我国小麦抗麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae)研究概况

麦长管蚜是我国小麦的重要害虫之一。选育和种植抗虫品种是防治麦长管蚜的理想方法。本文就我国小麦抗麦长管蚜种质资源筛选、抗性机制和小麦品种对麦蚜种群动态影响等方面的研究进展进行了概括,同时指出今后应加强小麦抗麦长管蚜基因的研究。     

小麦品种抗性对麦长管蚜种群增长的影响

本研究采用室内、外结合的方法,分苗期和拔节期,对大田抗蚜性鉴定中表现不同的10个小麦品种的抗性对麦长管蚜种群增长的影响进行了研究。研究结果显示,品种抗性对麦长管蚜的存活率、发育进度、繁殖力有一致的抑制作用;品种间抗蚜性存在显著差异。同时通过组建不同品种上麦长管蚜繁殖特征生命表,从量的角度揭示了小麦品种抗性与麦长管蚜种群增长之间的关系。     

小麦种质对麦长管蚜的抗性鉴定与评价

2002-2005年连续4年,选用蚜情指数法对小麦种质进行麦长管蚜田间自然感蚜抗性鉴定,从2000份小麦种质中筛选出不同抗性材料34份,占总鉴定材料的1.7%,其中高抗种质5份、抗性种质9份、中抗种质20份。利用苗期室内接虫法,对部分抗感小麦种质进行鉴定,结果表明,苗期的抗性表现与成株期基本一致。对杂交组合临远207(抗)×Witchita(感)的F1、F2的抗性遗传分析表明,临远207对麦长管蚜的抗性由1对显性单基因控制。     

不同小麦品种对麦长管蚜的抗性

在大田对18个品种98-10-34、PI-矮、千斤早、XZ1三代、AmigoF3、98-10-30、98-10-35、Tm44、98-10-9、Amigo、XZ13三代、98-10-32、AmigoF2、AmigoF4、PI-高、XZ13母本、陕229及Largo进行耐害性测定,对小麦的感蚜量做了系统调查,分别分析各品种耐害补偿功能及自然感蚜特征之间的关系。结果显示:品种Tm44、AmigoF3、Amigo、AmigoF2、AmigoF4和98-10-9虽然自然感蚜率比较高,但与同类相比减产率却不高;品种Largo、98-10-32、陕229、98-10-35、XZ13母本、PI-高和XZ1三代自然感蚜率比较低,而且其减产率也相对较低;品种PI-矮不仅自然感蚜率高,减产率也排名第二;98-10-34为明显感虫品种,还有98-10-30、XZ13三代和千斤早因为虽然感蚜率最小,但减产率相对较高,所以也是感虫品种。采用室内网罩饲养实验系统研究4个小麦品种陕229、98-10-9、Tm44和largo对麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae(Fabricius)生命周期及生殖情况等的影响,同时通过组建不用品种上麦长管蚜繁殖特征生命表,从量的角度揭示小麦品种抗性与麦长管蚜增长之间的关系。结果表明:不同小麦品种对麦长管蚜的存活率,发育历期和净增值率的影响明显不同,品种间抗蚜性存在显著差异。     

温度对麦长管蚜的影响

温度对麦长管蚜的影响汪世泽,郝树广（西北农业大学陕西杨陵７１２１００）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＴｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｏｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈＧｒａｉｎＡｐｈｉｄ￥．ＷａｎｇＳｈｉｚｅ;ＨａｏＳｈｕｇｕａｎｇ（ＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔｅｒｎＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｙａｎｇｌｉｎｇ,ＳｈａａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ７１２１００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（３）：５３－５６．ＩｎａｎｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｇｒａｉｎａｐｈｉｄ,ｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｒａｔｅＶ（ｔ）ｏｆａｌａｔａｅｉｓｌｏｗｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏｆａｐｔｅｒａｅ,ａｎｄｔｈｅＶ（ｔ）ｏｆ４ｔｈｉｎｓｔａｒｏｆａｌａｔａｅｉｓｔｈｅＩｏｗｅｓｔ．Ｔｈｅａｌａｔａｅａｐｐｅａｒｓｔｏｂｅａｂｌｅｔｏｔｏｌｅｒ－ａｔｅａｗｉｄｅｒｒａｎｇｅｏｆｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ,ｂｕｔｔｈｅｓｕｒｖｉｖａｌｃｕｒｖｅｉｓａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄｅｖｉｄｅｎｔｌｙｂｙｉｔ．Ａｔｌｏｗｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ,ｔｈｅｃｕｒｖｅｄｅｃｌｉｎｅｓｓｌｏｗｌｙ,ｂｕｔａｔｈｉｇｈｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ     

