若干北方落叶树木叶片养分的内外迁移：Ⅰ.浓度和含量的变化

研究了北方 1 2个落叶树种单位面积叶干重、叶片灰分、有机物质和 7个元素的浓度和含量在落叶前后的变化 ,同一元素不同树种间及同一树种不同元素间有着不同的变化模式 .单位面积叶干重、叶片有机物质浓度和含量在落叶后均表现下降的趋势 ;所有树种叶片灰分浓度和大部分树种的灰分含量 (除刺槐、胡颓子、核桃楸外 )均有增加 ;落叶时 N、P、K的单位叶面积含量均可减少约 1 / 3～ 2 / 3;Mg含量的减少在胡颓子、核桃楸、春榆、蒙古栎、日本落叶松等 5个树种中发生 ,其余树种表现增加 ;落叶中 Fe含量除胡颓子下降外 ,其余均表现升高 ;落叶中 Ca、Si浓度和含量在所有分析树种中均表现增加趋势     

辽东山区主要阔叶树种叶片养分含量和再吸收对落叶时间的影响

凋落物是森林生态系统养分的重要来源, 叶片脱落时间是影响其分解的关键因素。东北温带森林中蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)落叶时间较其他树种晚, 在山脊等贫瘠立地叶片甚至第二年春天才脱落。我们假设: 相对于其他树种, 蒙古栎叶片养分元素含量过高、再吸收时间长, 导致叶片延迟脱落。为验证假设, 除蒙古栎外, 选择了落叶时间居中的色木槭(Acer mono)和落叶较早的胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)为对象, 持续监测叶片从成熟至凋落过程中叶片养分元素含量, 包括大量元素: 氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)和镁(Mg), 微量元素: 铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)和锌(Zn); 并分析养分再吸收率。结果表明: 蒙古栎成熟叶养分元素含量介于对照树种之间; 凋落叶N、P和K含量低于对照树种, Fe和Mn含量高于对照树种, 其余元素含量介于对照树种之间。该结果不支持“蒙古栎叶片养分含量过高”假设。蒙古栎叶片N、P和K再吸收率高于对照树种, 再吸收率高低与其落叶时间完全一致; 叶片Cu和Zn再吸收率与对照树种无显著差异; 叶片其余元素未发生再吸收, 其累积率与对照树种无显著差异; 说明养分再吸收与养分含量无关, 可能与树种的种专一性相关, 可能会影响叶片脱落时间。由于蒙古栎多生长在贫瘠土壤, 其成熟叶无法积累更多养分; 为避免叶片脱落后养分进入土壤被其他物种利用, 将养分尽量回收储存于自身, 即蒙古栎叶片养分再吸收过程较长, 叶片脱落较晚。生长在极端贫瘠立地的蒙古栎叶片次年春天才落叶, 可能是由于再吸收一直在进行, 来不及脱落而保留至新生长季开始。落叶晚的树种养分再吸收率高、有利于自身养分保存, 更能适应贫瘠土壤, 反之亦然。     

Effects of leaf nutrient concentration and resorption on leaf falling time of dominant broadleaved species in a montane region of eastern Liaoning Province,China

凋落物是森林生态系统养分的重要来源, 叶片脱落时间是影响其分解的关键因素。东北温带森林中蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)落叶时间较其他树种晚, 在山脊等贫瘠立地叶片甚至第二年春天才脱落。我们假设: 相对于其他树种, 蒙古栎叶片养分元素含量过高、再吸收时间长, 导致叶片延迟脱落。为验证假设, 除蒙古栎外, 选择了落叶时间居中的色木槭(Acer mono)和落叶较早的胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)为对象, 持续监测叶片从成熟至凋落过程中叶片养分元素含量, 包括大量元素: 氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)和镁(Mg), 微量元素: 铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)和锌(Zn); 并分析养分再吸收率。结果表明: 蒙古栎成熟叶养分元素含量介于对照树种之间; 凋落叶N、P和K含量低于对照树种, Fe和Mn含量高于对照树种, 其余元素含量介于对照树种之间。该结果不支持“蒙古栎叶片养分含量过高”假设。蒙古栎叶片N、P和K再吸收率高于对照树种, 再吸收率高低与其落叶时间完全一致; 叶片Cu和Zn再吸收率与对照树种无显著差异; 叶片其余元素未发生再吸收, 其累积率与对照树种无显著差异; 说明养分再吸收与养分含量无关, 可能与树种的种专一性相关, 可能会影响叶片脱落时间。由于蒙古栎多生长在贫瘠土壤, 其成熟叶无法积累更多养分; 为避免叶片脱落后养分进入土壤被其他物种利用, 将养分尽量回收储存于自身, 即蒙古栎叶片养分再吸收过程较长, 叶片脱落较晚。生长在极端贫瘠立地的蒙古栎叶片次年春天才落叶, 可能是由于再吸收一直在进行, 来不及脱落而保留至新生长季开始。落叶晚的树种养分再吸收率高、有利于自身养分保存, 更能适应贫瘠土壤, 反之亦然。     

