贺兰山主要森林水文作用的初步研究

贺兰山主要森林水文作用的初步研究徐万仁,张永庆（宁夏科委,银川７５０００１）（宁夏农学院,永宁７５０１０５）杜和平,李丽英（宁夏贺兰山自然保护区管理局,银川７５０００３）（宁夏惠农县林业局,７５３２００）ＰｒｅｌｉｍｉｎａｒｙＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＨｙｄｒｏ...     

贺兰山野生耐旱观赏灌木

贺兰山野生耐旱观赏灌木于卫平,王立英（宁夏林业研究所,银川７５０００４）贺兰山位于宁夏回族自治区西北与内蒙古自治的交界线上,它地处银川平原与阿拉善高原之间,地理坐标北纬３８°３０＇－３９°３０＇,东经１０５°３０＇一１０７°,南北长约２５０公里,东西...     

银川真革螨雄性描述(蜱螨亚纲：寄螨科)

银川真革螨Eugamasusyinchuanensis是白学礼等根据1990年采到的2只雌性标本记述,发表于《昆虫学报》（1994,37（4）：497～500）1990年10月15日,第一作者又在宁夏银川市南郊柳树皮腐烂层采得1♂、1♀．现将雄螨作首次描述。文中测量单位为μm。标本保存在宁夏回族自治区地方病防治所。银川真革螨EugamasusyinchuanensisBat,FangetGu,1994雄螨（图l～5）体椭圆形,739X345。颚体长至颚角尖166,基部宽133,颚毛4对,颚前毛长44,颚内毛43,颚外毛39,颚后毛50。螫肢长3O2,定趾具1列细齿13枚,中间齿突大于两端,细齿下另具1大的齿突…     

不同地域宁夏枸杞活性成分的研究

对不同地域宁夏枸杞中活性成分的含量进行了分析。研究结果显示产地不同的宁夏枸杞中活性成分含量有明显差别,宁夏银川产的宁夏枸杞中所含的活性成分高于辽宁朝阳产的宁夏枸杞;在积温高、土壤呈弱碱性条件下,宁夏枸杞中的多糖、游离氨基酸、果红素含量较高。     

不同产地气象因子对宁夏枸杞果实糖分积累的影响

以‘宁杞1号’枸杞为材料,采用高效液相色谱技术,测定不同产地(宁夏银川、甘肃白银和青海德令哈)不同发育时期宁夏枸杞果实中的糖分(果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和淀粉)含量,同时对不同产地果实发育期间的气象因子进行监测,探讨主要气象因子对枸杞果实糖分积累的影响。结果表明:(1)在宁夏枸杞果实发育期内,不同产区平均温度和昼夜温差均为银川白银德令哈的变化趋势,平均光照强度为银川白银德令哈。(2)3个产区‘宁杞1号’枸杞的果实发育过程中均以积累己糖(葡萄糖和果糖)为主,蔗糖和淀粉含量很少;成熟果实中己糖含量为德令哈银川白银。(3)影响‘宁杞1号’枸杞果实己糖积累的气象因子在银川产区主要是平均温度、白天均温和平均温差,在白银产区主要是平均温差,白天温度和平均光强也有一定影响,而在德令哈产区主要是平均温差、平均光强和白天均温。研究认为,宁夏枸杞果实发育期间银川产区较高的平均温度和昼夜温差与德令哈产区较强的平均光强和较长的光照时数均有利于枸杞果实己糖积累,而白银产区较大的相对湿度和较弱的光强均成为枸杞果实糖分积累的主要限制因子。     

