD1、RhoA、ROCK1、ROCK2的mRNA表达水平均明显升高(P＜0.01)。与缺氧组比较,SPM剂量组大鼠的mPAP、肺组织中PCNA、CDK4、CyclinD1、RhoA、ROCK1、ROCK2的mRNA表达水平均明显降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。结论:SPM对大鼠HAPH具有一定的预防作用,其机制可能与抑制肺动脉平滑肌细胞过度增殖和RhoA/Rho激酶(ROCK)信号通路过度激活有关。     

掌叶橐吾挥发油化学成分分析

掌叶橐吾[Ligularia przewalskii (Maxim.)Diels]为菊科(Compositae)橐吾属(Ligularia Cass.)植物,多年生草本,高30～130 cm,生于海拔1 100～3 700 m的河滩、山麓、林缘、林下及灌丛,产四川、青海、甘肃、宁夏、陕西、山西和内蒙古[1].橐吾属植物药用种类较多,有止咳化痰、活血化瘀、清热解毒、催吐、利尿、利胆退黄等功效[2],许多种类的根及根茎作为中药"紫菀"使用或作为其代用品.掌叶橐吾的根可用于化痰、止咳、平喘,在青海,甘肃天水和文县,陕西宝鸡、眉县和太白等地为当地所习用[3,4].     

Cytogerontological studies of biological activity of oregano essential oil

In order to clarify possible cytological mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects of carvacrol-bearing essential oils on health and mental abilities, we studied one of them (oregano essential oil) in experiments on transformed cultured Chinese hamster cells. Possible cytotoxic or mitogenic effects of the preparation at various concentrations were preliminarily estimated by analyzing the cell culture density after 4 days of cultivation. The preparation concentration in the growth medium (on carvacrol basis) varied from 1 × 10^?15 up to 5 × 10^?4 M (on carvacrol basis). As a result, two concentrations were selected for further experiments, including 2.5 × 10^?5 M as the maximal absolutely non-toxic concentration and 2.5 × 10^?4 M as the concentration at which the oregano essential oil decreased approximately 2-fold the final cell density of the grown culture. It was found that the preparation at 2.5 × 10^?5 M had no effect on either the colony-forming ability of the cells or the saturation density of the culture (which is a marker of its ??biological age??) or kinetics of its ??stationary phase aging?? (degradation of cultured cells in the stationary phase of growth, similar to age-related changes of the cells in aging organism). On the contrary, the oregano essential oil at 2.5 × 10^?4 M abruptly diminished colony-forming ability of the cells and influenced as a ??pro-aging?? factor on the saturation density of the cell culture and kinetics of the cell death induced by ??stationary phase aging.?? Based on our own concept of aging and the data obtained, we assumed that detected increase in the life span of mice under the influence of the oregano essential oil could be determined by certain functional changes at the organismal level only, but is not associated with any geroprotective (anti-aging) activity of the preparation, which is manifested at the cellular level and improves the cell viability.     

Constituents of the essential oil of Salvia stenophylla

The composition of the essential oil of Salvia stenophylla was investigated by GC-MS. The oil contains a high percentage of α-bisabolol and manool which are mainly responsible for its characteristic smell; in addition, 24 other components were identified.     

In vitro fungitoxicity of the essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum

The in vitro antifungal activity of clove oil was studied against four test fungi namely Alternaria alternata, Fusarium chlamydosporum, Helminthosporum oryzae and Rhizoctonia bataticola by the agar well diffusion method. These test fungi were found to be highly sensitive to clove oil at a concentration of 100 μl/well. The inhibition zone diameter was found to be in the range of 55–65 mm. The toxicity of clove oil on the germination and growth of A. alternata was further examined in liquid medium. Concentration- and time-dependent toxicity was recorded from 0.05 to 20% (v/v) concentration. The minimum fungistatic concentration was found to be 0.05%. Above this concentration, lysis of conidia and inhibition of mycelial growth were detected. Microscopic analysis showed 20–40% lysis of conidia after 72 h of incubation at 5% concentration. However at higher clove oil concentration (10%), up to 20% of conidia were lysed within 24 h of incubation. Similar concentration- and time-dependent toxicity was observed at different concentrations and time intervals. The findings indicated that clove oil possesses fungicidal activity against phytopathogenic fungi. Further study is required to determine whether it could have value in the management of plant infectious diseases. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