北方阔叶树木固氮与非固氮树种间营养元素含量的差异及数量化分类

研究了北方阔叶树木中固氮和非固氮树种间养分元素含量的差异及季节变化趋势．在生长旺盛期到落叶期固氮和非固氮树种叶片之间Ｎ、Ｍｇ含量始终存在明显差异;固氮树种叶片中Ｎ、Ｋ含量降低的趋势明显低于非固氮树种,所研究的其它５个元素和灰分的季节变化率即累积的趋势则高于非固氮树种．在Ｆ检验和Ｔ检验的基础上,选择Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｍｇ、Ｓｉ４个营养元素为参数进行的数量化分类,成功地区分了固氮和非固氮树种．     

5种阔叶树的光合生理生态特性研究

对核桃楸、水曲柳、黄波罗、紫椴和白桦的光合生理生态特性研究表明,随着幼叶成长、叶绿素含量的增加,各树种光合能力与硝酸还原酶活力也增加．晴天,白桦与水曲柳光合曲线呈双峰,其余３树种呈单峰,阴雨数日转睛后,白桦与水曲柳光合曲线呈单峰,其余３树种呈双峰;阴天,５个树种光合曲线均与光照曲线相似．幼叶成长过程中硝酸还原酶活力与光合速率呈正相关;各树种的光合速率除受光的影响外,空气相对湿度是光能利用的限制因子．     

追施氮肥对尾巨桉叶片主要营养元素浓度及贮量变化的影响

采用田间定位试验方法,研究了追施氮肥对尾巨桉叶片养分浓度与贮量及内外循环的影响。结果表明:桉树落叶时质量损失26%,此时若以单位质量计算叶片养分浓度往往与实际情况不符,因此应以单位叶面积为基础表征养分浓度;与生长叶相比,桉树凋落叶中灰分和有机质含量分别下降33%和25%,表明一些可水解运输的有机物质在叶片凋落前已回输至树体;桉树叶片对N的利用率高达44%,表明存在氮的奢侈吸收。桉树叶片中N、P、K养分以内循环模式为主,内循环比例均在70%以上;Ca则以外循环为主,外循环比例约为90%;Mg、Si和灰分的内循环能力相当,外循环比例略高于内循环。     

全球木本植物叶片硅钙生态化学计量学特征

收集全球803种木本植物叶片硅（Si）、钙（Ca）数据,研究不同木本植物生活型（常绿植物以及落叶植物、针叶植物以及阔叶植物）叶片Si、Ca元素的化学计量学特征及其与纬度、气候因子（年平均温度,年平均降水量）间的关系。结果表明：（1）全球尺度上木本植物叶片Si、Ca含量存在较大变异性,且含量均低于中国境内的研究结果;（2）不同生活型树种间存在差异,针叶树叶片Si含量及Ca/Si显著高于阔叶树,落叶树叶片Si、Ca含量及Ca/Si均显著高于常绿树种;（3）随着纬度升高、年平均温度及年平均降水量的下降,全球尺度木本植物叶片Si、Ca含量显著升高,而Ca/Si显著下降;（4）不同生活型木本植物对气候因子的响应不同,除针叶及落叶树种的Ca含量外,其余各生活型树种Si、Ca含量与纬度及气候因子显著相关,随着纬度升高而升高,随年平均温度及年平均降水量的升高而降低,且随着年平均温度的降低,常绿及阔叶树种叶片Si含量下降速度显著高于落叶及针叶树种。研究结果能够为全球尺度生态化学计量学模型的发展提供数据基础,有助于更好地理解和模拟区域乃至全球尺度上纬度和气候因子对植物叶片Si、Ca含量的影响。     

