渝北水源区水源涵养林构建模式对土壤渗透性的影响

土壤渗透性是评价土壤水源涵养作用重要指标之一,其受制于许多外在和内在因素的影响,与植被类型、土壤结构、土壤种类和降雨强度等关系密切。为探讨不同构建模式水源涵养林对土壤渗透性能的影响,以裸地为对照,以土壤初渗速率,稳渗速率,平均渗透速率和渗透总量表征土壤渗透性,对重庆北部水源区8种不同构建模式的水源涵养林地的土壤渗透性及其与理化性质的关系进行研究。结果表明:不同模式水源林地和同一模式林地不同层次土壤渗透性能存在较大差异,各林地土壤渗透性随土壤深度的增加而降低,母质层土壤渗透性受林分类型和林分结构等外界条件的干扰较小,差异不显著;8种林地土壤渗透性均好于裸地,各林地土壤渗透性能大小依次为:广东山胡椒×杉木混交林马尾松×柳杉混交林(火烧迹地)四川大头茶×四川山矾混交林毛竹×四川山矾×马尾松混交林马尾松×广东山胡椒混交林马尾松×四川大头茶混交林广东山胡椒×四川杨桐混交林毛竹纯林裸地,根据土壤渗透能力可将8种模式林分类型分为4类:第1类,广东山胡椒×杉木混交林和马尾松×柳杉混交林,土壤渗透性最好;第2类,四川大头茶×四川山矾混交林,土壤渗透能力较好;第3类,毛竹×四川山矾×马尾松混交林、马尾松×广东山胡椒混交林、广东山胡椒×四川杨桐混交林、马尾松×四川大头茶混交林,土壤渗透性好;第4类,毛竹林和裸露地,土壤渗透性最差。以广东山胡椒和杉木混交的林分模式的土壤渗透性最好,毛竹纯林地最差,毛竹纯林对提高土壤渗透性作用较差,营林时适当增加毛竹林中其他树种的混交比例可增强林地土壤渗透性能。通用经验方程对各林分土壤入渗过程的拟合效果最好,比较适用于描述本研究区域水源涵养林地土壤入渗特征的模型,Kostiakov方程拟合效果次之,Horton方程最差;结合相关分析,筛选出9个极显著或显著影响土壤渗透性能的土壤理化性质因子,通过主成分分析法,得到土壤渗透性能综合参数α及与其极显著相关因子的综合参数β,并构建土壤渗透性各指标及其综合参数α与β的线性回归模型,为重庆北部的水源涵养林建设和防治水土流失提供理论依据。     

苏北淤泥质海岸典型防护林地土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性

土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性研究是准确估计陆地生态系统碳平衡对未来气候变化响应的基础.我国漫长的淤泥质海岸有着大面积的防护林,其碳汇服务功能是一个非常值得研究的科学问题,因此,对淤泥质海岸防护林生态系统土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性的研究具有重要的意义.研究采用碱液吸收法对苏北淤泥质海岸杨树Populus tomentosa Carr.及水杉Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & Cheng两种典型海防林土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性进行了研究.结果表明:杨树和水杉林地4～11月份土壤呼吸速率变化范围分别为337～732mgCO2m-2h-1和257～821mgCO2m-2h-1,呼吸通量分别为128.57gCO2m-2和121.38gCO2m-2.杨树和水杉林地土壤呼吸速率季节变化均近似单峰曲线,最大值均出现在7月份,最小值分别出现在4月份和11月份.模型R=a×exp(b×T)能够很好地拟合林内气温及土壤温度变化对土壤呼吸的影响,温度是影响土壤呼吸的主要因子,能够解释土壤呼吸季节变化的50.5%～80.9%.土壤含水量与土壤呼吸关系不显著,不是其主要影响因子.利用林内气温及土壤2、5cm和10cm处温度得到杨树林地的Q10值分别为1.45、1.97、2.08、2.01,水杉林地的Q10值分别为1.92、3.29、2.89、3.00.研究结果表明,水杉林地土壤呼吸对全球变暖的响应比杨树林地更敏感.     