In vitro propagation of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. through nodal segment shoot proliferation

Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. is a vital traditional herbal medicinal plant found in northeastern Asia. Its roots, fruits, and seeds are used as food and medicine. Roots harvested for medicinal use take over 3 yr to mature when the plant is grown in a traditional way through cultivation in the field. This coupled with uncertainty in identification of the plant when collected from the wild calls for a standard in vitro propagation system to meet the increasing demand for it. The purpose of this study was to develop a standard protocol for the in vitro micropropagation of T. kirilowii. Ten different media supplemented with different concentrations of plant growth regulators were evaluated. At 5 wk, De Greef and Jacobs medium supplemented with 0.1 mg L⁻¹ kinetin led to optimal shoot growth, while the same medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L⁻¹ indole 3-butyric acid induced optimal root growth, also at 5 wk. The micropropagated plants that were acclimatized for 8 wk in the greenhouse produced mature root tubers after planted in the field for 3 mo. Therefore, these findings provide a basis for future large-scale in vitro propagation of T. kirilowii.

     

In vitro antiviral activity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil

Aims:  To investigate the in vitro antiviral activity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (TTO) and its main components, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, p -cymene, terpinolene and α-terpineol.
Methods and Results:  The antiviral activity of tested compounds was evaluated against polio type 1, ECHO 9, Coxsackie B1, adeno type 2, herpes simplex (HSV) type 1 and 2 viruses by 50% plaque reduction assay. The anti-influenza virus assay was based on the inhibition of the virus-induced cytopathogenicity. Results obtained from our screening demonstrated that the TTO and some of its components (the terpinen-4-ol, the terpinolene, the α-terpineol) have an inhibitory effect on influenza A/PR/8 virus subtype H1N1 replication at doses below the cytotoxic dose. The ID₅₀ value of the TTO was found to be 0·0006% (v/v) and was much lower than its CD₅₀ (0·025% v/v). All the compounds were ineffective against polio 1, adeno 2, ECHO 9, Coxsackie B1, HSV-1 and HSV-2. None of the tested compounds showed virucidal activity. Only a slight virucidal effect was observed for TTO (0·125% v/v) against HSV-1 and HSV-2.
Conclusions:  These data show that TTO has an antiviral activity against influenza A/PR/8 virus subtype H1N1 and that antiviral activity has been principally attributed to terpinen-4-ol, the main active component.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  TTO should be a promising drug in the treatment of influenza virus infection.     

In vitro antibacterial effect of the essential oil of Thymus longiflorus Boiss

The essential oil of Thymus longiflorus Boiss was tested for its in vitro antibacterial activity. The results showed antibacterial effects against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, especially against Pseudomonas fluorescens and Mycobacterium phlei.     