重庆石灰岩地区主要木本植物叶片性状及养分再吸收特征

以重庆石灰岩地区15种常绿木本植物和14种落叶木本植物为研究对象,对两种生活型植物叶片衰老前后叶干物质含量(LDMC)、比叶面积(SLA)和叶片厚度(LT)进行了比较,并采用不同的计算方法(单位质量叶片养分含量、单位面积叶片养分含量)分析了两类植物叶片衰老前后养分含量及再吸收特征,最后对养分再吸收效率与其他叶性状因子之间的关系进行了相关分析。结果表明:常绿植物成熟叶LDMC、LT及衰老叶LT显著低于落叶植物,落叶植物成熟叶和衰老叶SLA均显著高于常绿植物(P0.05);基于单位质量叶片计算的养分含量,常绿植物成熟和衰老叶N、P量均低于落叶植物,而基于单位面积叶片计算的N、P含量则表现出相反的趋势;基于不同方法计算的N、P再吸收效率差异不明显,其中常绿植物基于单位质量叶片养分含量计算的N、P平均再吸收效率为39.42%、43.79%,落叶植物的为24.08%、33.59%;常绿和落叶植物N、P再吸收效率与LDMC、SLA、LT和成熟叶N、P含量之间没有显著相关性,但与衰老叶养分含量存在显著负相关(P0.05)。研究发现,无论是常绿植物还是落叶植物,衰老叶N、P含量均较低,表明石灰岩地区植物具有较高的养分再吸收程度。     

固氮树种在混交林中的作用研究Ⅱ.固氮树木叶部N、P养分动态特征

研究了23种固氮与非固氮树种叶部N、P含量的季节变化、输出率以及叶片衰老过程中N、P的输出过程.结果表明,供试树种叶部N、P含量均存在着明显的季节变化,平均变化率为21～23%,最大变化率出现在叶片衰老期.在衰老期内不同树种表现出不同的N、P动态特征.固氮树种表现出低输出率,落叶中N含量是非固氮树种的1.6～3.7倍.固氮树种生长季叶部N含量在2.5%左右.     

辽东山区主要树种叶片氮、磷、钾再吸收

养分再吸收作为植物保存养分的重要机制之一,在凋落物分解和养分循环中起着重要作用。为明确辽东山区主要树种养分再吸收状况,选择4种次生林树种:蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)、色木槭(Acer mono)、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)、花曲柳(Fraxinus rhynchophylla)和人工林落叶松(Larix spp.)为对象,测定了各树种叶片凋落前(成熟叶)后(凋落叶)全氮(N)、全磷(P)、全钾(K)浓度,并分析了养分再吸收特征。结果表明:所测树种凋落叶N、P、K浓度均显著低于成熟叶(落叶松K不显著);胡桃楸N再吸收率与蒙古栎、色木槭、花曲柳差异显著,花曲柳与蒙古栎、色木槭P再吸收率差异显著,色木槭K再吸收率与蒙古栎、胡桃楸、花曲柳差异显著(P0.05);总体上,落叶松N、P、K再吸收率低于次生林树种,尤其是P再吸收率显著低于花曲柳、K再吸收率显著低于胡桃楸和花曲柳(P0.05)。上述结果表明,落叶松通过降低养分再吸收率,提高凋落物养分输入量,对土壤养分有效性做出正反馈。     

Effect of vanadium on the growth,yield and chemical composition of maize (Zea Mays L.)

Summary The effects of application of vanadium on the growth, yield, and chemical composition of maize were compared in a series of pot experiments during several years. It was concluded that above a threshold value (0.05 ppm) vanadium was injurious to maize crop, but at milder dose it increased the yield of maize crop significantly. Quality of produce was also affected markedly by vanadium application.     

Molecular and functional diversity of maize

Over the past 10,000 years, man has used the rich genetic diversity of the maize genome as the raw material for domestication and subsequent crop improvement. Recent research efforts have made tremendous strides toward characterizing this diversity: structural diversity appears to be largely mediated by helitron transposable elements, patterns of diversity are yielding insights into the number and type of genes involved in maize domestication and improvement, and functional diversity experiments are leading to allele mining for future crop improvement. The development of genome sequence and germplasm resources are likely to further accelerate this progress.     

