骨形成蛋白-2表达载体的构建及其转录活性测定

将骨形成蛋白-2(BMP-2)基因克隆入带HA标签的BMP-2表达载体中,得到带HA标签的重组质粒pGBKT7/HA-BMP-2,将该重组质粒转染酵母AH109、Y187细胞,Western印迹检测表明表达了与预期相对分子质量大小一致的BMP-2.BMP-2表达载体的成功构建为深入研究骨形成蛋白-2在促进骨痂生成过程中的分子机制及其生物学功能打下了基础.     

在CHO细胞中表达具有高效成骨活性的BMP-2/7异源二聚体

PCR扩增BMP-2与BMP-7的编码基因, 利用重叠PCR以柔性肽(Gly4Ser)5编码序列将二者串连并克隆到质粒pIRESneo3上, 转染CHO-K1细胞得到混合稳定克隆。ELISA检测培养液中BMP-2/7异源二聚体蛋白的表达水平为230.75±13.34 ng/mL, 以此为条件培养基处理成骨细胞株MC3T3, 对照组为分别含有CHO-K1细胞及大肠杆菌表达的BMP-2同源二聚体以及PBS的条件培养基。结果发现碱性磷酸酶染色与茜素红染色差异明显, 定量RT-PCR显示分子指标OC、ALP、Runx2与Osx的转录水平明显增高(P<0.05), Luciferase报告基因检测BMP/Smad通路活性较对照组升高明显(P<0.05)。首次设计构建了BMP-2/7异源二聚体蛋白, 其成骨活性显著高于BMP-2同源二聚体。     

在CHO细胞中表达具有高效成骨活性的BMP-2/7异源二聚体

PCR扩增BMP-2与BMP-7的编码基因, 利用重叠PCR以柔性肽(Gly4Ser)5编码序列将二者串连并克隆到质粒pIRESneo3上, 转染CHO-K1细胞得到混合稳定克隆。ELISA检测培养液中BMP-2/7异源二聚体蛋白的表达水平为230.75±13.34 ng/mL, 以此为条件培养基处理成骨细胞株MC3T3, 对照组为分别含有CHO-K1细胞及大肠杆菌表达的BMP-2同源二聚体以及PBS的条件培养基。结果发现碱性磷酸酶染色与茜素红染色差异明显, 定量RT-PCR显示分子指标OC、ALP、Runx2与Osx的转录水平明显增高(P<0.05), Luciferase报告基因检测BMP/Smad通路活性较对照组升高明显(P<0.05)。首次设计构建了BMP-2/7异源二聚体蛋白, 其成骨活性显著高于BMP-2同源二聚体。     

Statin类药物促成骨细胞BMP-2表达机理

骨形态形成蛋白因子Ⅱ(BMP-2)属转化生长因子TGF-β超家族成员,具有活性最高和能单独诱导骨形成的特性。BMP-2能促进成骨细胞分化和增加成骨细胞标志基因的表达,这在成骨细胞分化过程中起非常关键的作用,最终促进骨形成。因此BMP-2可作为治疗骨质疏松症药物的新作用靶点。目前,已证明可上调BMP-2表达的上调剂多为Statin类药物。它们多通过抑制Rho和Rho激酶的活性;增加游离的有活性的eNOS;抑制HMG-CoA还原酶的活性等方面促骨形成。研究Statin类药物促BMP-2表达上调的机理,可为进一步寻找更有效的治疗骨质疏松症药物提供新靶点和新思路。     

