欧美杨水分利用效率相关基因 PdEPF1的克隆及表达

提高植物水分利用效率(WUE)是未来解决我国甚至世界干旱缺水的最重要手段之一。在对植物WUE的众多研究方法中,大多集中在生理手段,但通过分子生物学手段研究其表达调控机制的较少。欧美杨(Populus deltoides×Populus nigra)是中纬度地区最适合种植的短轮伐期工业用材集约经营树种之一。近年来我国引进了许多优良的欧美杨无性系用于营造大面积的速生丰产林并取得很好的经济和社会效益。但高耗水量的缺点限制了其进一步的推广。通过基因芯片技术从欧美杨中找到一个可能调控WUE的基因-PdEPF1.荧光定量表达进一步验证了这一结果。荧光定量表达分析表明该基因受ABA、盐、冷、干旱等胁迫诱导表达。组织特异表达分析说明PdEPF1基因在顶端叶和根中有表达,成熟叶衰老叶中则无表达。克隆到启动子分析表明该启动子含有多种干旱响应元件(drought response elememt),赤霉素响应元件(GA response elememt),低温响应元件(coldresponse elememt),ABA响应元件(ABA response elememt)等逆境相关的作用元件。     

小黑杨转录因子PsnbZIP1应答盐胁迫功能分析

为揭示小黑杨(Populus simonii×P. nigra)在面对非生物胁迫时,转录因子PsnbZIP1在植物体内发挥的功能,以小黑杨为试验材料,克隆得到PsnbZIP1的ORF区序列长为432 bp,并初步分析PsnbZIP1盐胁迫下的分子机制。采用q-PCR分析PsnbZIP1在150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理小黑杨组培苗时的表达模式,发现该基因的表达量快速上升;通过生物信息学分析预测PsnbZIP1转录因子为无跨膜结构且具有信号肽的亲水性不稳定蛋白;用农杆菌(Agrobacterium)介导的烟草(Nicotiana)瞬时表达观察该基因的亚细胞定位情况,结果表明该基因为核定位蛋白;用酵母单杂交实验证明该基因编码的蛋白在酵母体内不具有转录激活功能。对PsnbZIP1基因的启动子序列进行分析,结果表明该启动子包含了生长素应答、脱落酸应答元件、光应答元件以及种子特异性调控的顺式作用调控元件,该基因可能在植物的生长发育与响应胁迫过程中发挥了重要作用;启动子还包括参与干旱诱导的MYB结合位点和MYBHv1结合位点,表明该基因有可能与一些干旱诱导相关MYB基因...     

基于EST-SSR标记的南方型黑杨主栽无性系鉴定及亲缘关系分析

以南方型黑杨引进后主栽区重点推广栽植的12个无性系为研究对象,利用EST-SSR分子标记进行多态性分析,并建立无性系鉴定的指纹图谱,为优良黑杨无性系的推广提供依据。用EST-trimmer对NCBI数据库中的EST序列进行分析、MISA软件找出SSR位点后运用primer3在线设计获得的30对EST-SSR引物,对12个黑杨无性系进行PCR扩增。经过筛选获得18对多态性引物,对12个黑杨无性系进行扩增获得88个等位基因,多态率为70.5%,平均观察等位基因数为2.1463,平均Shannon’s多样性指数为0.5927。通过5对引物组合(EU147、EU43、EU11、EU164和EU81)可以将12个黑杨无性系进行区分,并在此基础上构建指纹图谱。亲缘关系分析发现无性系间的遗传相似系数为0.6020~0.9040,平均值为0.7691;无性系间的遗传距离较近,与其均来源于美洲黑杨和欧美杨的相似遗传背景有关。总之,EST-SSR标记可以对南方型黑杨主栽无性系进行有效鉴定。     

转基因欧洲黑杨中Bt基因表达特性的研究

利用PCR检测了转基因欧洲黑杨当代和杂交后代群体 ,外源Bt基因在 7年生的转基因欧洲黑杨 1 4个无性系中稳定存在 ,Bt基因在杂交后代中分离比例为 1∶1。转基因欧洲黑杨作母本进行杂交时有落花、落果现象 ,可能是基因改造影响了它们的某些生理功能。     