Studies on the salt tolerance of some flower crops grown under glass

Summary The salt sensitivity of carnations, gerberas, anthuriums, chrysanthemums and hippeastrums was studied in an investigation. The crops were grown in basins filled with soil and irrigated with the aid of low level sprinklers. Two different cultivars of each crop were included in the experiments. The crops were irrigated with water containing different levels of salts. The EC of the irrigation water (EC_w) ranged between 0.2 and 3.9 mS.cm^–1 at 25°C.The salt applications had a deleterious effect on the development of all the flower crops used in the investigation. Carnations and chrysanthemums proved to be the least sensitive. Gerberas and hippeastrums showed a medium sensitivity and anthuriums proved to be the most salt sensitive. The latter crop also showed a specific sensitivity to sodium chloride.The salinity threshold values were low for most crops,i.e. EC_w<0.6. Slightly higher values were found for carnations only. The salinity decrease values of EC_w showed very wide variations and ranged from 6 to 34%. A method is proposed for the conversion of EC_w values into EC values for the saturation extract (EC_e) with the aid of the soil analytical results.The results of tissue analyses showed that the sodium and chloride contents in particular were affected by the salt applications. The effects of the salt applications on the uptake of the major nutrient elements varied from crop to crop.     

Laboratory and field experiments on the feeding ecology of the cyclopoid copepod, Mesocyclops edax

SUMMARY. 1. Gut contents of Mesocyclops edax consisted of rotifers. cladocerans, copepods and algae, the importance of each varying seasonally.
2. Functional response experiments using two soft-bodied rotifers as prey showed an increase in ingestion rate with increasing prey density up to a threshold, followed by a decline.
3. Enclosure experiments with natural assemblages of prey from two lakes indicated that Mesocyclops edax is a selective feeder and may ingest fifty or more prey per predator per day, accounting for up to 17% of the standing crop of its preferred prey species per day in nature.     

Some properties of transmission lines composed of random networks

This paper discusses some properties of a nerve-axon-like transmission line made up from random networks of threshold elements. A random network contains a large number of threshold elements of which the threshold values are Gaussian random variables, and it can act as a monostable or a bistable multivibrator. The signal wave propagation in a transmission line is analyzed by a statistical method. The results show that a signal wave can propagate along the line and that its waveform is shaped, during propagation, into a specific form peculiar to the line. A self-oscillatory system that consists of two random networks is also analyzed. Even in this simple system, various modes of oscillation can exist, with periods varying over a wide range according to the values of system parameters. Examples of self-oscillations obtained by a graphical method are presented, and also some results of computer experiments are shown.     

Threshold values of canopy reflectance indices and chlorophyll meter readings for optimal nitrogen nutrition of tomato

Sustainable and optimal economic N management requires correct and timely on‐farm assessment of crop N status to detect N deficiency or excess. Optical sensors are promising tools to assess crop N status throughout a crop or at critical times. The ability of optical sensor measurements of canopy reflectance (Crop Circle ACS 470) and leaf chlorophyll (SPAD 502 chlorophyll meter) to assess crop N status was evaluated weekly throughout an indeterminate tomato crop. Strong linear relationships with the optical sensor measurements were obtained, throughout most of the crop, for both (a) crop N content for ranges of 1.5–4.5%, and (b) the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) for ranges of 0.4–1.3. The relationships of the optical sensor measurements to crop NNI were generally equal to or slightly better than with crop N content. Indices based on reflectance in the red, the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the red vegetation index (RVI), were the best predictors of crop N status in terms of goodness of fit, earliness and maintenance of relationships throughout the crop. SPAD chlorophyll readings and reflectance indices based on reflectance in the green, the normalised difference vegetation index on greenness (GNDVI) and the green vegetation index (GVI), were good indicators of crop N status for most of the crop, but with lower goodness of fit in the latter part of the crop. The linear relationships between sensor indices and readings with NNI or crop N content, each week, demonstrated the potential for using proximal canopy reflectance indices such as NDVI and RVI, and chlorophyll meter for monitoring crop N status of indeterminate tomato crops. Threshold values for optimal crop N nutrition for canopy reflectance indices and for chlorophyll meter readings were derived for each day of measurement from the relationships between optical sensor measurements and NNI by solving for NNI = 1. The threshold values obtained for each index and type of measurement varied during the crop cycle. The approach developed for determining threshold values from NNI can facilitate on‐farm use of optical sensors for monitoring crop N status, by enabling assessment of whether crop N status is excessive, deficient or adequate.     