浙西南毛竹林覆盖对土壤渗透性及生物特征的影响

对浙西南山区4种不同覆盖年限下毛竹林地的土壤入渗、土壤理化性质、土壤根系和土壤动物特征进行了研究.结果表明:不同覆盖年限林地及同一林地不同土壤层次下土壤渗透性能存在较大差异,随着土层加深各林地土壤渗透性能均降低.渗透性能表现为覆盖1次林地＞未覆盖林地＞覆盖2次和3次后的林地.Kostiakov模型适合该研究区域的土壤水分入渗过程模拟.随着林地覆盖年限的增加(4～6年),林地土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、pH值显著降低,而土壤容重、有机质和全N含量则显著提高.土壤初渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透率和渗透总量等均随根长密度减少而变小,土壤入渗能力的变化与直径0.5～5.0 mm的根长密度有关.不同覆盖年限毛竹林地土壤动物的平均密度差异显著,覆盖1次的林地最高,而覆盖3次的林地最低.综合纲、唇足纲、倍足纲、膜翅目、伪蝎目等大中型节肢动物,蜱螨目甲螨亚目、中气门亚目,以及弹尾目棘跳科、长角跳科、疣跳科、驼跳科等小型节肢动物数量的减少不利于土壤水分入渗.毛竹林长期覆盖会使土壤理化性状劣变,减弱土壤入渗性能,限制土壤动物活动,进而导致毛竹林退化.     

不同护坡草本植物的根系特征及对土壤渗透性的影响

为明确三峡库区植被边坡植物物种根系特征与土壤渗透性之间的关系,以裸地为对照,应用WinRHIZO(Pro.2004c)根系分析系统对香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides(Lin.) Nash)、百喜草(Paspalum notatum Flugge)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers.)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)等4种护坡草本的根系特征进行定量分析.结果表明:(1)紫花苜蓿和香根草的根长密度和根表面积密度显著大于狗牙根和百喜草;(2)不同草本类型和同一草本不同土层之间土壤渗透性存在较大差异,且各草本土壤渗透性随土层深度的增加而降低;相对于裸地而言,4种草本均能显著增强土壤渗透性,其土壤渗透性优劣表现为:香根草＞紫花苜蓿＞百喜草＞狗牙根;(3)土壤的初始入渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透率和渗透总量等各参数均随根长密度和根表面积密度增大而增强,且与直径介于0.5-5 mm不同径级的根系特征之间存在明显的相关性,故根系对土壤渗透性的增强作用主要归功于0.5-5 mm径级的根长密度和根表面积密度;(4)根长密度、根表面积密度对考斯加科夫入渗模型参数K和a有较大影响,随着根长密度和根表面积密度的增加,表征土壤初始入渗率的K值逐渐增大,而表征入渗能力衰减的参数a逐渐减小.     

苏北淤泥质海岸典型防护林地土壤呼吸组分分离

土壤呼吸组分分离研究在理解生态系统土壤CO2释放对气候变化的响应研究中具有重要的意义。采用挖壕沟法对苏北淤泥质海岸两种典型防护林地土壤呼吸组分进行了分离研究。结果表明:杨树和水杉林地的根呼吸、异养呼吸与土壤总呼吸的季节变化相似,6—9月份较高,其它月份较低。杨树(Populus tomentosa Carr.)和水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides HuCheng)林地根系呼吸的年通量分别为767.5gCO2m-2和902.8g CO2m-2,根呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献分别为20.2%和25.0%。杨树和水杉林地土壤异养呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献均远大于根呼吸,分别是根呼吸的3.9倍和3.0倍。温度是两林地土壤呼吸各组分的主要限制性因子,而土壤含水量不是土壤呼吸组分的限制性因子。本研究结果表明,苏北沿海防护林地的根呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献较小。为了能够更加准确的定量估算土壤呼吸各组分,在未来组分分离研究中应加强同位素法的应用。     

闽东沿海防护林台风灾害的影响因子

以2010年台风"鲇鱼"(编号1013)为例,调查闽东主要海防林树种台风受灾情况,并对其影响因子进行分析,结果表明:1)不同树种受害程度差异明显,阔叶树种受害重于针叶树种,平均受害级和受害指数分别高出79.1%和76.7%。其中,桉树受灾最重,平均受害级和受害指数分别比湿地松、木麻黄高出90.5%、36.2%和86.7%、36.6%。受灾类型中,折干现象最严重,比例高达40.7%。2)林木不同形态特征受灾程度差异显著,折干类型集中于12～14cm径级,比例为56.8%,倒伏、掘根类型集中10～12cm,比例为57.9%,弯干、断稍现象径级分布较均匀,但同在14cm比例最高,分别为28.6%和18.3%。林木抗风性能与植株尖削度成正相关,而与树高、树冠面积、树冠相对高度成负相关。3)地形条件是影响林木受灾的重要因素,表现为受灾程度迎风坡大于背风坡,陡坡大于缓坡,同一坡向上,迎风坡下腹大于上腹,背风坡正好相反。4)割脂对湿地松抗风性能有较大影响,割脂林木受害指数比未割脂高40.6%,因割脂发生折干植株比例为92.7%。     

