A revision of the Dip lop salts group of dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) based on material from the British Isles

SEM has made possible a detailed re-examination of the thecal plates of marine dinoflagellates belonging to the Diplopsalis group which have been collected in an extensive survey of the seas around the British Isles. Six genera are recognized: Diplopsalis, Diplopsalopsis, Dissodium, Oblea, Zygabikodinium and die new genus and species Boreadinium pisiformis Dodge 8c Hermes. The confused taxonomic history of the group is discussed, the valid species are listed and a key for the identification of the genera is given.     

Explaining freshwater fish biogeography: history versus environment versus species personality

Understanding the causes and consequences of current biogeography is of paramount importance in species ecology, evolution and conservation. Yunnan province is a scarce example to testify biogeography patterns, causes and conservation challenge for its complex geography, high biodiversity and increasing human activities. Freshwater fishes are among the most effective faunas to explain biogeography for their limited ability to disperse. In the present study, totally 375 fish species in 146 genera, 26 families and 9 orders were included. Four key areas with higher diversity were randomly distributed in the province. Six environmental parameters as minimum temperature, mean precipitation, mean altitude, altitude range, river length, maximum slope, and their any combinations could effectively explain the current fish spatial patterns. A total of 625 individuals belonging to 30 dominated genera were grouped into six communities, each showing a better use of living spaces and food. Historical event was the primary factor to determine the current spatial distribution pattern of freshwater fishes in Yunnan Province, followed by the changing environment. Relationships among fish species with different personalities finally made the fauna more stable. The biogeography will move to a confusion pattern under the increasing human intervention and consequent environment changes.     

Revision of the Protohermes changningensis species group from China (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Corydalinae)

A new species group, the Protohermes changningensis group, of the dobsonfly genus Protohermes is established. Three species belonging to the new species group from China are described and illustrated, including one new species. Phylogenetic relationships among the species in this group and biogeography are discussed on the basis of a cladistic analysis using Hennig 86.     

Revision of the Neotropical ant subfamily Leptanilloidinae

Abstract. The rare Neotropical ant subfamily Leptanilloidinae is revised and its internal phylogeny and biogeography discussed. A new genus, Asphinctanilloides gen.n., including three new species, A. amazona, A. anae and A. manauara, and three new species of Leptanilloides , L. improvisa, L. legionaria and L. sculpturata are described. The only previously known species of the subfamily, L . biconstricta Mann (1923) , is redescribed, and the larva of L. legionaria sp.n. is described. Keys to the genera and the species, and a phylogeny of the group are provided. Emphasis has been placed on the study of abdominal and sting characters.     

Systematics of the Protohermes xanthodes species-group in eastern Asia (Megaloptera: Corydalidae)

A new species‐group of the dobsonfly genus Protohermes is proposed, the Protohermes xanthodes species‐group. Three species from eastern Asia belonging to the new species‐group are redescribed and illustrated. Phylogenetic relationships among the species in this group, as well as the biogeography of these species, are discussed on the basis of a cladistic analysis.     

The nature of the ancestral red alga: inferences from a cladistic analysis

A cladistic analysis of the orders of Rhodophyta is presented. Sixteen taxa and 34 characters comprise the data matrix. Included in the analysis are biochemical and ultrastructural features of pigments, cell walls, cell organelles, mitosis and pit connections as well as vegetative and reproductive characters. The traditional recognition of two classes or subclasses, Bangiophycidae and Florideophycidae, is not supported regardless of whether Porphyridiales, Rhodochaetales or Bangiales is designated the outgroup. Florideophycidae, however, appears to be monophyletic with Bangiales as its sister group. Relationships among taxa with one or two plug cap layers, i.e. Acrochaetiales, Palmariales, Corallinales, Nemaliales, Batrachospermales, Gelidiales and Hildenbrandiales are unresolved. Rhodochaetales, Bangiales and possibly Erythropeltidales are monophyletic, but Porphyridiales is polyphyletic. The class Cyanidiophyceae is not recognized and the included genera are considered to be unicellular red algae belonging to Porphyridiales. Taxa that have been proposed as sister groups for red algae, including Cyanobacteria, Cryptophyta, Glaucophyta and Chlorophyta, and Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes are discussed in relation to the proposed phylogeny of Rhodophyta.     