TurboFect介导骨形态发生蛋白2 转染CHO 细胞的研究

目的:构建真核表达载体p IRES-EGFP-BMP-2,通过Turbo Fect转染得到表达BMP-2蛋白的CHO细胞系。方法:利用逆转录PCR方法扩增获得人的BMP-2基因c DNA,克隆入p MD18-T载体,经PCR、酶切和基因测序分析等方法鉴定重组质粒;将BMP-2连入p IRES-EGFP真核表达载体中,经限制性酶切和PCR扩增鉴定重组质粒。以壳聚糖和Turbo Fect分别作为基因载体转染CHO细胞,荧光显微镜检测分析转染结果;G418筛选富集转染阳性细胞。结果:成功的克隆得到了BMP-2基因,酶切鉴定成功构建了p IRES-EGFP-BMP-2质粒。与壳聚糖组相比,Turbo Fect用量为1:1时,细胞阳性率为(31.92±1.31)%,高于壳聚糖的细胞阳性率(6.33±1.53)%。目的基因与Turbo Fect比例为1:2时转染效率为(42.90±1.10)%高于1:1的(28.59±2.38)%和1:3的(37.52±2.14)%。细胞密度调节到5×103 cells/cm2阳性细胞率可达到(44.43±3.23)%。荧光检测可见荧光阳性细胞得到稳定传代。Western Blot检测可见BMP-2蛋白表达。结论:Turbo Fect成功的介导了p IRES-EGFP-BMP-2载体转染CHO细胞,建立了稳定表达BMP-2和EGFP的CHO细胞株。     

采用Gateway^TM技术构建人骨形态发生蛋白-2基因重组腺病毒载体

目的：采用基于attLXattR的入噬茵体位点特异性重组系统的Gateway^TM技术构建人骨形态发生蛋白-2基因重组腺病毒载体（Ad—hBMP-2）。方法：从pcDNA3．1质粒中获取目的基因hBMP-2片段,连入带attL1、attL2位点的入门载体pENTRTM11中,形成入门克隆,将入门克隆与带attR1、attR2位点的目的载体Ad／CMV／V5-DEST在高效重组酶作用下发生体外重组形成表达克隆ad—BMP-2,经鉴定将ad—BMP-2线性化后转入293A细胞包装,通过细胞裂解法获得人骨形态发生蛋白-2的基因重组腺病毒珠Ad-hBMP-2,将其扩增,采用western blotting技术分析目的蛋白表达。结果：经酶切及测序证实目的基因BMP-2片段按正确方向重组入目的载体中,带BMP-2的目的载体在293A细胞中包装成功,获得成熟的病毒颗粒,测得病毒滴度为2.5×10^9pfu／ml,western blotting结果证实Ad—hBMP-2在293A细胞中高效表达hBMP-2蛋白。结论：本实验首次利用基于入噬菌体的位点特异性重组系统的Gateway^TM技术成功构建了Ad—hBMP-2,该技术与传统构建方法比较具有高效性和灵活性,为进一步研究BMP-2的生理功能和利用BMP-2进行骨基因治疗奠定了实验基础。     

骨形态发生蛋白7 在前列腺癌中的表达

目的:探讨骨形态发生蛋白( BMP-7)在前列腺癌组织中的表达及其与临床分期之间的关系.方法:应用免疫印迹法检测30例前列腺癌患者及30例前列腺良性增生患者前列腺组织中BMP-7的表达情况.结果:前列腺癌组织中BMP-7的表达显著高于前列腺良性增生组织,且BMP-7的表达随前列腺癌的临床分期、Gleason分级增高而增加.结论:BMP-7在前列腺癌中的表达明显增高,其表达量与临床分期相关,前列腺癌组织中BMP-7的表达增高提示预后不佳.     

骨形态发生蛋白2介导甲状旁腺素促进成骨细胞分化的实验研究

目的 探讨骨形态发生蛋白2(BMP2)在甲状旁腺素(PTH)促进成骨细胞分化过程中的重要介导作用.方法培养MC3T3-E1细胞,分为4组:1)盐水对照组;2)PTH组;3)6-[4-[2-(1-哌啶基)乙氧基]苯基]-3-(4-吡啶基)吡唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶 (Dorsomorphin) 组;4) PTH+Dorsomorphin组.Real-time PCR法和Westernblot方法检测细胞BMP2、BMP2下游基因和成骨因子的表达,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)染色方法检测细胞ALP的活性;双荧光素酶报告基因检测方法检测12xSBE-OC荧光素酶的活性.结果:PTH组BMP-2、成骨因子的表达及其12xSBE-OC荧光素酶的活性,明显高于盐水对照组.Dorsomorphin组和PTH+Dorsomorphin组BMP-2、BMP-2下游基因和成骨因子的表达,均明显低于盐水对照组;但其表达于两组间无明显差别.结论 BMP2介导PTH促进成骨细胞的分化,PTH可通过上调BMP2的表达,提高其功能,促进成骨细胞的成熟分化.     