苏北沿海土地利用变化对土壤易氧化碳含量的影响

土壤易氧化碳(readily oxidizable carbon, ROC)作为指示土壤有机碳(SOC)早期变化的敏感指标,对研究人类干扰及全球变化背景下的土壤有机碳库稳定性及其动态具有重要的指示意义.为深入了解土地利用变化对土壤易氧化碳含量的影响,本文对苏北沿海地区草地、农田、杨-农复合经营及杨树纯林4种不同土地利用方式的土壤ROC含量及其相关因子进行了测定.结果表明： 苏北沿海地区不同土地利用类型的ROC含量表现为草地＜农田＜杨-农复合系统＜杨树林,不同土地利用方式间ROC含量在0~10 cm土层差异最为显著;ROC及ROC/SOC随着土层深度的增加而递减,且不同土层之间差异显著;4种土地利用方式ROC的季节变化趋势一致,其值均为夏季最大,冬季次之,春季最小;ROC与土壤pH值、土壤容重呈极显著负相关,与SOC、土壤水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、全N、土壤C/N、Mg呈显著或极显著正相关,而与土壤湿度、全P的相关性不显著.土地利用方式的变化显著影响了土壤易氧化碳的空间分布特征,土壤容重、pH值、全N和SOC是ROC在不同土地利用方式间产生差异的主要-原因.     

氮添加对苏北沿海杨树人工林土壤活性有机碳库的影响

大气氮沉降成为目前全球性的环境问题之一,氮的沉降可能显著影响森林土壤碳循环过程。从2012年5月起,对东台林场3种林龄(5、9、15年生)黑杨派无性系I-35杨(Populus deltoides CL‘35’)人工林进行野外模拟氮沉降试验,探讨氮沉降对不同林龄杨树人工林土壤活性有机碳的影响。经过1年施氮试验后,5和9年生杨树人工林的土壤微生物生物量碳随着氮沉降水平的增加呈现出先增加后减少的趋势;而15年生林分在不同氮处理下,土壤微生物生物量碳均有所增加;3种林龄在不同氮处理下土壤可溶性有机碳含量随着氮浓度的增加而增加。土壤微生物生物量碳与可溶性有机碳之间以及这二者与土壤全氮、微生物生物量氮、可溶性有机氮、铵态氮、硝态氮之间存在显著相关。试验表明,氮沉降可能增加土壤活性有机碳含量,从而影响杨树人工林土壤碳动态。     

沿海防护林防海煞危害初探

通过后牧村海岸防护林带附近空气中主要盐离子飘尘的观测分析表明,林带对大气盐尘的吸附和截留作用,无林带地区平均沉降量为４．３μｇ．ｍ＾－３．１００ｍ＾－１,通过林带时为１８．４μｍ＾－３．１００ｍ＾－１。林带的吸队量与树种、枝叶形状有关,侧柏对Ｃｌ＾－和Ｎａ＾＋的吸附量分别为６３３０和３３５０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１,而黑松为１５７０和９５０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１,空气中盐尘受天气条件特别是风速的影响,阴天,风速     

上海市郊沿海防护林防护效应的研究

为分析上海市郊沿海防护林的防护效应,于2009年夏季对人民塘水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng)基干林带前后不同观测点的风速、气温和空气相对湿度等气候因子进行了观测,并对该林带前后1 km处的防台风效应进行了比较;另外,以滨海森林公园的红叶椿(Ailanthus altissima 'Hongye' )林分为观测对象,比较分析了林带内不同垂直高度处的防风效应.结果表明,水杉基干林带具有明显的防风效果,林带内至林带后65 m范围内的风速较林带前均有不同程度的下降,以林带后25 m处的风速最低;在"莫拉克"台风登陆期间,水杉基干林带在较大尺度上具有明显的降低风速的作用;水杉基干林带在一定程度上能降低局部气温、提高空气相对湿度,以林带内的气温最低、空气相对湿度最高,从而达到改善林后小气候的作用.红叶椿林分内不同垂直高度处的防风效应有一定的差异,其中垂直高度2 m处的风速最大,而树冠处(垂直高度5 m)的风速最低.     