小麦品种对麦长管蚜抗性的模糊综合决策

应用50个小麦品种对麦长管蚜抗性鉴定指标值进行模糊统计回归分析,提出了品种自然感蚜量、蚜虫在品种上的累积存活率、平均发育历期、产仔率、内禀增长率(r_m)及品种耐害性等抗性指标的模糊隶属函数,建立了品种抗性的模糊综合决策模型。对10个品种的抗蚜性综合决策结果表明,陕167的综合抗蚜性最强,83(37)65、(87)113、82246次之,小偃6号最差。同时,综合型决策模型的决策结果最优,精度高,保留较多信息。     

七星瓢虫对麦长管蚜,禾谷缢管蚜捕食选择性研究

本文报导了七星瓢虫对两种猎物捕食选择性研究成果,这对以瓢治蚜工作提供了理论依据。主要结果为:1.七星瓢虫对麦长管蚜有明显的正喜好性,对禾谷缢管蚜有明显的负喜好性。2.瓢虫对两种蚜虫的喜好性与麦长管蚜密度呈显著负相关,与禾谷缢管蚜密度呈正相关。3.当两种猎物共存时,瓢虫对每种猎物的功能反应有所变化。两猎物总密度增加,瓢虫对每种猎物的功能反应越来越趋向Hollink Ⅲ型,一种猎物密度恒定,另一种猎物密度变化时,瓢虫对猎物的功能反应趋向Holling Ⅲ型。而且随猎物恒定的密度增加,HoUing Ⅲ型典型性增加。4.麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜密度增加均降低瓢虫的捕食作用率。但是,禾谷缢管蚜所引起捕食作用率更为严重的减少。     

麦长管蚜为害小麦经济阈值研究

本文报道了麦长管蚜为害小麦的田间实验结果。分析表明:麦长管蚜为害小麦的关键时间是小麦灌浆期;对于郾师9号其经济阈限在灌浆前期是480头/百株或2402日头/百株的累积蚜量,在灌浆中期是185头/百株或922日头/百株的累积蚜量;对于冀麦19号,其经济阈限在灌浆前期为222头/百株或1110日头/百株的累积蚜量,在灌浆中期为369头/百株或1845日头/百株的累积蚜量。     

四川小麦主栽品种对禾谷缢管蚜的抗性

【目的】评价四川小麦主栽品种对禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi Linnaeus的抗性,比较以蚜量比值为标准划分的抗性等级与千粒重损失率的一致性。【方法】选择2000年以来四川省审定的34个小麦主栽品种,遮雨棚内盆栽种植,在孕穗期进行罩网接蚜,利用蚜量比值方法划分抗蚜等级,在小麦成熟后测定千粒重损失率。【结果】34个品种的抗性等级分布为中抗~高感,没有抗或高抗品种,中抗、低抗、低感、中感、感、高感等级的品种数分别为2、6、11、5、6和4个,中抗品种为川麦42和绵麦45。中抗至高感等级品种的平均千粒重损失率依次为43.6%、58.1%、60.3%、68.1%、73.5%和77.1%,川麦42(中抗)和内麦836(高感)的千粒重损失率分别为41.8%和80.7%。蚜量比值与千粒重损失率之间呈极显著的正相关,部分品种抗性等级与其千粒重损失率表现不一致,低抗品种川农16千粒重损失率为70.0%,而低感品种川麦107的千粒重损失率为52.8%。【结论】本试验条件下,参试的四川小麦品种在中抗至高感禾谷缢管蚜等级内均有分布,且主要集中在低感范围内,具有外源遗传背景的川麦42比近源品种的整体抗性稍强。蚜量比值结合千粒重损失率进行小麦抗性等级划分的结果更加可靠。     

