The Second Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Biotechnology

ＡＤＶＩＳＯＲＪＩＡＯＲｕｉ Ｓｈｅｎ (Ｊ .Ｓ .Ｃｈａｏ)　　Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ(ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＰｌａｎｔＰｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ ,ＳｈａｎｇｈａｉＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｓｆｏｒＢｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ ,Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ 2 0 0 0 32 ,Ｃｈｉｎａ)ＥＤＩＴＯＲ ＩＮ ＣＨＩＥＦＹＡＮＧＳｈｅｎｇ Ｌｉ　　Ａｃａｄｅｍｉｃｉａｎ(ＳｈａｎｇｈａｉＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＢｉｏｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａ…     

异细胞质信息八倍体小偃麦（Trititrigia 8x）的选育及其性状与细胞遗传

本实验用普通小麦“中国春”和八种异细胞质“中国春”（Ａｅｇｉｌｏｐｓ ｖａｖｉｌｏｖｉｉ）ＣＳ,（Ａｅ．ｊｕｖｅｎａｌｉｓ）ＣＳ,（Ａｅ．ｃｒａｓｓａ）ＣＳ,（Ａｅ．ｃｏｍｏｓａ）ＣＳ,（Ａｅ．ｕｎｉａｒｉｓｔａｔａ）ＣＳ,（Ａｅ．ｓｐｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓ．Ｍ．）ＣＳ,（Ａｅ．ｋｏｔｓｃｈｙｉ）ＣＳ．（Ｔ．ｔｉｍｏｐｈｅｅｖｉ）ＣＳ分别与八倍体小偃麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｔｒｉｇｉａ ８ｘ）“远中２”、“远中４     

National Museum of Plant History of China

ＴｈｅＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＭｕｓｅｕｍｏｆＰｌａｎｔＨｉｓｔｏｒｙｏｆＣｈｉｎａｉｓａｂｒａｎｃｈｏｆｈｅｒｂａｒｉｕｍ,ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ,ｔｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ．Ｉｔｗａｓｂｕｉｌｔｉｎ１９９６ａｎｄｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌｌｙａｐｐｒｏｖｅｄｂｙｔｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓｉｎ１９９８．ＩｔｗａｓｉｎｓｃｒｉｂｅｄｂｙＺｈｏｕＧｕａｎｇｚｈａｏ,Ｔｈｅｖｉｃｅ -ＣｈａｉｒｍａｎｏｆＳｔａｎｄｉｎｇＣｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅｏｆＣｈｉｎｅ…     

The Second Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Biotechnology

ＤＶＩＳＯＲＪＩＡＯＲｕｉ Ｓｈｅｎ (Ｊ .Ｓ .Ｃｈａｏ)　　Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ(ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＰｌａｎｔＰｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ ,ＳｈａｎｇｈａｉＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｓｆｏｒＢｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ ,Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ 2 0 0 0 32 ,Ｃｈｉｎａ)ＥＤＩＴＯＲ ＩＮ ＣＨＩＥＦＹＡＮＧＳｈｅｎｇ Ｌｉ　　Ａｃａｄｅｍｉｃｉａｎ(ＳｈａｎｇｈａｉＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＢｉｏｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄ…     

Weishengwuxue Tongbao MICROBIOLOGY Vol .29 2002 CONTENTS

Ｎｏ .1ＳｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｆＳｃｒｅｅｎｉｎｇＭｉｃｒｏｏｒｇａｎｉｓｍｓｄｅｇｒａｄｉｎｇＬｉｎｅａｒＳｏｄｉｕｍＡｌｋｙｌｂｅｎｚｅｎｅｓｕｌｆｏｎａｔｅ (ＬＡＳ)ａｎｄｉｔｓＤｅｇｒａｄｉｎｇＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ　ＹＩＮＧＱｉ Ｆｅｎｇ,ＸＩＡＯＣｈａｎｇ Ｓｏｎｇ,ＪＩＳｈｕ Ｌａｎ ( 1)……………………………………………………………………ＳｃｒｅｅｎｉｎｇｏｆＳｉｒａｉｎｓＰｒｏｄｕｃｉｎｇＬｉｐａｓｅｓｗｉｔｈｈｉｇｈＡｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄＣｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆＳｔｒａｉｎ…     

达乌尔黄鼠染色体银染核仁组织者分析

达乌尔黄鼠染色体银染核仁组织者分析ＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＯＮＣＨＲＯＭＯＳＯＭＥＳＡｇ－ＮＯＲＳＯＦＣＩＴＥＬＬＵＳＤＡＵＲＩＣＵＳＫｅｙｗｏｒｄｓＣｉｌｅｌｌｕｓｄａｕｒｉｃｕｓ;Ｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅ;Ａｇ－ＮＯＲ达乌尔黄鼠（ｃｉｌｅｌｌｕｓｄａｕｒｉｃ...     

mRNA differential display between sterile and fertile anther of rice and analysis of cDNA differential fragments

Ｃｙｔｏｐｌａｓｍｉｃｍａｌｅｓｔｅｒｉｌｉｔｙ(ＣＭＳ)ｉｎｈｉｇｈｐｌａｎｔｓｉｓａｍａｔｅｒｎａｌｌｙｉｎｈｅｒｉｔｅｄｔｒａｉｔｔｈａｔｓｕｐｐｒｅｓｓｅｓｖｉａｂｌｅｐｏｌｌｅｎｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｉｓｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙｖａｌｕａｂｌｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｙｂｒｉｄｓｅｅｄｓ.ＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＣＭＳｒｉｃｅｔｏｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｈｙｂｒｉｄｒｉｃｅｖａｒｉｅｔｉｅｓｈａｓａｌｒｅａｄｙｂｅｅｎａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅｉｎＣｈｉｎａｓｉｎｃｅ1976.Ｉｎｒｅ…     

毛药山茶——中国广东山茶属一新种

毛药山茶　新种　图 1ＣａｍｅｌｌｉａｒｅｎｓｈａｎｘｉａｎｇｉａｅＣ .Ｘ .ＹｅｅｔＸ .Ｑ .Ｚｈｅｎｇ ,ｓｐ .ｎｏｖ . (Ｓｕｂｇｅｎ .ＭｅｔａｃａｍｅｌｌｉａＨ .Ｔ .Ｃｈａｎｇ,Ｓｅｃｔ.ＥｒｉａｎｄｒｉａＣｏｈｅｎ Ｓｔｕａｒｔ) .Ｆｉｇ .1ＳｐｅｃｉｅｓＣ .ｃｒａｔｅｒａｅＨ .Ｔ .ＣｈａｎｇｅｔＣ .ｔｒｉｇｏｎｏｃａｒｐａｅＨ .Ｔ .Ｃｈａｎｇａｆｆｉｎｉｓ,ｓｅｄｉｌｌａｆｌｏｒｉｂｕｓｒｕｂｒｉｓ (ｔｅｓｔｅｎｏｔｕｌａｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｏｒｉｓ) ,ｂｒａｃｔｅｏｌｉｓｓｅｐａｌｉｓｑｕｅｕｔｒｉｎｑ…     

中国美登木属的新分类群

本拟定中国美登木属４新种１新等级,它们是：广南美登木Ｍ．ｇｕａｎｇｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｈ．Ｓｈａｏ,蒙自美登木Ｍ．ｍｅｎｇｚｉｅｎｓｉｓ Ｈ．Ｓｈａｏ,易门 美登木Ｍ．ｙｉｍｅｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｈ．Ｓｈａｏ,树状美登木Ｍ．ａｒｂｏｒｅｕｓ Ｈ．Ｓｈａｏ和疏刺刺茶Ｍ．ｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓ（Ｈｅｍｓｌ．）Ｃ．Ｙ．Ｃｈｅｎｇ ｖａｒ．ｉｎｅｒｍｉｓ（Ｃ．Ｙ．Ｃｈｅｎｇ ｅｔ Ｗ．Ｌ．Ｓｈａ）Ｈ．Ｓｈａｏ。     