花椒挥发油抗肿瘤药理作用研究

目的 提取花椒挥发油,并对其进行抗人肺癌杀伤及诱导凋亡试验。观察花椒是否具有抗肿瘤活性,并确定其最小杀伤肿瘤细胞的剂量;同时观察诱导细胞凋亡的最小剂量以确定其抗肿瘤机制。方法 利用改进水蒸气法提取花椒挥发油,利用Tween-80作为助溶剂对花椒倍比稀释,对人A549肺癌细胞进行抗肿瘤试验,利用SRB方法和形态学确认细胞杀伤率,采用荧光染料Hochest33258染色检测细胞的凋亡水平。将试验同时分为时间-效应组（24、48、72h）和剂量-效应组（0．125～16mg／ml）。结果 ≥4mg／ml以上剂量的花椒挥发油提取物对A549具有较高的抑瘤率,达到87．9％;最低抑瘤浓度为1mg／ml,抑瘤率为40．2％。形态学观察结果表明,被杀伤的细胞体积萎缩,细胞膜皱缩,成活细胞数稀疏,数量明显低于空白对照组。不同给药时间的研究结果表明,药物最佳作用时间为48h及72h。利用低于杀伤浓度的剂量作用于A549进行研究,观察其对A549细胞凋亡的影响,利用Hochest33258观察对细胞核的影响。结果表明,0．51mg／ml剂量的花椒挥发油提取物作用于细胞72h对肿瘤细胞具有明显的诱导细胞凋亡作用。结论 高浓度（4～16mg／m1）的花椒挥发油对人肺癌A549细胞株有杀伤作用,低浓度（1mg／ml）的花椒挥发油对A549有诱导细胞凋亡的作用。     

In vitro propagation, histochemistry, and analysis of essential oil from conventionally propagated and in vitro-propagated plants of Varronia curassavica Jacq

Varronia curassavica is cultivated for the production of an essential oil useful in the pharmaceutical industry for its strong anti-inflammatory effect. Despite a growing demand, only a few studies have evaluated alternative sources of obtaining plantlets or ways to increase the yield of essential oil from this species. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the in vitro multiplication rate and analyze the histochemistry and sesquiterpene production potential of conventionally propagated V. curassavica plants, in vitro shoots, and acclimatized plants derived from in vitro shoots. For axillary bud proliferation, Murashige and Skoog medium was supplemented with 6-benzyladenine and thidiazuron alone or in combination with naphthalene acetic acid. Axillary bud proliferation was obtained from culture of nodal or apical segments on medium containing half-strength Murashige and Skoog salts without growth regulators. After 35 d of culture, an average of five buds developed per explant. Elongation and rooting of shoots also occurred in this medium. After the transfer of rooted plants to ex vitro conditions, 100% of the plantlets survived. Histochemical analysis of leaf tissue showed the presence of lipids, acidic lipids, essential oil, phenols, and flavonoids. The essential oils from conventionally propagated and acclimatized plants were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed using gas chromatography. The essential oil from acclimatized plants had a similar profile to that from ex vitro plants, but with a higher concentration of the anti-inflammatory compound alpha-humulene.     

Studies on the chemical composition and biological activity of essential oil from Cyperus rotundus Linn.

The sesquiterpene caryophyllene in its alcohol form has been identified for the first time from the essential oil of the tubers of Cyperus rotundus Linn. The structure of the alcohol has been identified by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Bioefficacy of the oil and its hydrocarbon, ketonic and alcoholic fractions is reported for maize and mungbean.     

草黄堇挥发油化学成分的GC-MS研究

采用GC—MS方法对草黄堇挥发油成分进行了测试分析,结果表明：其主要成分为长链烷烃类,同时含有烯烃类化合物、醇类、胺类、酮类及酯类化合物。     

The chemical constituents and biological activity of essential oil of Lavandula stoechas ssp. stoechas

The composition of essential oil of the leaves of Lavandula stoechas ssp. stoechas, was analyzed by means of capillary GC-MS. The main components of L. stoechas ssp. stoechas oil were pulegone (40.4%), menthol (18.1%), menthone (12.6%). The essential oil of the plant was evaluated for antibacterial and a panel cytotoxic activities.     

Antimicrobial activity of essential oil and major constituents of Salvia chloroleuca

The aerial parts of Salvia chloroleuca were collected at full flowering stage at Shahrestanak (Tehran province of Iran). The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by combination of capillary GC and GC-MS. Thirty-four components were identified, representing 98.5% of the total oil. beta-Pinene (10.6%), alpha-pinene (9.0%), beta-caryophyllene (9.0%), 1,8-cineole (9.0%) and carvacrol (7.9%) were the main components. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of S. chloroleuca was studied against seven Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and three fungi (Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger); the disc diffusion method and MIC values indicated that the oil exhibited moderate to high antimicrobial activity.