骨形成蛋白-15基因研究进展

骨形成蛋白-15(BMP-15)是属于转移生长因子-β超家族生长因子的一种分泌型信号分子,仅在卵母细胞中特异性表达,具有促进卵泡生长,阻止黄体早熟的作用。开展对BMP-15基因的研究将有助于人们从基因角度阐明不育或多胎的形成和发展机制,对医学和畜牧业等领域将产生积极的影响。从BMP基因控制排卵数的机制入手,总结BMP-15基因的研究进展。     

高效的骨诱导生长因子——成骨蛋白-1

成骨蛋白-1(OP-1)又称骨形态发生蛋白-7(BMP-7),属转化生长因子β(TGF-β)超家族成员.重组人OP-1(rhOP-1)在体内和体外都显示了高效的骨诱导活性,可使多种实验动物的骨缺损满意愈合,有良好的临床应用前景.     

Expression of bone morphogenetic proteins during membranous bone healing

For the reconstructive plastic surgeon, knowledge of the molecular biology underlying membranous fracture healing is becoming increasingly vital. Understanding the complex patterns of gene expression manifested during the course of membranous fracture repair will be crucial to designing therapies that augment poor fracture healing or that expedite normal osseous repair by strategic manipulation of the normal course of gene expression. In the current study, we present a rat model of membranous bone repair. This model has great utility because of its technical simplicity, reproducibility, and relatively low cost. Furthermore, it is a powerful tool for analysis of the molecular regulation of membranous bone repair by immunolocalization and/or in situ hybridization techniques. In this study, an osteotomy was made within the caudal half of the hemimandible, thus producing a stable bone defect without the need for external or internal fixation. The healing process was then catalogued histologically in 28 Sprague-Dawley rats that were serially killed at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 weeks after operation. Furthermore, using this novel model, we analyzed, within the context of membranous bone healing, the temporal and spatial expression patterns of several members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family, known to be critical regulators of cells of osteoblast lineage. Our data suggest that BMP-2/-4 and BMP-7, also known as osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1), are expressed by osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and other more primitive mesenchymal cells within the fracture callus during the early stages of membranous fracture healing. These proteins continue to be expressed during the process of bone remodeling, albeit less prominently. The return of BMP-2/-4 and OP-1 immunostaining to baseline intensity coincides with the histological appearance of mature lamellar bone. Taken together, these data underscore the potentially important regulatory role played by the bone morphogenetic proteins in the process of membranous bone repair.     

Enhancement of bone formation by genetically-engineered bone marrow stromal cells expressing BMP-2, VEGF and angiopoietin-1

To explore the potential of combined delivery of osteogenic and angiogenic factors to bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) for repair of critical-size bone defects, we followed the formation of bone and vessels in tissue-engineered constructs in nude mice and rabbit bone defects upon introducing different combinations of BMP-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) to BMSCs with adenoviral vectors. Better osteogenesis and angiogenesis were found in co-delivery group of BMP-2, VEGF and angiopoietin-1 than any other combination of these factors in both animal models, indicating combined gene delivery of angiopoietin-1 and VEGF165 into a tissue-engineered construct produces an additive effect on BMP-2-induced osteogenesis.     