小麦抗蚜品种（系）或材料的抗性遗传测定及筛选

测定了部分小麦品种（系）或材料的丁布（ＤＩＭＢＯＡ）含量及几个和抗蚜性有关的物理性状（叶、叶毛长度和密度,蜡质含量）,同时对这些品种（系）或材料进行抗麦长管蚜（Ｍacrosiophum avenae(F.))鉴定,统计其累计蚜量。结果表明,丁布含量及各物理性状与累计蚜量均成负相关关系,通过多目标综合决策分析,认为１粒小麦（Ｔriticum monococcum)和材料９８－１０－９是比较好的抗性种质资源,生产上广泛推广的千斤早是感蚜的品种。     

Influence of wheat and oat cultivars on the development of the cereal aphid parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi and the generalist aphid parasitoid Ephedrus plagiator

The effects of three wheat cultivars and two oat cultivars on the development of the cereal aphid parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi De Steph. and the generalist aphid parasitoid Ephedrus plagiator (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were evaluated in the laboratory. The level of hydroxamic acids, a family of secondary metabolites that can affect the mean relative growth rate of cereal aphids in cereals, were measured in the different cultivars. The parasitoids were reared in Sitobion avenae (F.) (Homoptera: Aphididae), using plants grown under greenhouse conditions. A. rhopalosiphi showed a longer developmental time on wheat relative to oat cultivars. This effect was accounted for by a significant increase in the time from oviposition to pupation (mummy formation), while the duration of the pupal stage remained constant between treatments. No further effects were observed in other variables evaluating A. rhopalosiphi performance, such as adult longevity, adult body weight and secondary sex ratio. The generalist E. plagiator did not show significant differences in any of the variables analysed, both between cultivars and cereal species. Hydroxamic acids levels correlated negatively with mean relative growth rates of S. avenae, but positively with the observed developmental time of A. rhopalosiphi. The results are discussed in terms of tritrophic effects and the development of breeding programmes trying to improve plant resistance to aphids.     

The effect of reducing growth in winter wheat on the population dynamics of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (F.)

1 The effect of reducing the growth of winter wheat on population size and development of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae was studied. 2 Automatic, mobile, crop shading devices, which reduced radiation comparable to levels found on a cloudy day, whilst minimizing other climatic changes, were used to reduce crop growth. Shading was applied between either GS 31 and 39 (1st node detectable → flag leaf ligule just visible) or GS 39 and 55 (flag leaf just visible → 50% of inflorescence emerged). 3 Sitobion avenae populations were initiated at GS 55 and highest populations were subsequently observed on plants shaded between GS 31 and 39. 4 Individual aphids confined within clip cages were observed to measure development from birth to adult moult, adult lifespan and fecundity. Results indicated that adult lifespan was shortest on plants shaded between GS31 and 39, whilst there were no differences in development time or fecundity. 5 Possible explanations for these observations are discussed.     

Effect of secondary plant substances on winter wheat resistance to grain aphid

The association between the concentrations of hydroxamic acids, total phenols, and indole alkoloids in winter wheat cultivars with their antibiotic resistance to the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (F.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) was studied. The antibiosis was measured under field conditions using the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r_m). The content of the studied allelochemicals was estimated in flag leaf at the anthesis growth stage. Highly significant negative correlations were found between the r_m values and the concentrations of hydroxamic acids (r=–0.905) and total phenols (r=–0.946), but not with indole alkaloids (r=–0.380). The contribution of these allelochemicals to the resistance of winter wheat to S. avenae is discussed.