银川市花卉产业发展现状及存在问题的探讨

就宁夏银川市三区花卉产业发展现状进行了全面分析,提出制约银川花卉产业发展5大问题及对策与建议。     

宁夏不同熟性酿酒葡萄生态适宜性区划

酿酒葡萄产业精细化发展对适宜性区划提出了更高的要求。本文采用集优法和GIS技术相结合的方法,综合考虑宁夏气候和土壤等环境条件,研究了不同熟性酿酒葡萄生态适宜性区划。结果表明:宁夏中、北大部均能种植酿酒葡萄,其中,早熟品种气候适宜区集中分布在中部干旱带与北部灌区接连的区域,中熟品种气候适宜区分布在灌区银川以南的大部区域,晚熟品种气候适宜区分布在银川及其以北大部区域,面积分别为16100、8500和9697 km2;生态最适宜区,早、中、晚熟面积分别为730、270和38.4 km2,分布区域主要集中在距离银川西约30 km的贺兰山东麓、青铜峡鸽子山和牛首山山地、中宁北部山地和石嘴山北部大武口等。本文研究结果可为宁夏酿酒葡萄产业发展过程中充分利用区域优势生态资源提供依据。     

宁南山区灌溉农业立体复合种植生态系统生产力的研究

宁南山区灌溉农业立体复合种植生态系统生产力的研究杜守宇田恩平,王占山（宁夏农业技术推广总站,银川７５０００１）（固原县农业技术推广中心,７５６０００）ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｏｆＩｒｒｉｇａｔｅｄＳｔｅｒｅｏｓｃｏｐｉｃＭｕｌｔｉｐｌｅ－ＣｒｏｐｐｉｎｇＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｉｎＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓＡｒｅａｏｆＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＮｉｎｇｘｉａ￥ＤｕＳｈｏｕｙｕ（ＣｅｌｌｅｒａｌＳｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＴｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅＥｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎｏｆＮｉｎｇｘｉａ,Ｙｉｎｃｈｕａｎ７５０００１）,ＴｉａｎＥｎｐｉｎｇ,ＷａｎｇＺｈａｎｓｈａｎ（ＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＴｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅＥｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎＣｅｎｔｅｒｏｆＣｕｙｕａｎｃｏｕｎｔｙ,７５６０００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３．１２（６）：１１－１６．ＴｈｅｖａｒｉｏｕｓｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓａｒｅａｓｓｅｓｓｅｄｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅｌｙｆｏｒｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｂｙｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＨｉｅｒａｒｃｈｉｃａｌｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅａｎｄｔｈｅｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄｂｅｎｅｆｉｃｉａｌｖａ     

基于线粒体DNA的宁夏、内蒙古及周边地区棉铃虫种群遗传结构

【目的】研究宁夏、内蒙古棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)种群与华北、东北种群的遗传结构,以揭示宁夏、内蒙古两地虫源并为棉铃虫防治提供参考。【方法】对采集得到宁夏银川、内蒙古巴彦淖尔等7个棉铃虫田间种群和1个银川室内种群共162个样本进行线粒体COⅠ基因片段(652 bp)测序并进行遗传分析。【结果】分析显示共有23个COⅠ单倍型,其中H16和H23包含个体数量最多。宁夏、内蒙古田间种群与其他种群单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多态性(Pi)近似,与其他几个种群遗传分化(FST)较小,且不显著。种群间遗传距离和地理距离无显著相关性。中性测验分析显示混合和单个棉铃虫种群经历种群扩张。【结论】宁夏、内蒙古种群与华北、东北种群存在着较强的基因流,可能主要由于棉铃虫兼性迁飞习性导致。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区水平梯田改土培肥增产技术措施体系

黄土丘陵沟壑区水平梯田改土培肥增产技术措施体系刘东海赵廷宁（宁夏西吉县农业局７５６２００）（北京林业大学水土保持学院１０００８３）赵国杰（宁夏西吉县农业技术推广站７５６２００）ＴｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｏｆＳｏｉｌＩｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔａｎｄＹｉｅｌｄＩｎ...     