日本的防护林

随着世界人口不断增长、自然资源的不断减少 ,人类所面临的环境挑战正日趋严峻。防护林以其防护性、资源性和可再生性等强大的森林功能作为迎接这一挑战的工具 ,在环境保护与资源管理中正在发挥着愈来愈大的作用 ,世界各国对此都给予了极为广泛的重视。中国的防护林建设经营历史悠久 ,尤其是自1978年启动了三北防护林体系工程以来 ,以防护林为主体的林业生态工程已在中华大地蓬勃发展起来 ,其数量之多、规模之大已为全球所瞩目 ;防护林的生态、经济和社会效益与日俱增 ,为保障西部开发 ,控制三北地区的风沙干旱、水土流失等自然灾害 ,提高农…     

Influence of Earthworm Invasion on Redistribution and Retention of Soil Carbon and Nitrogen in Northern Temperate Forests

We analyzed soil organic matter distribution and soil solution chemistry in plots with and without earthworms at two sugar maple (Acer saccharum)–dominated forests in New York State, USA, with differing land-use histories to assess the influence of earthworm invasion on the retention or loss of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in northern temperate forests. Our objectives were to assess the influence of exotic earthworm invasion on (a) the amount and depth distribution of soil C and N, (b) soil ¹³C and ¹⁵N, and (c) soil solution chemistry and leaching of C and N in forests with different land-use histories. At a relatively undisturbed forest site (Arnot Forest), earthworms eliminated the thick forest floor, decreased soil C storage in the upper 12 cm by 28%, and reduced soil C:N ratios from 19.2 to 15.3. At a previously cultivated forest site with little forest floor (Tompkins Farm), earthworms did not influence the storage of soil C or N or soil C:N ratios. Earthworms altered the stable isotopic signature of soil at Arnot Forest but not at Tompkins Farm; the alteration of stable isotopes indicated that earthworms significantly increased the loss of forest floor C but not N from the soil profile at Arnot Forest. Nitrate (NO₃^–) concentrations in tension and zero-tension lysimeters were much greater at Tompkins Farm than Arnot Forest, and earthworms increased NO₃^– leaching at Tompkins Farm. The results suggest that the effect of earthworm invasion on the distribution, retention, and solution chemistry of soil C and N in northern temperate forests may depend on the initial quantity and quality of soil organic matter at invaded sites.     

Biodegradation of PAHs in Aggregates of a Low Permeability Soil

In the bioremediation of low-permeability soils, pollutant and, especially, the oxygen bioavailability are often the rate limiting steps. In cases when a biopile treatment can represent an applicable technique, pretreatment of the excavated soil is often necessary to attain an adequate air-filled porosity in the soil and to avoid the presence of large soil aggregates. The present work was performed to evaluate the influence of soil aggregate size in the bioremediation of a silt-clay type soil contaminated by PAHs. Microcosms were arranged with spherical soil aggregates of different diameter in near water-saturation conditions. Concentration of two and three aromatic ring PAHs, total biom-ass, and respiration rates were monitored. PAH concentration profiles inside the particles were also obtained. A simple and quick way to estimate the critical dimension of the soil aggregates was developed based on the evaluation of an oxygen penetration depth, that is, the distance from the external surface to the aggregate core beyond which oxygen concentration is practically zero. A very different time course of PAHs consumption was found in the external layer and the inner core of the aggregates as well as in aggregates of different dimensions. The results suggest that only the 3 mm external layer of the sphere is not limited by oxygen diffusion.     

土壤改良剂对黄河三角洲滨海盐碱土生化特性的影响

以黄河三角洲滨海盐碱土为研究对象,采用4因素4水平正交设计试验,将牛粪(A)、石膏(B)、秸秆(C)、保水剂(D)4种改良剂设置成不同比例,对黄河三角洲滨海盐碱土生化特性进行改良试验,以期筛选出适宜的改良方案。结果表明:牛粪(A)、石膏(B)、秸秆(C)3种改良剂对土壤呼吸强度、土壤磷酸酶、土壤脲酶、土壤脱氢酶和土壤微生物碳氮改良效果明显,保水剂(D)对土壤微生物碳氮改良效果明显,各处理间差异显著。各改良剂对盐碱土各生化指标的贡献值存在差异,综合考虑土壤呼吸强度、土壤酶、土壤微生物碳氮适宜配方为A_4B_3C_2D_2,土壤呼吸强度、土壤磷酸酶、土壤脲酶、土壤脱氢酶和土壤微生物碳氮分别比对照增高109.64%,89.54%,62.20%,81.75%,60.50%,118.00%,相关分析表明,除微生物氮和脲酶相关不显著外,上述各土壤生化指标间均显著相关,研究结果可为黄河三角洲盐碱土的改良利用提供一定的理论依据。     

林地砍伐开垦对土壤酶活性及养分的影响

由土壤微生物生命活动和植物根系产生的土壤酶,不但在土壤物质转化和能量转化过程中起主要的催化作用,而且通过它对进入土壤的多种有机物质和有机残体产生的生命化学转化,使生态系统的各组分间有了功能上的联系,从而保持了土壤生物化学的相对稳衡状态［１］。土壤酶作...     