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Résumé Les effets combinés de la concentration en substances allélochimiques des feuilles flétries et de la résistance antibiotique aux pucerons des grains ont été étudiés sur 4 cultivars de blé d'hiver, dont 2 modérément résistants: Saga et Grana et 2 sensibles: Emika et Liwilla. L'antibiose a été évaluée dans les conditions de la nature, aux stades d'épiaison et d'anthèse, en utilisant le taux intrinsèque de croissance r_m. La quantification des substances allélochimiques a été effectuée par colorimétrie.Des corrélations négatives hautement significatives ont été trouvées entre les valeurs de R_m et la concentration en acides hydroxamiques (r=–0,905 pour 10 dl, P<0,01) et la teneur totale en phénols (r=–0,946, pour 10 dl, P<0,01). La teneur en alcaloïdes indols était elle aussi corrélée négativement, mais pas significativement avec r_m (r=–0,380, pour 10 dl, P>0,1). La discussion porte sur la contribution de ces substances allélochimiques à la résistance du blé d'hiver à Sitobion avenae.

     

Responses of summer cereal aphid populations to reduced rate aphicide applications in field plots of winter wheat

Abstract 1 Recommended and reduced rate applications of pirimicarb and alpha‐cypermethrin were applied to winter wheat crops to control summer infestations of grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) and rose‐grain aphid (Metopolophium dirhodum). 2 Aphid numbers were assessed weekly and the yield response to treatment application was compared with accumulated aphid days on the crop. 3 Responses to aphicide treatment varied between sites according to variations in the subsequent development of aphid populations under varying weather conditions and differential pressures from aphid natural enemies. 4 Alpha‐cypermethrin treatment reduced spider density at most sites, and also resulted in a resurgence of aphid populations at three sites.     

不同小麦品种（系）叶片表面蜡质对两种麦蚜取食的影响

采用气质联用(GC-MS)和生物测定法,探讨了不同小麦品种(系)叶片表面蜡质对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜取食的影响.结果表明:SN80、SN18和ZM12叶片表面蜡质对2种蚜虫取食具有刺激作用,而SN87叶片表面蜡质无刺激作用.对4种小麦材料叶片表面蜡质进行GC-MS分析发现,其表面蜡质化学组分有所不同,但主要组分均为长链烷烃,其它组分包括7-十四碳烯、8-十五烷酮、十四烷酸乙酯和十六烷酸乙酯等.生物测定结果表明:长链烷烃(>C17)、7-十四碳烯及8-十五烷酮对两种蚜虫取食具有显著的刺激作用;而乙基柠檬酸、十四烷酸乙酯和十六烷酸乙酯对麦长管蚜取食无刺激作用;十四烷酸乙酯和十六烷酸乙酯对禾谷缢管蚜取食也无刺激作用.     

Development and reproductive potential of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae on resistant wheat lines (Triticum monococcum)

The effect of wheat resistance in lines of Triticum monococcum L., on the reproductive performances of the cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae F.) was investigated. Aphids were reared from birth to adult moult either on resistant or susceptible wheat lines, and transferred as apterae to both host genotypes. The influence of these transfers on the subsequent adult weight, gonad status and reproductive performances was evaluated. Aphids transferred from resistant to susceptible plants proved able to compensate for their poor nymphal growth, mainly through additional embryo growth and an increase in the number of matured embryos within the first 10 days of their adult life. Most aphids transferred from susceptible to resistant plants died within the first week following the transfer. Their most advanced embryos matured and were born, but subsequent embryo growth was quickly reduced. The reproductive strategies adopted by S. avenae when facing plant resistance, and the hypothesis of a resistant mechanism based on a poor nutritional state of the resistant plants are discussed.     

