氨基酸输液及其生产

<正> 粮据国内外有关报导和引介文献,近二十年来,对氨基酸进行了多方面深入研究,使氨基酸生产和应用得到了发展。复合结晶氨基酸输液,是近年应用广泛的营养输液。它是提供机体生物合成蛋白质所需的氨基酸和保证氨基酸的有效成份,而每种蛋白质都有特定的氨基酸组成,缺少一种氨基酸或因其量不足,蛋白质合成就不能发生。     

L—缬氨酸

缬氨酸是人和动物营养所必需的氨基酸之一,它是脂肪族的中性氨基酸。1856年 Gorup-Besanty 从胰脏的提取液中首先发现。但直到1901年才被 E.Fischer 从蛋白质水解物分离成功。并证明它是蛋白质中的组成成份。同时,缬氨酸还是多种抗菌素如青霉素,短杆菌肽,     

L—缬氨酸

<正> 缬氨酸是人和动物营养所必需的氨基酸之一,它是脂肪族的中性氨基酸。1856年 Gorup-Besanty 从胰脏的提取液中首先发现。但直到1901年才被 E.Fischer 从蛋白质水解物分离成功。并证明它是蛋白质中的组成成份。同时,缬氨酸还是多种抗菌素如青霉素,短杆菌肽,     

氨基酸新的分离方法的研究

<正> 一氨基酸发现的历史众所周知,最初发现的氨基酸大部分是来自蛋白质水解产物。象从天门冬的根单独分离出天门冬氨酸及从膀胱结石中发现了胱氨酸这两种氨基酸最初虽不是作为蛋白质的组成而发现的。但后来发现它们也是蛋白质的组成成份。从而肯定了氨基酸是蛋白质的方式存在于自然界。1820年从明胶的水解液中分离出了甘氨酸,又名氨基乙酸。(当时,由于具有甜味曾被认为是糖)。后来,发现它是组成蛋白质成分。从而得知甘氨酸是构成蛋白质的第一个被发现的氨基酸。     

从猪血水解液中提取酸性、碱性氨基酸和亮氨酸

<正> 猪血中含有丰富的蛋白质。试验结果表明,猪血由除去大量水份外,约含20％～25％的干物质。这种干物质主要成份为蛋白质。应用猪血粉为蛋白质原料水解提取氨基酸的方法国内已见报道。我厂自1978年起开始研究直接利用猪血作为蛋白质原料水解提取酸性、碱性氨基酸和亮氨酸。经过努力,我们采用较高的流速,用732阳离子交换树脂柱将水解液中氨基酸粗略分离分组,然后利用一些氨基酸的     

氨基酸生产、应用方面的进展

<正> 由于地球上一切生命机体的蛋白质都是二十种左右氨基酸组成,氨基酸的重大生物学意义早就引起人们注意。人类及动物营养学研究,发现了一些氨基酸是营养上的必需成份;许多食物的鲜美味与谷氨酸等某些氨基酸相关,使氨基酸与医疗保健和食品工业生产实践挂上了钩,并在这些领域的实践推动下,研究不断深入,不断有新的发现,使目前氨基酸已成为     

氨基酸的生产现状和建议

<正> 氨基酸是构成生物体蛋白质并同生命活动有关的最基本的物质,它在机体内具有特殊的生理功能;是生物体不可缺少的营养成份之一。每个氨基酸至少有一个氨基和一个羟基,所以它是一种两性化合物。由于氨基酸化学结构的这种特性,因而它有广泛的用途。不仅用于食品、医药、饲料等方面,而且在化工、农业等方面也开辟了许多新用途。可用作食品和动     

氨基酸的生产现状和建议

<正> 氨基酸是构成生物体蛋白质并同生命活动有关的最基本的物质,它在机体内具有特殊的生理功能;是生物体不可缺少的营养成份之一。每个氨基酸至少有一个氨基和一个羟基,所以它是一种两性化合物。由于氨基酸化学结构的这种特性,因而它有广泛的用途。不仅用于食品、医药、饲料等方面,而且在化工、农业等方面也开辟了许多新用途。可用作食品和动     

努力开发氨基酸在饲料工业中的应用

<正> 氨基酸是构成生物体蛋白质并同生命活动有关的最基本的物质,它在机体内具有特殊的生理功能,是生物体不可缺少的营养成份之一,对促进动物的生长发育起着重要的作用,对于开发氨基酸在饲料工业中的应用,促进我国畜牧业的发展有着十分重要的意义。     