Regeneration Potential of Floodplain Forests Under the Influence of Nonnative Tree Species: Soil Seed Bank Analysis in Northern Italy

Soil seed banks are the ecological memory of plant communities and might represent their regeneration potential. This study examines the soil seed bank in hardwood floodplain forests of the biosphere reserve “Valle del Ticino” (Northern Italy) to find out whether the natural forest vegetation can potentially be restored by the soil seed bank. We compared near natural forests of the phytosociological association Polygonato multiflori–Quercetum roboris with stands dominated by the nonnative tree species Robinia pseudoacacia and Prunus serotina in order to investigate whether the composition of the soil seed bank is significantly influenced by the composition of the main canopy tree species and soil properties. Soil seed bank samples were taken from 20 randomly selected plots in stands that were differentiated into four groups related to the dominant forest canopy species. The germinated plants were counted and their species determined. A total of 2,427 plants belonging to 84 species were recorded. The composition of the dominant tree species and soil parameters significantly influence the composition of the seed bank. The similarity with the standing vegetation was very low. Only 13% of the species in the soil seed bank represent the target vegetation. The low percentage of target species and the high percentage of nonnative species imply that the regeneration of near‐natural forest vegetation from the soil seed bank is not feasible. Consequently, disturbances that may activate the soil seed bank should be minimized. Thus, we recommend stopping the mechanical removal of the nonnative tree species in the Ticino Park .     

Earthworm Invasion,Fine-root Distributions,and Soil Respiration in North Temperate Forests

The efflux of carbon from soils is a critical link between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. Current concerns about rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations highlight the need to better understand the dynamics of total soil respiration (TSR, sum of root and heterotroph respiration) in changing environments. We investigated the effects of exotic earthworm invasion on TSR, fine-root distributions, and aboveground litterfall flux in two sugar maple-dominated forests in two locations in New York State, USA. The Arnot Forest in central New York was harvested in the late 19th century and has no history of cultivation. Tompkins Farm in eastern New York regenerated following abandonment from cultivation approximately 75 years ago. Arnot had 20% higher total soil CO₂ efflux (880 g C m^–2year^–1) than Tompkins (715 g C m^–2year^–1). The presence of earthworms had no influence on TSR at either location. However, fine-root (< 1 mm diameter) biomass in earthworm plots (350 g/m²) was significantly lower than in worm-free reference plots (440 g/m²) at Arnot. Fine-root nitrogen (N) concentrations were not influenced by earthworms, and total fine-root N content was significantly reduced in the presence of earthworms at Arnot. Our results indicate that the presence of exotic earthworms is not presently affecting net C emission from soil in these forests. They also suggest a change in root function in earthworm plots that is not associated with higher fine-root N concentration, but that increases efficiency of nutrient uptake and also may enhance the belowground supply of C for heterotroph metabolism.     

宁国县竹林大型土壤动物群落结构与竹笋夜蛾危害程度的关系

许多农林害虫在发育过程中的某个阶段需要在土壤中度过 ,成为土壤动物的组成部分。有关土壤动物群落与害虫关系的研究 ,迄今报道甚少 ,近年来 ,我们对马尾松林土壤动物与荔蒲吉松叶蜂 (Ｇｉｌｐｉｎｉａｌｉｐｕｅｎｓｉｓ)害虫[1] 及水稻土壤动物与稻象虫 (Ｅｃｈｉｎｏｃｎｅｍｕｓｓｑｕａｍｅｕｓ)害虫关系[2 ]等进行初步报道。本文将对淡竹林大型土壤动物与竹笋夜蛾 (Ｏｌｉｇｉａｖｕｌｇａｘｉｓ)危害程度的关系进行研究 ,目的在于探明不同危害程度的竹林内 ,土壤动物群落结构各项重要指标的变化规律 ,以及竹笋夜蛾在土壤中的分布、…