长白山北坡椴树红松林高等植物物种多样性

长白山北坡椴树红松林高等植物物种多样性郝占庆,赵士洞,陶大立,王淼森（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所１１００１５）ＳｐｅｃｉｅｓｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆｈｉｇｈｅｒｐｌａｎｔｓｉｎＬｉｍｅｋｏｒｅａｎｐｉｎｅｆｏｒｅｓｔｏｎｎｏｒｔｋｅｒｎｓｌｏｐｅｏｆＣｈａｎｇｂａｉｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎ￥ＨａｏＺｈａｎｑｉｎｇ;ＺｈａｏＳｉｄｏｎｇ;ＴａｏＤａｌｉ;ＷａｎｇＭｉａｏ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｎｚｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ）Ｃｈｉｎａ,１１００１５）：ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｔｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（６）：１－５．ＴｈｅＳｈａｎｎｏｎｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｉｎｄｅｘａｎｄｅｖｅｎｎｅｓｓａｒｅｕｓｅｄｔｏａｎａｌｙｓｅｔｈｅｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆｈｉｇｈｅｒｐｌａｎｔｓｉｎｌｉｍｅｋｏｒｅａｎｐｉｎｅｆｏｒｅｓｔｏｎｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｓｌｏｐｅｏｆＣｈａｎｇｂａｉＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎ。ＴｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔＳｈａｎｎｏｎｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｉｎ－ｄｅｘｉｓ２．８２２８ｆｏｒｗｏｏｄｙｐｌａｎｔｓ,２．９７６６ｆｏｒｈｅｒｂｓ;ｔｈｅＳｈａ     

Floaters as intraspecific brood parasites in the grey starling Sturnus cineraceus

The breeding season of the grey starling Sturnus cineraceus is divided into two periods: the early and late breeding season. The birds that breed in each season are referred to as early and late breeders, respectively. In this study, the late breeders mainly consisted of new immigrants that did not breed in the early season. This suggested that these new immigrants were probably floaters in the early breeding season. Because intraspecific brood parasitism occurred frequently, it is possible that the parasites were floaters without nesting boxes. To check for the presence of floaters, two field experiments were conducted and floaters were captured with traps. With additional nesting boxes provided during the breeding season, all new boxes were quickly occupied by floaters from the period of incubation to hatching in the early breeding season, but were not occupied by floaters during the egg laying period of the late breeding season. The addition of boxes before the start of the breeding season significantly decreased the parasitic rate and number of parasitic eggs per nest. There was a positive correlation between the relative occupancy of nesting boxes and the parasitic rate. The removal of boxes again increased the parasitic rate. As for the capture of floaters with traps, the number of trapped birds per day was also related to the relative occupancy of nesting boxes. The floaters trapped between incubation and nesting periods of early breeders became the late breeders. Judging from these results, many floaters were present from the incubation to hatching periods of early breeders, and were probably intraspecific brood parasites.     

高原鼢鼠对高寒草甸群落特征及演替的影响

研究结果表明,高原鼢鼠种群密度与植物地上生物量呈极显著的负相关关系,与双子叶植物在地上生物量中所占百分比的数值呈极显著的正相关关系,草地次生植被面积随高原鼢鼠种群密度增加而显著增加,土丘覆盖植物的恢复速率则随高原鼢鼠种群密度增加而显著地降低,植物群落组成的种数与种群密度呈显著的负相关关系,单子叶植物重要值随高原鼢鼠种群密度的增加而显著下降,双子叶直根类植物与高原鼢鼠种群密度不存在显著的相关性,双子     

FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT FITNESS CONSEQUENCES OF INTRASPECIFIC NEST PARASITISM IN SNOW GEESE

The reproductive efficiency, defined as the number of breeding recruits produced per egg laid; of intraspecific nest parasites; of hosts in parasitized nests; and of unparasitized nesting females, was measured for 14 years for lesser snow geese Anser caerulescens caerulescens nesting near Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. Relative efficiencies were 0.71–0.88, 0.91, and 1.0 for eggs of parasites, hosts, and unparasitized birds, respectively. Differences in the hatching probabilities of the three classes of eggs produced the efficiency differences. Parasitic success was limited by the parasites' failure to place more eggs than expected by chance into nests at the appropriate time relative to host incubation. Host nesting success was lower when more than one parasitic egg was added to the clutch. No differences in gosling survival and breeding recruitment probabilities were detected among any categories of goslings. Thus, hatching parasitic young are at no disadvantage relative to parental young, and there is no support for the hypothesis that increased success of host young at later stages of reproduction might offset negative effects at the egg stage. The hatching efficiency of parasitic eggs declined more rapidly than that of parental eggs as the parasitism rate increased. Efficiencies were similar when 3–4% of the eggs laid per year were parasitic, but relative parasitic efficiency was significantly lower when the parasitism rate was 8–9% or more. Using ancillary information and assumptions about the fecundity, viability, and behavioral flexibility of parasitic and parental females, we conclude that intraspecific nest parasitism could compete with nesting as a reproductive strategy in this population. The conditional use of parasitism by a large component of the population in certain years, however, combined with negative-frequency dependent success, limits the potential spread of a purely parasitic strategy in this population.     

Regulation of reproduction rate in a cyclic population of the red-backed vole,Clethrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae

Changes of the components of reproduction were analyzed quantitatively in a two-year cyclic population (which has two peaks in alternate years during a five-year census) of the red-backed vole, Clethrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae, with reference to its regulatory mechanism: (1) Variation in sex ratios was not associated with population phase or density, although a higher percentage of females in mature individuals was observed in the increase phase. (2) Females attained to sexual maturity at younger age and at lighter body weight than did males. All the youngest mature individuals were found in the low and the increase phases. Age and size at maturity became older and larger as the population went toward the peak phase. (3) Maturation rate was strongly associated with population phase and density; this component is an important and good parameter to predict population trend. Maturation rates were in the order, the low phase>the increase phase>the peak phase>the decline phase; the differences in the rates among these phases were significant. Maturation rate was somewhat depressed when the population density exceeded about 40 individuals/ha. Changes in age at maturity and in maturation rate are interpreted as derivative phenomena related to the population density and the capacity of the number of mature voles per unit area. (4) The maximum number of mature individuals were 26 males/ha and 29 females/ha; there was almost no increase of the number of mature voles at higher population densities over about 40 individuals/ha. The number of exclusive home ranges per hectare calculated from the observed range lengths did not differ much from the maximum number of mature voles of either sex. (5) Length of breeding period was shorter in the high-density years than in the low-density years; the breeding started earlier and ended earlier in the former than that in the latter. In the increase phase a few voles reproduced in winter. (6) The percentage of pregnant females was significantly lower in the peak phase than those in the other phases.     

Low frequency of extra-pair fertilisations in House Sparrows breeding at high density

The importance that the density of breeders has on the opportunity for extra-pair fertilisations (EPFs) is controversial. Some evidence supports the idea that population density and frequency of extra-pair paternity are positively associated, whereas other work does not. In the present paper we estimate EPF frequency in a dense House Sparrow Passer domesticus colony. We detected extra-pair nestlings in 9.3% of 54 broods studied, and 7% of 171 nestlings were sired by extra-pair fathers. The number of clutches laid per female, the change of male or female between two consecutive breeding attempts and the age of the partners showed no association with the presence or absence of extra-pair fertilisations. Morphometric variables of paired males and females did not discriminate broods with EPFs from those without. We detected a single case of a female laying a "parasitic" egg in the nest of a male that in a previous breeding attempt was the extra-pair genetic father of her entire brood. The frequency of extra-pair fertilisation recorded in this study was low compared with that in other House Sparrow populations breeding at lower densities, or other species that breed in colonies. This result does not support the claim that EPF frequency is associated with population density. We propose, as an explanation for this result, that under high intra-sexual competition for nest sites (1) males may have limited opportunities to search for females for extra-pair copulations and (2) the high quality of male nest-owners may reduce female propensity to search for additional sexual partners.     