座囊菌目及相关类群属间关系的系统学初探

本研究对座囊菌纲部分类群的18S和28SnrDNA部分序列片段进行分析,探讨它们属间的系统学关系。邻接法和简约法分析结果显示,座囊菌纲供试类群为单起源,形成三个独立的分支并获得较强的支持率,分别代表座囊菌目、葡萄座腔菌目和格孢腔菌目。结果还显示,座囊菌纲中分类地位不确定的属Macrovalsaria与Botryosphaeria的关系相对接近,应该归于葡萄座腔菌目;历史上分类地位有疑问的Neopeckia和Dothidotthia两个属处于不同的目中,前者属于座囊菌目,后者为葡萄座腔菌目的成员;座囊菌目的Plowrightia属并非单系群,该属成员分别与Dothidea、Neopeckia和Sydowia三个属聚类在一起;现行的Botryosphaeria属也非单系群,其属的概念有待澄清。格孢腔菌目参试的7个属形成一个单系群,但属间的支持率非常低,表明它们应该在较高的分类等级上予以区分;序列分析的结果支持了基于形态学特征将Phragmogibbera纳入格孢腔菌目的分类观点。     

杜鹃花科白珠树属分子系统学和生物地理学研究进展

白珠树属(Gaultheria) 在杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)系统演化中占有十分重要的地位, 其系统位置和演化关系一直备受争议。最近的分子系统学研究认为, 白珠树属已经不再属于传统上的越橘亚科(Vaccinioideae)的綟木族(Andromedeae), 而是与一些相关属组成了白珠树族(Gaultherieae)。对白珠树属产于美洲的类群和相关类群的分子系统学的初步研究则表明, 该属与Diplycosia、Tepuia和Pernettya等属(均为“常绿类群”)关系密切, 可能应将这几个属并入到白珠树属中, 但其属下分类系统关系还需要对产于亚洲的类群进行深入的研究后才能确定。白珠树属与其近缘属的进化历史和生物地理学关系较为复杂, 与杜鹃花科其他大多数属不同, 白珠树属为典型的环太平洋分布。关于白珠树属的起源问题存在两种不同的推测: 一种观点认为该属起源于南半球的冈瓦纳古陆; 另一种观点则认为其起源于北半球的劳亚古大陆。本文概述了近年来白珠树属的分子系统学和生物地理学研究进展, 并对该属尚存的一些问题进行了讨论。     

Phylogeny of the subfamily Chauliodinae (Megaloptera: Corydalidae), with description of a new genus from the Oriental Realm

Abstract.  A new Oriental fishfly genus, Sinochauliodes gen.n. , is described, including four species: S. fujianensis ( Yang & Yang, 1999 ) comb.n. , S. griseus ( Yang & Yang, 1999 ) comb.n. , S. maculosus sp.n. and S. squalidus sp.n. A cladistic analysis based on adult morphological characters clarified the phylogenetic status of the new genus and allowed the reconstruction of the intergeneric relationships of the subfamily Chauliodinae. Two main clades within Chauliodinae were recognized from the cladistic analysis. The Asian fishflies, together with the two Nearctic genera, Chauliodes and Nigronia , formed a monophyletic lineage, and the new genus was assigned as the sister group to the genus Parachauliodes . The biogeography of the Asian fishflies is discussed.     

A cladistic analysis ofAnisopappus (Asteraceae: Inuleae)

A cladistic analysis of the genusAnisopappus (Asteraceae: Inuleae) has been undertaken. A hypothesis of species interrelationships in the genus is presented for the first time. The analysis also includedArctotis (Arctoteae), used as outgroup, and five additional genera from theInuleae: Geigeria, Calostephane, Asteriscus, Buphthalmum, Pulicaria, andInula. It is concluded thatAnisopappus is a monophyletic group situated at the base of the tribe, diagnosed by, e.g., their obtuse stylar sweeping-hairs. The species with acute sweeping-hairs were found to be derived within the genus. Problems concerning species delimitation, biogeography and character evolution in the genus are briefly discussed.     

Phylogeny of colletid bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) inferred from four nuclear genes

Colletidae comprise approximately 2500 species of bees primarily distributed in the southern continents (only two colletid genera are widely distributed: Colletes and Hylaeus). Previously published studies have failed to resolve phylogenetic relationships on a worldwide basis and this has been a major barrier to the progress of research regarding systematics and evolution of colletid bees. For this study, data from four nuclear gene loci: elongation factor-1alpha (F2 copy), opsin, wingless, and 28S rRNA were analyzed for 122 species of colletid bees, representing all subfamilies and tribes currently recognized; 22 species belonging to three other bee families were used as outgroups. Bayesian, maximum likelihood, and parsimony methods were employed to investigate the phylogenetic relationships within Colletidae and resulted in highly congruent and well-resolved trees. The phylogenetic results show that Colletidae are monophyletic and that all traditionally recognized subfamilies (except Paracolletinae) are also strongly supported as monophyletic. Our phylogenetic hypothesis provides a framework within which broad questions related to the taxonomy, biogeography, morphology, evolution, and ecology of colletid bees can be addressed.     