矿区可持续生态环境管理规划方法研究

矿区生态规划理论与方法研究可为矿区的可持续发展提供具体的理论指导和技术支持．作为矿区生态规划的重要组成部分之一的矿区可持续的生态环境管理规划,贯穿于矿区整个开发生产过程．以可持续的生态环境建设和管理的思想为基础,建立了矿区生态环境管理体系框架,对生态环境管理指标的确定、生态环境因素的识别以及生态环境管理方案的决策提出了具体的方法．     

Integration of Effects-Based and Stressor-Based Approaches into a Holistic Framework for Cumulative Effects Assessment in Aquatic Ecosystems

As the density of development increases, there is a growing need to address the cumulative effects of project developments on the environment. In Canada this need has been recognized in legislation whereby new project developments that require an environmental assessment under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act are required to address the cumulative effects of proposed project activities relative to the existing environmental condition. Unfortunately, existing stressor-based and effects-based approaches to environmental assessment do not adequately address cumulative effects as defined under the Act when used in isolation. However, elements from each approach can be conceptually incorporated into a holistic cumulative effects assessment framework. Key framework components include: (1) an effects-based assessment to determine existing accumulated environmental state, (2) a stressor-based assessment to predict potential impacts of new development relative to the existing environmental state, (3) post-development monitoring to assess the accuracy of impact predictions and to provide an avenue for adaptive management, and (4) decision-making frameworks to link scientific information to public opinion and managerial action. The key advantage of this framework is that it provides a more holistic, systematic approach for incorporation of ecological information into a scientific and management framework for cumulative effects assessment.     

生态环境损害鉴定评估业务化技术研究

随着社会经济的不断发展和人类需求的不断提高,我国生态环境损害事件屡有发生,由于人类活动导致的典型生态系统结构和功能退化、生态系统服务降低等生态环境损害严重威胁到我国的生态安全。系统研究典型生态系统生态环境损害基线、因果关系及损害程度的判定技术方法对保障国家生态安全和实现可持续发展具有重要的理论和实践意义。根据国家"十三五"《典型脆弱生态修复与保护研究专项指南》的要求,中国科学院大学牵头组织6家课题牵头单位联合申报了"生态环境损害鉴定评估业务化技术研究"项目,通过了专业机构组织的评审,获准立项。本文对该项目的研究背景、总体目标、主要内容及预期产出进行了介绍。该项目的开展将对典型生态环境损害评估提供决策支持,为国家在政策层面解决环境损害追责、环境执法与管理提供科学技术和平台支撑。     

A green chemical approach for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles: characterization and mechanistic aspect

This IRCSET-EMPOWER (Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology Postdoctoral Research Grant) project aims to improve current methodology for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles (NPs). The development of efficient methodology for metal nanomaterials synthesis is an economical and environmental challenge. While the current methods for NPs synthesis are often energy-intensive and involve toxic chemicals, NPs biosynthesis can be carried on at circumneutral pH and mild temperature, resulting in low cost and environmental impact. Nanomaterial biosynthesis has been already observed in magnetotactic bacteria, diatoms, and S-layer bacteria, however, controlled NPs biosynthesis is a relatively new area of research with considerable potential for development. A thorough understanding of the biochemical mechanism involved in NPs biosynthesis is needed, before biosynthetic methods can be economically competitive. The analysis and identification of active species in the nucleation and growth of metal NPs is a daunting task, due to the complexity of the microbial system. This project work focuses on the controlled biosynthesis of gold NPs by fungal microorganisms and aims to determine the biochemical mechanism involved in nucleation and growth of the particles.     

Typology and Characterization of Amazon Colonists: A Case Study Along the Transamazon Highway

This study develops criteria for classifying the actor groups shaping frontier development along the Transamazon Highway colonization project in the Brazilian Amazon, as a basis to improve understanding of their specific contributions to environmental degradation and socio-economic development. Based on an analysis of responses to questionnaires by 93 colonists representing different migration trajectories, production systems, socio-economic strategies and deforestation patterns, actor groups could be statistically classified according to their type of production and level of capitalization. A property size threshold discriminating small and largeholders in the study area is presented and compared with previous attempts to establish such a threshold. Largeholders practicing large-scale cattle ranching and smallholders practicing diversified family agriculture were found to be the two predominant colonist types. Smallholder farming practices were found to be more appropriate to the local environmental conditions than those implemented by cattle ranchers.     