Biomimetic tubular nanofiber mesh and platelet rich plasma-mediated delivery of BMP-7 for large bone defect regeneration

There is a growing need for successful bone tissue engineering strategies and advanced biomaterials that mimic the structure and function of native tissues carry great promise. Successful bone repair approaches may include an osteoconductive scaffold, osteoinductive growth factors, cells with an osteogenic potential and capacity for graft vascularisation. To increase osteoinductivity of biomaterials, the local combination and delivery of growth factors has been developed. In the present study we investigated the osteogenic effects of calcium phosphate (CaP)-coated nanofiber mesh tube-mediated delivery of BMP-7 from a PRP matrix for the regeneration of critical sized segmental bone defects in a small animal model. Bilateral full-thickness diaphyseal segmental defects were created in twelve male Lewis rats and nanofiber mesh tubes were placed around the defect. Defects received either treatment with a CaP-coated nanofiber mesh tube (n?=?6), an un-coated nanofiber mesh tube (n=6) a CaP-coated nanofiber mesh tube with PRP (n=6) or a CaP-coated nanofiber mesh tube in combination with 5?μg?BMP-7 and PRP (n?=?6). After 12?weeks, bone volume and biomechanical properties were evaluated using radiography, microCT, biomechanical testing and histology. The results demonstrated significantly higher biomechanical properties and bone volume for the BMP group compared to the control groups. These results were supported by the histological evaluations, where BMP group showed the highest rate of bone regeneration within the defect. In conclusion, BMP-7 delivery via PRP enhanced functional bone defect regeneration, and together these data support the use of BMP-7 in the treatment of critical sized defects.     

Expression of bone morphogenic proteins and receptors at the injured growth plate cartilage in young rats.

The injured growth plate cartilage is often repaired by bony tissue, resulting in impaired bone growth in children. Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) are important for bone fracture repair, and as a step to characterize potential involvement of BMPs in bony repair of injured growth plate, expression of BMPs and receptors (BMP-R) was examined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in rat injured tibial growth plate. During the inflammatory response on day 1, slightly increased expression of BMP-3, BMP-4, BMP-R1a, and BMP-R2 was observed, with immunostaining seen among inflammatory cells at the injury site. During mesenchymal infiltration and osteogenic responses on days 3-14, moderately increased expression of BMP-2, -3, -4, -7, and BMP-R1a was found, with immunostaining observed among infiltrated mesenchymal cells and differentiated osteoblasts lining bony trabeculae. During maturation phase on days 14-25, only BMP-7 was seen upregulated slightly and was localized in osteoblasts and marrow cells at the injury site. The temporospatial expression of BMPs and receptors at the injured growth plate suggests potential involvement of BMP-3 and -4 in regulating the inflammatory response or as its mediators in modulating downstream events, and BMP-2, -3, -4, and -7 in the fibrogenic and osteogenic responses, and BMP-7 in bone remodeling at the injured growth plate.     

Cell responses to bone morphogenetic proteins and peptides derived from them: Biomedical applications and limitations

The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are cytokines of the transforming growth factor beta family. Some BMPs such as BMP-2 and BMP-7 play a major role in the development of the skeleton and the maintenance of homeostasis during bone remodelling. To date, only BMP-2 and BMP-7 have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for specific orthopaedic applications. However, due to BMP cost, peptides derived from their knuckle epitope with osteogenic properties have been developed. BMPs are involved in many other biological events, including embryogenesis, angiogenesis and cancer. BMPs therefore have great biomedical potential as osteogenic factors and as anti-cancer agents. This review focuses on the use of BMPs and their derived peptides in biomedical delivery systems and gene therapy.     

In vitro bone formation using muscle-derived cells: a new paradigm for bone tissue engineering using polymer-bone morphogenetic protein matrices

Over 800,000 bone grafting procedures are performed in the United States annually, creating a demand for viable alternatives to autogenous bone, the grafting standard in osseous repair. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of a BMP-polymer matrix in inducing the expression of the osteoblastic phenotype and in vitro bone formation by muscle-derived cells. Specifically, we evaluated the ability of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7), delivered from a poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLAGA) matrix, to induce the differentiation of cells derived from rabbit skeletal muscle into osteoblast-like cells and subsequently form mineralized tissue. Results confirmed that muscle-derived cells attached and proliferated on the PLAGA substrates. BMP-7 released from PLAGA induced the muscle-derived cells to increase bone marker expression and form mineralized cultures. These results demonstrate the efficacy of a BMP-polymer matrix in inducing the expression of the osteoblastic phenotype by muscle-derived cells and present a new paradigm for bone tissue engineering.     