不同干扰荒漠生境中子午沙鼠的繁殖及种群动态特征

子午沙鼠(Merionesmeridianus)广泛分布于我国西北部地区,是荒漠啮齿动物群落的优势鼠种。种群繁殖特征是动物生活史参数中的一个重要组成部分,是种群数量补充的重要来源,而干扰是影响繁殖特征的重要因素。本研究于2012~2014年,在位于蒙古阿拉善左旗南部典型荒漠的野外实验区,设置禁牧、开垦、过牧、轮牧4种不同干扰样地,使用铗日法对实验样地子午沙鼠相对数量及繁殖特征进行调查。4种不同干扰生境中的子午沙鼠种群数量具有显著差异,禁牧过牧轮牧开垦;雌雄性比在轮牧生境中最高,开垦生境次之,禁牧生境最低;4种干扰生境中,轮牧样地子午沙鼠雌鼠怀孕率显著高于禁牧、过牧和开垦样地;雄鼠的睾丸下降率在过牧干扰样地显著高于其他3种干扰方式样地,轮牧样地雄鼠睾丸下降率最低;雌鼠平均胎仔数在4种干扰生境间无显著性差异;轮牧干扰样地繁殖指数显著高于其他3种干扰方式样地;繁殖指数、怀孕率及睾丸下降率对密度的反馈作用最为明显,但在不同的干扰生境中其反馈特征有差异。综上,子午沙鼠在轮牧生境中各繁殖特征指数最高,繁殖能力最强,种群密度相对较高,更适合其生存,其密度制约效应表现最为明显。     

Status and structure of the griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) population in Crete

Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) population surveys were conducted during 1996–2002 in the island of Crete (Greece) to document population status and structure. Fieldwork was carried out during the breeding period when birds could be monitored in their colonies. Total population size was estimated at 379 individuals (range = 341–417) with adult birds comprising 63%. The breeding population was estimated at 141 pairs, which were distributed on an average in 23 colonies per year (range = 16–30) while the mean number of breeding pairs that laid eggs was 98 (range= 64–126). Crete thus supports the largest insular population of the species in the world and hosts 70–80% of the breeding population of the species in Greece. Population density was estimated at 6.9 individuals/100 km², 2.6 breeding pairs/100 km² and 1.8 nesting pairs/100 km². The average home range of an occupied colony (i.e., breeding group) was estimated at ca. 204 km² producing a theoretical foraging range of 8 km radius around the breeding cliff. No trends in the total number of individuals and breeding pairs appeared to exist, although significant differences in population size of individual colonies occurred between the years. The majority of the population was concentrated in small-sized colonies, which showed a low occupancy rate. The number of abandoned sites and the colonization of new ones could represent a shift of breeding pairs to alternative colonies provoked by local food abundance and conspesific attraction.     