京津冀城市群地区生态安全格局构建与保障对策

京津冀城市群健康与可持续发展是保障我国国家安全的重要基础,但因其城市化过程缺乏区域间协同联动,产业布局各自为政,导致生态用地流失、水生态失衡等问题,由此带来生态系统服务下降、生态风险加剧、生态安全受到威胁。因此,如何从区域角度构建科学合理的生态安全格局,成为保障京津冀城市群区域一体化协同发展的关键。在国家重大专项(典型脆弱生态修复与保护研究——京津冀城市群生态安全保障技术研究,项目编号为2016YFC0503000)的支持下,该研究将围绕"区域生态安全保障"这一核心主题,揭示京津冀城市群生态安全格局的维持机制与影响因子,重点研发关键生物栖息地生态修复、受损生态空间生态重建、生态监管与生态风险预测预警技术,进而构建区域协调与空间联动的生态安全保障决策系统和预测预警平台,并开展示范应用研究,为京津冀城市群地区生态安全保障提供技术支撑。     

Helias A. Udo De Haes: A Practical Scientist

Goal, Scope and Background The importance of the social dimension of sustainable development increased significantly during the last decade of the twentieth century. Industry has subsequently experienced a shift in stakeholder pressures from environmental to social-related concerns, where new developments in the form of projects and technologies are undertaken. However, the measurement of social impacts and the calculation of suitable indicators are less well developed compared to environmental indicators in order to assess the potential liabilities associated with undertaken projects and technologies. The aim of this paper is to propose a Social Impact Indicator (SII) calculation procedure based on a previously introduced Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) calculation procedure for environmental Resource Impact Indicators (RIIs), and to demonstrate the practicability of the SII procedure in the context of the process industry in South Africa. Methods A framework of social sustainability criteria has been introduced for the South African process industry. The social sub-criteria of the framework are further analyzed, based on project and technology management expertise in the South African process industry, to determine whether the criteria should be addressed at project or technology management level or whether they should rather form part of an overall corporate governance policy for new projects and technologies. Furthermore, the proposed indicators for criteria that are considered appropriate for project or technology evaluation purposes are constrained by the type of information that is available, i.e. the calculation methodology relies on the availability of regional or national social information where the project will be implemented, as well as the availability of project- or technology-specific social information during the various phases of the project or technology development life cycle. Case studies in the process industry and statistical information for South Africa are subsequently used to establish information availability for the SII calculation procedure, demonstrate the SII method together with the RII method, and determine the practical use of the SII method. Results and Conclusion The case studies establish that social footprint information as well as project- and technology social data are not readily available in the South African process industry. Consequently, the number of mid-point categories that can be evaluated are minimal, which results in an impaired social picture when compared to the environmental dimension. It is concluded that a quantitative social impact assessment method cannot be applied for project and technology life cycle management purposes in industry at present. Recommendation and Perspective Following the outcomes of the case studies in the South African process industry, it is recommended that checklists and guidelines be used during project and technology life cycle management practices. Similar to the environmental dimension, it is envisaged that such checklists and guidelines would improve the availability of quantitative data in time, and would therefore make the SII procedure more practical in the future.     

Divergence between general public's risk perception and environmental risk assessment: A case study of p-xylene projects in China

The growing public opposition to p-xylene (PX) project proposals in China requires understanding the divergence between the general public's risk perception and environmental risk assessment (ERA) results and its implications on its decision-making. In a case study in Fujian Province of China, a questionnaire was designed to investigate the public perception of risks of a proposed PX project, interviews were further conducted in Zhangzhou City and Xiamen City, and the survey results were compared with the ERA results of the proposed PX project. Results indicate that the environmental risk is acceptable according to current technical ERA guidelines and standards, while the public acceptance of the PX project is very low. The underlying factors causing the difference between the general public's risk perception and ERA results were identified from the ERA technical perspective. A better understanding of the risk perception divergence from different disciplinary perspectives is helpful for the public acceptance of these kinds of projects, which are on high demand in China. This study not only highlights the necessity to improve the risk communication but also provides insights on future research of ERA for this kind of large-scale project proposal.