Biologic effect and immunoisolating behavior of BMP-2 gene-transfected bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in APA microcapsules

We investigated the encapsulation of BMP-2 gene-modified mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in alginate-poly-L-lysine (APA) microcapsules for the persistent delivery of bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) to induce bone formation. An electrostatic droplet generator was employed to produce APA microcapsules containing encapsulated beta-gal or BMP-2 gene-transfected bone marrow-derived MSCs. We found that X-gal staining was still positive 28 days after encapsulation. Encapsulated BMP-2 gene-transfected cells were capable of constitutive delivery of BMP-2 proteins for at least 30 days. The encapsulated BMP-2 gene-transfected MSCs or the encapsulated non-gene transfer MSCs (control group) were cocultured with the undifferentiated MSCs. The gene products from the encapsulated BMP-2 cells could induce the undifferentiated MSCs to become osteoblasts that had higher alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity than those in the control group (p<0.05). The APA microcapsules could inhibit the permeation of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjuncted immunoglobulin G. Mixed lymphocyte reaction also indicates that the APA microcapsules could prevent the encapsulated BMP-2 gene-transfected MSCs from initiating the cellular immune response. These results demonstrated that the nonautologous BMP-2 gene-transfected stem cells are of potential utility for enhancement of bone repair and bone regeneration in vivo.     

The bone morphogenetic protein family and osteogenesis.

The BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins) are a group of related proteins originally identified by their presence in bone-inductive extracts of demineralized bone. By molecular cloning, at least six related members of this family have been identified and are called BMP-2 through BMP-7. These molecules are part of the TGF-beta superfamily, based on primary amino acid sequence homology, including the absolute conservation of seven cysteine residues between the TGF-betas and the BMPs. The BMPs can be divided into subgroups with BMP-2 and BMP-4 being 92% identical, and BMP-5, BMP-6, and BMP-7 being an average of about 90% identical. To examine the individual activities of these molecules, we are producing each BMP in a mammalian expression system. In this system, each BMP is synthesized as a precursor peptide, which is glycosylated, processed to the mature peptide, and secreted as a homodimer. These reagents have been used to demonstrate that single molecules, such as BMP-2, are capable of inducing the formation of new cartilage and bone when implanted ectopically in a rodent assay system. Whether each of the BMPs possesses the same inductive activities in an animal is the subject of ongoing research. Based on the chondrogenic and osteogenic abilities of the BMPs in the adult animal, the expression of the mRNAs for the BMPs has been examined in the development of the embryonic skeleton by in situ hybridization. These studies demonstrate that the BMP mRNAs are spatially and temporally expressed appropriately for the proteins involved in the induction and development of cartilage and bone in the embryonic limb bud.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Adenoviral BMP-2 gene transfer in mesenchymal stem cells: in vitro and in vivo bone formation on biodegradable polymer scaffolds

The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of adenoviral gene transfer into primary human bone marrow osteoprogenitor cells in combination with biodegradeable scaffolds to tissue-engineer bone. Osteoprogenitors were infected with AxCAOBMP-2, a vector carrying the human BMP-2 gene. Alkaline phosphatase activity was induced in C2C12 cells following culture with conditioned media from BMP-2 expressing cells, confirming successful secretion of active BMP-2. Expression of alkaline phosphatase activity, type I collagen and mineralisation confirmed bone cell differentiation and maintenance of the osteoblast phenotype in extended culture for up to 6 weeks on PLGA porous scaffolds. In vivo implantation of adenoviral osteoprogenitor constructs on PLGA biodegradeable scaffolds, using diffusion chambers, also demonstrated bone cell differentiation and production of bone tissue. The maintenance of the osteoblast phenotype in extended culture and generation of mineralised 3-D scaffolds containing such constructs indicate the potential of such bone tissue engineering approaches in bone repair.