Individual fitness and the effects of a changing climate on the cessation and length of the breeding period using a 34‐year study of a temperate songbird

Studies of the phenological responses of animals to climate change typically emphasize the initiation of breeding although climatic effects on the cessation and length of the breeding period may be as or more influential of fitness. We quantified links between climate, the cessation and length of the breeding period, and individual survival and reproduction using a 34‐year study of a resident song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) population subject to dramatic variation in climate. We show that the cessation and length of the breeding period varied strongly across years, and predicted female annual fecundity but not survival. Breeding period length was more influential of fecundity than initiation or cessation of breeding alone. Warmer annual temperature and drier winters and summers predicted an earlier cessation of breeding. Population density, the date breeding was initiated, a female's history of breeding success, and the number of breeding attempts initiated previously also predicted the cessation of breeding annually, indicating that climatic, population, and individual factors may interact to affect breeding phenology. Linking climate projections to our model results suggests that females will both initiate and cease breeding earlier in the future; this will have opposite effects on individual reproductive rate because breeding earlier is expected to increase fecundity, whereas ceasing breeding earlier should reduce it. Identifying factors affecting the cessation and length of the breeding period in multiparous species may be essential to predicting individual fitness and population demography. Given a rich history of studies on the initiation of breeding in free‐living species, re‐visiting those data to estimate climatic effects on the cessation and length of breeding should improve our ability to predict the impacts of climate change on multiparous species.     

北戴河朱鹮野化训练种群的繁殖和婚外配北大核心CSCD

为了扩大朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)种群的数量和分布区,于2018年7月从洋县引进20只朱鹮在北戴河建立了朱鹮野化种群。2020年繁殖期,北戴河共有22只朱鹮,其中成年朱鹮17只,雌雄性比为1.1;实际繁殖密度为37.8只/hm2;人工巢的密度为40.0巢/hm2,人工巢筐内径为50 cm。2020年繁殖期,北戴河朱鹮共配对8对,其中6对繁殖成功,营巢成功率为75%;共产卵33枚,平均窝卵数为(4.1±1.8)枚;出壳18只,孵化率54.5%;出飞13只,出飞率72.2%,繁殖成功率为39.4%,繁殖生产力为2.2±1.2。与洋县饲养种群相比,北戴河种群首枚卵的产卵时间晚17 d,与两地温差相吻合。北戴河朱鹮的窝卵数显著高于洋县种群,这可能是由种内巢寄生所致。监控录像表明,北戴河1巢朱鹮的窝卵数高达6枚,超过野生种群平均窝卵数(2或3枚)的2倍,推测发生了种内巢寄生行为。此外,还观察到8号巢朱鹮同时发生了婚外配和种内巢寄生行为,婚外配雌鸟将卵产在该雄鸟的巢中,使得窝卵数高达7枚。此后在该巢中发现3只朱鹮轮流孵卵,以及2只雌性朱鹮并排孵于同一巢中的异常情况。北戴河朱鹮的种内巢寄生行为可能是因网笼内人工巢址密度较高但隐蔽性较低所致,而婚外配行为可能与种群密度和繁殖密度过高有关。本文有关朱鹮异常繁殖行为的研究结果可为野化网笼内人工巢筐的设置和野化种源的选择提供参考,并提示我们进一步关注朱鹮在环境压力下的表型可塑性和生态适应能力。     

Growth and decline of a penguin colony and the influence on nesting density and reproductive success

Colonial breeding is characteristic of seabirds but nesting at high density has both advantages and disadvantages and may reduce survival and fecundity. African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) initiated breeding at Robben Island, South Africa in 1983. The breeding population on the island increased in the late 1990s and early 2000s before decreasing rapidly until 2010. Before the number breeding peaked, local nest density in the areas where the colony was initiated plateaued, suggesting that preferred nests sites were mostly occupied, and the area used by breeding birds expanded. However, it did not contract again as the population decreased, so that nesting density varied substantially. Breeding success was related positively to the prey available to the breeding birds and negatively to local nest density, particularly during the chick-rearing period, suggesting a density-dependence operating through social interactions in the colony, possibly exacerbated by poor prey availability when the breeding population was large. Although nest density at Robben Island was not high, nesting burrows, which probably reduce the incidence of aggressive encounters in the colony, are scarce and our results suggest that habitat alteration has modified the strength of density-dependent relationships for African penguins. Gaining a better understanding of how density dependence affects fecundity and population growth rates in colonial breeders is important for informing conservation management of the African penguin and other threatened taxa.