Phylogenetic relationships,subdivision, and biogeography of the cyprinid tribe Labeonini (sensu ) (Teleostei: Cypriniformes), with comments on the implications of lips and associated structures in the labeonin classification

The Labeonini (sensu Rainboth, 1991) is a tribe of the subfamily Cyprininae, the largest subfamily of Cypriniformes. With around 400 species in 34 genera, this tribe is widely distributed in the freshwaters of tropical Africa and Asia. Most species are adapted to fast-flowing streams and rivers, and exhibit unique morphological modifications associated with their lips and other structures around the mouth. The monophyly of this tribe has been tested and generally accepted in previous morphological and molecular studies. The major objectives of this study were to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Labeonini, test its monophyly and explore the taxonomic subdivisions, intrarelationships and biogeography of the group. The value of the morphological characters associated with the lips and other associated structures in the taxonomic classification of labeonins was also discussed. Nucleotide sequences (3867 bp) of four unlinked nuclear loci were obtained from 51 species in 18 Labeonini genera from throughout the range of the tribe. Maximum parsimony, partitioned maximum likelihood and partitioned Bayesian analyses were used for phylogenetic inference from combined and separate gene data sets. Based on our results, the monophyly of Labeonini was well supported. Two major clades could be recovered within the tribe. Three subclades could further be recognized from the first clade. These clades/subclades are not consistent with groupings of any of previous workers using either morphological or molecular characters for phylogenetic inference. Only five currently recognized genera in this analysis are monophyletic. The similarity between some lips and associated structures (e.g. suctorial discs) of labeonins may due to convergence or parallelism instead of common ancestry. Labeonins of Southeast Asia, India and China are closely related to each other; the multiple clades of African taxa do not form a single monophyletic group, indicating multiple, independent dispersal events of labeonins into Africa from Asia.     

Phylogeny and classification of the Scopulini moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Sterrhinae)

The phylogenetic relationships of the genera in the geometrid tribe Scopulini (Lepidoptera: Sterrhinae) were examined using 141 characters of adult morphology and ecology. The study material included 92 species, representing all previously recognized genera and covering the morphological variation and full geographical range of the tribe. The cladistic analysis resulted in 20 equally parsimonious trees and a strict consensus cladogram based on these was well resolved. A majority of the recovered synapomorphic characters have been used previously in the taxonomy of the tribe. However, many novel characters were found in the sclerotized structures of the thorax. Many previously recognized genera were found to be nonmonophyletic and based on the present revised, synapomorphy-based classification, the number of recovered genera is reduced considerably. Twenty new generic synonyms and 90 new or revived species combinations are proposed. Seven genera are considered valid, with the large genus Scopula Schrank including over 85% of all species in the tribe. The taxonomic history of the tribe is reviewed and the problems of earlier classifications are discussed. A key to the genera is presented, although an informal diagnosis is preferred. All recognized genera are illustrated and a revised world checklist of the Scopulini is presented.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 143 , 473−530.     

怒江中游西藏境内干旱河谷荒漠植被特征

基于实地调查资料,对西藏境内怒江中游河谷的特殊荒漠型植被进行了研究。结果表明：（1）22个样方中有85种维管植物,其种子植物属的分布区类型以泛热带分布为主,占21．6％;种以中国特有分布中的西南特有成分为主,占53．2％;（2）生活型谱以矮高位芽植物为主,占41．2％,地面芽植物占40．0％;（3）采用Raunkiaer频度分析,出现在10个以上样方中的物种有白刺花、垫状卷柏、芸香草和阔盖中国蕨等,频度分别是68．2％、50．0％、50．0％、45．5％;（4）根据该河谷区域的气候特点、干旱程度、群落的生态外貌特征和生活型等,并结合《中国植被》对灌丛和荒漠的划分,认为该河谷区域的植被盖度极低,不属于灌丛类型,而是非地带性的干旱河谷型荒漠植被。     

Phylogenetic relationships of Polyporus and morphologically allied genera

Polyporus accommodates morphologically heterogeneous species and is divided into six infrageneric groups based on macromorphological characters. On the other hand allied genera have macro- and microscopic characters similar to those of Polyporus. The phylogenetic relationships of Polyporus and allied genera were established from sequences of RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nucLSU) and mitochondrial ATPase subunit 6 (ATP6). The molecular phylogenetic trees confirmed that Polyporus is a polyphyletic genus and recognized six major clades (1-6) containing species of Polyporus and several allied genera. Among the clades one contained three infrageneric groups of Polyporus and two allied genera, Datronia and Pseudofavolus while one other contained group Polyporellus and Lentinus. Five of the six major clades contained species belonging to a single infrageneric group, Favolus, Melanopus, Polyporellus or Polyporus. This suggests that morphological characters used to define these groups have phylogenetic significance and reveals the need for a taxonomic revision of Polyporus and its allied genera.     