蛋氨酸含量丰富的野生大豆

<正> 一、蛋氨酸的营养价值与大豆品质育种蛋白质由氨基酸构成,比糖或脂类有更大的变异性。人类的饮食并不要求蛋白质自身,而是制造蛋白质的原材料,即大部份以氨基酸的形式吸取。在天然的食物中氨基酸很少以游离形式存在,而多半是以蛋白质形式存在。由于约有20种氨基酸的组合和排列,使产生的蛋白质多的不计其数,而每一个蛋白质的独特的氨基酸顺序和长度的构成不同,所以蛋白质的功能是多种多样的。蛋白质的合成,所有的氨基酸成份都必须具备,但作为食物它们之中的个别的氨基酸不是人体所必需的。     

Draft genome sequence of the termite,Coptotermes formosanus: Genetic insights into the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of the termite

Termites are generally deficient in pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle; however, one termite species, Coptotermes formosanus, has some PDH activity, though it is not enough to maintain the respiration of the termite by itself. We obtained a high quality annotated draft genome of C. formosanus. We found that all genes constituting the PDH complex and controlling PDH activity are present in the genome of C. formosanus, except for the PDH protein X component that is essential for a functional PDH complex. Additionally, we found that C. formosanus has three endo-ß-1,4-glucanases (EGs), for which the amino acid sequences differ from those of previously reported EGs. Despite the ability of termites to convert cellulose to glucose and the resulting glucose to pyruvate, PDH is likely to function poorly due to a missing X component of the PDH complex.     

Effect of sound and Lenzites-decayed wood on the amino acid composition of Reticulitermes flavipes

In hydrolysates of the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes, the most abundant protein amino acids (μmoles) were glycine, alanine, and glutamic acid; the least abundant were methionine and histidine. Sawdust from both sound and Lenzites trabea-decayed sapwood blocks of sugar maple, loblolly pine, and slash pine was force-fed to termites. A diet of decayed rather than sound wood had little effect on protein amino acid composition of the termites; glycine content varied the most. In contrast, diet affected the free amino acid composition. Except for glutamic acid, the major protein amino acids of the termites were not the predominant free amino acids. Tyrosine and histidine were relatively more abundant as free than as protein amino acids. Greatest differences in protein amino acid compositions of sound and decayed wood were in contents of glycine, leucine, lysine, and arginine.     

Phylogeny of symbiotic methanogens in the gut of the termite Reticulitermes speratus

Abstract The phylogeny of a symbiotic methanogen inhabiting the gut of a lower termite, Reticulitermes speratus , was analysed without cultivation. The small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (ssrDNA) and a 640-bp portion of the gene encoding subunit A of methyl coenzyme M reductase ( mcrA ) were amplified from a mixed-population DNA of the termite gut by polymerase chain reaction and cloned. The nucleotide sequence of the ssrDNA and the predicted amino acid sequence of the mcrA product were compared with those of the known methanogens. Both comparisons indicated that the termite symbiotic methanogen belonged to the order Methanobacteriales but was distinct from the known members of this order.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of a transferrin cDNA from the white-spotted flower chafer, Protaetia brevitarsis.

A full-length cDNA clone with high homology to insect transferrin genes was cloned by screening a Protaetia brevitarsis cDNA library. This gene (PbTf) had a total length of 2338 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 2163 bp, and encoded a predicted peptide of 721 amino acid residues. Like known cockroach, termite, and beetle transferrins, PbTf appears to have residues comprising iron-binding sites in both N- and C-terminal lobes. The deduced amino acid sequence of the PbTf cDNA was closest in structure to the beetle Apriona germari transferrin (68% protein sequence identity). Northern blot analysis revealed that PbTf exhibited fat body-specific expression and was upregulated by wounding, bacterial or fungal infection and iron overload, suggesting a functional role for PbTf in defense and stress responses.     

Isolation and assessment of gut bacteria from the Formosan subterranean termite,Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), for paratransgenesis research and application

Paratransgenesis targeting the gut protozoa is being developed as an alternative method for the control of the Formosan subterranean termite (FST). This method involves killing the cellulose‐digesting gut protozoa using a previously developed antiprotozoal peptide consisting of a target specific ligand coupled to an antimicrobial peptide (Hecate). In the future, we intend to genetically engineer termite gut bacteria as “Trojan Horses” to express and spread ligand‐Hecate in the termite colony. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of bacteria strains isolated from the gut of FST as “Trojan Horses.” We isolated 135 bacteria from the guts of workers from 3 termite colonies. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene identified 20 species. We tested 5 bacteria species that were previously described as part of the termite gut community for their tolerance against Hecate and ligand‐Hecate. Results showed that the minimum concentration required to inhibit bacteria growth was always higher than the concentration required to kill the gut protozoa. Out of the 5 bacteria tested, we engineered Trabulsiella odontotermitis, a termite specific bacterium, to express green fluorescent protein as a proof of concept that the bacteria can be engineered to express foreign proteins. Engineered T. odontotermitis was fed to FST to study if the bacteria are ingested. This feeding experiment confirmed that engineered T. odontotermitis is ingested by termites and can survive in the gut for at least 48 h. Here we report that T. odontotermitis is a suitable delivery and expression system for paratransgenesis in a termite species.     