转录组学对转基因杨树表型变化的代谢调控机制解析北大核心CSCD

D型细胞周期蛋白(D-type cyclin)调控着细胞周期G1/S的转变,在植物生长发育过程中发挥重要作用。转基因杨树PtoCYCD2;1(OE-PtoCYCD2;1)植株出现明显的表型变化,株高降低,茎粗变细且叶片发生卷曲。该研究以转基因杨树OE-PtoCYCD2;1为研究材料,通过转录组学测序和生理指标变化并结合植株表型特征分析PtoCYCD2;1在植物生长发育中的功能,为研究木本植物D型细胞周期蛋白功能提供理论基础。结果表明:(1)在OE-PtoCYCD2;1中共鉴定得到1269个差异表达基因,其中有700个上调表达,569个下调表达。分析发现,有26个属于AP2/ERF转录因子的基因上调表达;有8个下调的差异表达基因富集在木质部合成通路中;在碳代谢通路中共富集27个下调差异表达基因,其中有8个基因富集到卡尔文循环通路中。(2)qRT-PCR实验结果显示,9个差异表达基因的qRT-PCR结果与RNA-seq测定的表达水平变化趋势一致,表明所用RNA-seq结果可靠。(3)生理指标分析发现,与野生型(WT)相比,转基因杨树OE-PtoCYCD2;1的幼叶和成熟叶的总叶绿素含量分别增加57.36%和78.22%;成熟叶的可溶性糖含量下降了12.72%;幼叶和成熟叶中的木质素含量分别下降了4.48%和8.03%;幼茎和成熟茎中的木质素含量分别下降了20.03%和31.63%。研究认为,转基因杨树OE-PtoCYCD2;1通过影响杨树碳代谢和木质素合成过程中相关基因的表达,从而造成转基因植株相应代谢物含量减少,最终导致植株表型改变,总体生物量降低。     

转TaLEA基因小黑杨无性系生长性状变异研究

以6年生的10个转TaLEA基因和1个非转基因小黑杨无性系为材料,对其生长量、干形、叶片性状、皮孔性状等15个指标进行测定分析。方差分析与遗传参数计算结果表明：11个小黑杨无性系间各性状达极显著差异水平（P＜0.01）,各指标表型变异系数处于1.92%~39.98%,遗传变异系数与表型变异系数接近,重复力处于0.621~0.987,表明基因的转入对无性系各性状的生长有一定的影响,但这种影响主要由遗传因素控制。表型相关分析结果表明转基因小黑杨生长量与干形性状、叶片性状、皮孔性状均呈不同程度的相关性,表明多指标共同作用,控制植株生长发育;利用综合评定法,当入选率为10%,初步选出XL-1和XL-9等2个优良无性系,2个无性系的树高、胸径分别比CK高16.55%和15.38%,比平均值高13.38%和19.46%,遗传增益分别为12.18%和17.42%。本研究为转基因杨树的良种选育提供重要的理论依据。     

不同成熟度树葡萄叶片中类黄酮合成转录组基因分析

为了解树葡萄(Myrciaria cauliflora)类黄酮合成相关酶差异表达基因信息,对其幼叶和成熟叶进行全转录组测序并比较分析。结果表明,从树葡萄幼叶和成熟叶中获得59 321条单基因簇(Unigenes),在8大数据库共注释到32 912条Unigenes信息,其中类黄酮合成代谢相关酶基因77个,在成熟叶片中显著下调表达的基因6个,包括2个CHI、1个CHS、1个F3H、1个2-羟基异黄酮脱水酶基因和1个ANS。5个差异表达基因经qRT-PCR验证的结果与转录组测序结果相符合。因此,树葡萄叶片中含有大量不同种类黄酮合成代谢相关酶家族基因,成熟叶片中类黄酮含量显著减少是由于少量相关基因显著下调。     

小黑杨转录因子PsnbHLH162基因在盐和低温胁迫下应答分析

为揭示小黑杨(Populus simonii×P. nigra)在面对非生物胁迫时,转录因子PsnbHLH162在植物体内发挥的作用,同时探究该基因在植物体内的信号转导过程,进而为未来获取优良的抗逆树种提供理论基础。以小黑杨为原材料,克隆获取PsnbHLH162基因,对目的基因和启动子进行生物信息学分析;之后用150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl、4℃低温分别对野生型小黑杨进行胁迫处理,利用荧光定量PCR,分析基因响应非生物胁迫的功能。结果显示：PsnbHLH162 cDNA基因片段长537 bp,基因N端内含1个高度保守的HLH结构域。该基因表达蛋白是不含跨膜区域的稳定的亲水性蛋白,其定位在细胞核内且没有转录激活活性。启动子区域内含多种ABA应答、生长素应答、光应答和circadian元件,证实此基因参加非生物胁迫应答。荧光定量PCR结果表明在盐胁迫下,与茎、叶组织相比,基因在根组织的表达量最高;在低温胁迫下,与叶、根组织相比,基因在茎组织的表达量最高。发现野生植株内,PsnbHLH162能被盐、低温诱导表达。     

白及蔗糖合成酶基因的克隆及表达分析

为揭示白及蔗糖合成酶基因与生长发育的关系,该研究以白及为材料,利用RT-PCR技术同源克隆白及蔗糖合成酶的关键基因SuSy,对SuSy基因的生物学特性及表达特征进行了分析,并利用实时荧光定量PCR检测SuSy基因在不同组织中的表达规律。结果表明:(1)白及SuSy基因长度为2 215 bp,编码737个氨基酸,与铁皮石斛、文心兰和蝴蝶兰的蛋白质氨基酸序列的相似性分别为97%、92%和95%。(2)生物信息学分析表明,SuSy蛋白质序列具有较高的亲水性,与拟南芥SuSy蛋白质氨基酸三级结构一致性为75.2%;系统进化树分析发现,白及SuSy蛋白与铁皮石斛处于同一个分支上。(3) qRT-PCR结果表明,SuSy基因在叶片中的表达量最高,块茎中的表达量最低;成熟叶片的表达量高于未成熟叶片的表达量;数据差异性分析显示,SuSy基因在根、块茎中表达量具有极显著性差异,但在一年生叶和二年生叶中的表达量无显著性差异,幼苗叶和一、二年生叶中表达量具有极显著性差异。由此推测,SuSy基因可能受生长发育的诱导,是调控白及生长发育关键基因。     