中国西南地区叉苔科的订正

本文对我国西南地区叉苔科(Metzgeriaceae)进行了订正,共计2属7种、1亚种、1变种。对西藏、横断山脉及邻区标本作了研究,把喜马拉雅叉苔Metzgeria himalayensis Kashyap并于平叉苔日本亚种M. conjugata subsp. japonica(Hatt.)Kuwah.;把中华叉苔M. sinensis Chen作为狭尖叉苔M. consanguinea Schiffn.的异名。我国东北记载的长梗毛叉苔Apometzgeria longifrondis(Gao)Chang根据其特征,应归于毛叉苔细肋变种A. pubescens(Schrank)Kuwah. var. kinabaluensis Kuwah.本文还报道2个中国新分布种:蓝叉苔M. darjeelingensis Kuwah.背胞叉苔M. novicrassipilis Kuwah.     

Systematics of Crumomyia Macquart and Alloborborus Duda (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae)

ABSTRACT. The phylogenetic relationships of two sphaerocerid genera, Alloborborus Duda (1923) and Crumomyia Macquart (1835), are analysed, and their taxonomic status within the tribe Copromyzini (= Copromyza Fallén s.lat.) is clarified. Accepted here are a monotypic Alloborborus , which includes A.pallifrons (FalléAn) from northern and central Europe, and twenty-six species of the Holarctic Crumomyia. Within Crumomyia , five species-groups are recognized: pedestris group: pedestris (Meigen); annulus group: immensa (Spuler), maculipennis (Spuler), annulus (Walker), nipponica (Richards), pruinosa (Richards); notabilis group: glabifrons (Meigen), glacialis (Meigen), absoloni (Bezzi), notabilis (Collin), rohaceki sp.n., zuskai (Roháček); nitida group: nitida (Meigen); setitibialis group: setitibialis (Spuler), pilosa sp.n., nigra (Meigen), parentela (Séguy), deemingi (Hackman), pollinodorsata (Papp), subaptera (Malloch), gelida (Hackman), fimetaria (Meigen), roserii (Rondani); unplaced species: hentscheli (Duda), hungarica (Duda), promethei (Nartshuk). Apterina Macquart, Fungobia Lioy and Speomyia Bezzi are synonymized with Crumomyia , and the following nominal species are synonymized: tuxeni Collin with nigra, freyi Hackman with setitibialis , and annulipes Duda with annulus. C. pruinosa is considered distinct from annulus, and Copromyza subaptera is placed in Crumomyia. The identity of C.glacialis , the type species of Crumomyia , is clarified, and lectotypes are designated for five nominal species: rufoannulata Duda, annulipes, annulus, flavipennis Haliday and pallifrons. The cladistic relationships of the species of Crumomyia and Alloborborus are established and their phylogeny and biogeography are discussed. Keys to the species of Crumomyia and to the Holarctic genera of the Copromyzinae are provided.     

A phylogenetic assessment of the branchiobdellidan family Branchiobdellidae (Annelida,Clitellata) using spermatological and somatic characters

The spermatozoa of six species belonging to the branchiobdellidan family Branchiobdellidae (i.e. Xironogiton victoriensis, Cirrodrilus kawamurai, Ankyrodrilus legaeus, Xironodrilus formosus, Branchiobdella kobayashii, Branchiobdella orientalis) were studied and compared to the other sperma‐tozoa already described in the group. A parsimony analysis was performed on the spermatozoal data of the species examined, as well as on their somatic characters. The results of the two analyses were contrasted and a further parsimony analysis was run on the matrix comprising both sets of characters. The study of sperm ultrastructure confirmed the genera recognized with traditional somatic characters and the monophyly of the branchiobdellidans. Xironodrilus was proved to be the sister species of Ankyrodrilus and its inclusion into the family Branchiobdellidae was supported. Evolutionary hypotheses on intergeneric differences in the family consistent with its biogeography can be suggested by the cladograms: Xironogiton is an early offshoot of branchiobdellidan lineage migrating to North America and probably radiating only in recent times; Branchiobdella kobayashii has a spermatozoon completely different from that of the other species of the genus, thus suggesting a complex story for this widespread taxon with a disjunct distribution.