果粮间作模式优化调控研究Ⅳ:系统养分管理及其优化对策探讨

我国农林复合经营(Ａｇｒｏｆｏｒｅｓｔｒｙ)历史悠久,有许多实践已证明的成功模式类型,果农间作就是分布面积最大的代表类型[1～3,8]。目前,已有的研究主要集中于类型划分[1,2,8]生态和经济效益定量观测和评价[1～10]、模式的建立[3,4,8]、资源的经营利用特点[1,2,5～10]等方面,基本上都是针对现状而进行,尚缺乏对进一步提高果农间作模式效益的优化调控研究。果粮间作条件下最大的矛盾是果与粮相互竞争可利用资源(光、热、水和土壤养分等)而导致粮食的减产和土壤的过渡利用[1,6,7]。如何优化调控,以进一步提高生态和经济效益,达到提高土地…     

The possible roles of the monoaminergic system in the feeding of the snail Helix pomatia

The possible role of serotonin and dopamine in the feeding of Helix pomatia was studied applying immunocytochemical, biochemical, and behavioral techniques as well as bioassay experiments. Immunocytochemistry showed that dopamine-containing (thyrosin-hydroxylase-immunoreactive) neuronal elements of the crop and the gizzard belong to the intrinsic part, whereas serotonin-containing (serotonin-immunoreactive) neuronal elements belong to the extrinsic part of the gastrointestinal nervous system. Bioassay studies on the spontaneous contractions of the crop and the gizzard showed that dopamine affected only the longitudinal muscle contractions by increasing both the tonus and contractility, whereas serotonin was effective on both the longitudinal and circular muscle contractions. Serotonin increased the tonus and contractility of longitudinal muscles in the crop but decreased them in the gizzard. Serotonin decreased the tonus and contractility of the circular muscles in the crop but increased them in the gizzard. Serotonin effects on the circular muscle of the gizzard were concentration dependent between a range of 10(-5) M-3 x 10(-5) M. HPLC measurements of monoamines in starved and satiated animals showed that the concentration of both dopamine and serotonin significantly decreased in both the CNS and different parts of the gastrointestinal tract of satiated animals, suggesting a significant monoamine liberation during feeding. The injection of monoamines (10(-3) and 10(-2) M) into the body cavity of starved animals showed that only dopamine was able to induce feeding whereas serotonin increased the general activity of the animals suggesting that the initiation of feeding is rather dopamine than serotonin dependent.     

Probability Range in Damage Predictions as Related to Sampling Decisions

The risk involved in basing a nematode management decision on predicted crop loss is related to the uncertainty in the crop damage function and error in measuring nematode population density. The sampling intensity necessary to measure a nematode population with specified precision varies with population density. Since the density is unknown prior to sampling, optimum sampling intensity for a management decision is calculated for the economic threshold population level associated with the management cost. Population densities below the threshold are measured with greater precision than required; those above the threshold are less precisely measured, but invoke management. The approach described provides resolution to sampling strategies and allows assessment of the risk associated with the management decision.     

内蒙古典型草原作物系数的动态模拟与确定

作物系数是计算作物需水量必不可少的参数。利用2008年野外水分试验和4个气象站近26年的土壤水分和气象等常规观测资料, 以相关分析和回归分析等统计学方法为基础, 根据水量平衡原理计算了内蒙古典型草原区的作物系数, 分析了其在生长期和不同站点间的变化规律; 建立了典型草原标准作物系数与返青后年日数和大于0 ℃积温的模拟方程, 相关指数在0.94以上。在分析湿润指数、叶面积指数和盖度与作物系数关系的基础上, 提出标准作物系数的气候修正方法和胁迫条件下作物系数的修正方法。同时, 与修正后的联合国粮农组织(FAO)推荐值比较后得出, 生长季标准作物系数的平均值为0.60, 最大值为1.02; 不同生长阶段作物系数的典型值分别为: 初始生长期0.40, 生长中期0.93, 生长后期0.80, 相应的阈值范围为0.35-0.45、0.85-1.00和0.70-0.90。通过旬蒸散量的模拟计算值与蒸渗仪实测结果的比较, 平均相对误差在20%-24%之间, 生长旺盛期大多低于10%, 从而初步证明该文提出的方法在内蒙古典型草原区有较好的适用性。