小黑杨花药培养植株转化胆碱氧化酶基因提高耐盐性

以小黑杨(Populus simonii ×P. nigra)花药培养植株无菌苗叶片为外植体, 通过根癌农杆菌(Agrob acteriumtumefaciens)介导法将胆碱氧化酶基因(codA)导入小黑杨中, 共获得4株转化株系, PCR扩增和Southern杂交检测结果全部 呈阳性, 表明codA基因已整合到小黑杨花药培养植株基因组中。荧光定量RT-PCR检测证明, codA基因在小黑杨花药培养植株中获得表达。耐盐实验结果显示, 各转基因株系在0.6%的NaCl浓度下能够生长, 而非转基因对照小黑杨受盐害严重, 说明codA基因的导入提高了转基因植株的耐盐性。     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

Low-frequency dynamics and Raman scattering of crystals, of B-, A-, and Z-DNA, and fibers of C-DNA

Normal modes of vibration of DNA in the low-frequency region (10-300 cm-1 interval) have been identified from Raman spectra of crystals of B-DNA [d(CGCAAATTTGCG)], A-DNA [r(GCG)d(CGC) and d(CCCCGGGG)], and Z-DNA [d(CGCGCG) and d(CGCGTG)]. The lowest vibrational frequencies detected in the canonical DNA structures--at 18 +/- 2 cm-1 in the B-DNA crystal, near 24 +/- 2 cm-1 in A-DNA crystals, and near 30 +/- 2 cm-1 in Z-DNA crystals--are shown to correlate well with the degree of DNA hydration in the crystal structures, as well as with the level of hydration in calf thymus DNA fibers. These findings support the assignment [H. Urabe et al. (1985) J. Chem. Phys. 82, 531-535; C. Demarco et al. (1985) Biopolymers 24, 2035-2040] of the lowest frequency Raman band of each DNA to a helix mode, which is dependent primarily upon the degree of helix hydration, rather than upon the intrahelical conformation. The present results show also that B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA structures can be distinguished from one another on the basis of their characteristic Raman intensity profiles in the region of 40-140 cm-1, even though all structures display two rather similar and complex bands centered within the intervals of 66-72 and 90-120 cm-1. The similarity of Raman frequencies for B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA suggests that these modes originate from concerted motions of the bases (librations), which are not strongly dependent upon helix backbone geometry or handedness. Correlation of the Raman frequencies and intensities with the DNA base compositions suggests that the complex band near 90-120 cm-1 in all double-helix structures is due to in-plane librational motions of the bases, which involve stretching of the purine-pyrimidine hydrogen bonds. This would explain the centering of the band at higher frequencies in structures containing G.C pairs (greater than 100 cm-1) than in structures containing A.T pairs (less than 100 cm-1), consistent with the strengths of G.C and A.T hydrogen bonding.     

Synthesis and properties of N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of amino acids, peptides, and proteins

The literature on chemical (i.e., nonenzymic) phosphorylation of amino acids, peptides, and proteins is reviewed through 1982. The review covers synthetic methods, chemical reactions, and physical properties, with emphasis on the techniques used for separation and characterization of the products. Synthetic methods are classified by reagent rather than product, and are illustrated by experimental procedures for the most important methods. Chemical reactions are classified into four groups depending on whether the reaction site is the phospho group, the amino group, the carboxyl group, or in the case of serine the hydroxyl group. Physical data are given for all of the known N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of the amino acids, peptides, and proteins, within certain limitations, and are discussed in detail in the section on physical properties. Emphasis is given to the techniques used for separation of the products, such as chromatography and electrophoresis, and for characterization of the products, particularly spectroscopy. Medical and other uses of the products are mentioned.     

Cultural, Biochemical, and Immunological Properties of Mima, Herellea, and Flavobacterium Species

From study of cultural and biochemical characteristics of 40 strains of Herellea, Mima, or Flavobacterium species, a proposed schema for identification was developed. The reactions observed by agglutination, gel diffusion, and immunofluorescence suggest antigenic heterogeneity of this group of organisms.     

Count data, detection probabilities, and the demography, dynamics, distribution, and decline of amphibians

The evidence for amphibian population declines is based on count data that were not adjusted for detection probabilities. Such data are not reliable even when collected using standard methods. The formula C = Np (where C is a count, N the true parameter value, and p is a detection probability) relates count data to demography, population size, or distributions. With unadjusted count data, one assumes a linear relationship between C and N and that p is constant. These assumptions are unlikely to be met in studies of amphibian populations. Amphibian population data should be based on methods that account for detection probabilities.