Identification of soldier caste-specific protein in the frontal gland of nasute termite Nasutitermes takasagoensis (Isoptera: Termitidae)

The termite soldier is unique because of its defensive task in a colony. In Nasutitermitinae (family Termitidae), soldiers use in their defense frontal glands, which contain various chemical substances. To isolate the gene products related to the chemical defense, we compared the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein profiles of soldier heads with those of workers of the nasute termite Nasutitermes takasagoensis. We identified a 26-kDa soldier-specific protein (Ntsp1) that exists most abundantly in the dorsal head including the frontal gland. We determined the N-terminal amino acid sequence of Ntsp1, and then cloned the Ntsp1 cDNA by rapid amplification of the cDNA ends-polymerase chain reaction (RACE-PCR). A putative signal peptide was detected upstream of the N-terminus and the Ntsp1 protein showed sequence homologies with known insect secretory carrier proteins, which bind to hydrophobic ligands such as juvenile hormone, suggesting that Ntsp1 belongs to this class of proteins. Northern blot analysis confirmed that the expression level of Ntsp1 was high only in the soldier head. In addition, the localization of Ntsp1 expression was limited in epithelial cells of the frontal gland reservoir, suggesting that this protein binds to some terpenoid(s) preserved in the frontal gland reservoir.     

Dietary supplements of mixtures of indispensable amino acids lacking threonine, phenylalanine or histidine increase the activity of hepatic threonine dehydrogenase, phenylalanine hydroxylase or histidase, respectively, and prevent growth depressions in chicks caused by dietary excesses of threonine, phenylalanine, or histidine*

Experiments were carried out to determine whether the addition of a mixture of indispensable amino acids (IAA) lacking in threonine, phenylalanine or histidine, respectively, to a nutritionally complete diet would increase the hepatic activities of the rate-limiting enzymes for catabolism of threonine, phenylalanine or histidine and prevent the adverse effects of the amino acid on growth when the dietary level of the amino acid is excessive. Week old Leghorn chicks were fed semi-purified diets containing 19% crude protein to which were added no IAA supplement or 10% crude protein from an IAA mix and 5 graded levels of either L-threonine, L-phenylalanine or L-histidine in a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each amino acid was investigated in a separate experiment involving four replicate pens (seven chicks each) per diet. Weight gains and feed consumptions were determined on the fourteenth day of each experiment. The groups receiving no excess, and 1.0% or 2.0% excesses of amino acids were sampled on the fifteenth day for enzyme activities and plasma amino acid concentrations. Weight gain and/or feed consumption were lower, and plasma concentrations of threonine, phenylalanine and histidine were higher, in chicks receiving 1.5 to 2.0% dietary additions of threonine, phenylalanine, and histidine, respectively, than in chicks that did not receive these amino acids. Chicks that received the amino acids in diets that also contained the IAA supplement had better growth and feed consumption, lower plasma concentrations of threonine, phenylalanine or histidine, higher plasma concentrations of other indispensable amino acids, and higher activities of threonine dehydrogenase, phenylalanine hydroxylase, and histidase than chicks receiving excess amino acids in the absence of IAA supplements. We conclude that the dietary level of protein, not the dietary level of individual amino acids, is the primary determinant of the activity of amino acid degrading enzymes in liver. The increased activity of these enzymes may be the mechanism by which dietary protein alleviates the adverse effects of excessive levels of individual amino acids.     

台湾家白蚁内切葡聚糖酶活性中心氨基酸的饱和突变

对内切葡聚糖酶的功能改进一直是纤维素酶研究领域的焦点。本研究对台湾家白蚁内切葡聚糖酶(CfEG)的活性位点做了饱和突变。首先,以PDB数据库中高山象白蚁内切葡聚糖酶(NtEG)的三维结构(PDB id=1ks8)为模板,对CfEG进行三维结构同源建模,二者序列一致性高达79%。位于CfEG活性中心的D53、D56、E411,分别与NtEG的催化残基D54、D57、E412重合。用简并引物对CfEG的假定活性位点D53、D56、E411进行定点饱和突变。在位点D53、D56各筛选到羧甲基纤维素酶活有一定提高的突变子D53E、D56C,其中D56C的Km值减小为原始酶的三分之一。双突变子D53L/D56I的比活比原始酶提高了近2倍,同时Km值减小至原始酶的一半。而E411的饱和突变子库均没有活性,进一步将其替换为近似氨基酸的E411D、E411Q定点突变子也丧失了酶活。由突变结果可推断,位点E411为该酶行使功能的必需残基。