Impact of intercropping aphid-resistant wheat cultivars withoilseed rape on wheat aphid (Sitobion avenae) and its natural enemies

The effects of intercropping of wheat cultivars and oilseed rape on the densities of wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae, and their arthropod natural enemies were evaluated. Three winter wheat cultivars with different resistant levels to S. avenae were used: ‘KOK’ (high resistance), ‘Xiaobaidongmai’ (low resistance) and ‘Hongmanghong’ (susceptible). The results showed that the densities of S. avenae were significantly higher on the monoculture pattern than on either the 8-2 intercropping pattern (eight rows of wheat with two rows of oilseed rape) or the 8-4 intercropping pattern (eight rows of wheat with four rows of oilseed rape). The mean number of predators and the mummy rates of S. avenae were significantly higher in two intercropping patterns than those in the monoculture pattern. The densities of S. avenae, ladybeetles, and mummy rate of S. avenae were significantly different among different wheat cultivars. The highest densities of S. avenae and ladybeetles were found on wheat cultivar Hongmanghong. The lowest densities of S. avenae associated with high mummy rate of S. avenae were found on wheat cultivar Xiaobaidongmai. The results showed that wheat-oilseed rape intercropping conserved more predators and parasitoids than in wheat monoculture fields, and partial resistance of wheat cultivar Xiaobaidongmai had complementary or even synergistic effects on parasitoid of S. avenae.     

A field evaluation of different criteria for determiningthe need to treat winter wheat against the grain aphid Sitobion avenae and the rose-grain aphid Metopolophium dirhodum

The economics of control of grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) and rose-grain aphid (Metopolophium dirhodum) were investigated in a series of experiments carried out across England in 1988 and 1989. Sprays of pirimicarb or dimethoate were applied at three growth stages and yield effects measured. Aphid infestations were determined by a range of different methods, to evaluate the value of each for decision making. Aphids overwintered in crops in mild conditions in both seasons, resulting in early population build-up and decline in many cases. Aphicide sprays applied during the booting stage increased average yields by 0.26 t/ha. Profitability of the treatment strategies considered was not greatly enhanced by selective spray application related to aphid assessment at this stage. Delaying decision making to the flowering or grain-filling stages resulted in reduced profitability. A poor correlation between aphid numbers and crop yield response to sprays was found. This was shown to be due to differences in subsequent aphid population development and in aphicide efficacy. Grain quality was affected only by high aphid infestations which caused large yield reductions.     

我国麦蚜抗药性及研究现状

麦蚜是危害我国小麦Triticum aestivum L.生产的主要害虫,具有分布广、数量大、繁殖力强以及远距离迁飞等特点,不仅直接吸食小麦汁液,还传播多种植物病毒,每年造成小麦减产10%~30%。目前对麦蚜的防控主要以化学防治为主,但由于化学杀虫剂长期或不合理的使用,多地麦蚜对常用杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗性。本文从麦蚜抗药性测定方法、抗性水平及交互抗性、代谢和靶标抗性机制、以及麦蚜抗药性综合治理等方面进行了综述,以期为麦蚜的防治及杀虫剂的持续合理使用提供理论参考和依据。     

Changes in phenylalanine and tyrosine content and metabolism in ears of susceptible and aphid resistant winter wheat cultivars upon infestation by Sitobion avenae

Changes in free phenylalanine and tyrosine content and metabolism in the ears of susceptible Bezostaya 1 and relatively resistant Atlas 66 winter wheat varieties after natural infestation by the grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) (F.) were investigated. After infestation the content of phenylalanine and tyrosine in the variety Atlas 66 was higher than in the susceptible cultivar Bezostaya 1. Attack by aphids also brought changes in the metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine in the tissues. A higher phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) activity was observed in ear tissues of the more resistant variety Atlas 66. The changes in the activity of those lyases in Atlas 66 were strictly correlated with the increase of phenylalanine and tyrosine content after infestation.

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Résumé L'étude a porté sur l'analyse des teneurs en phénylalanine et tyrosine libres et sur le métabolisme des épis de blés d'hiver, — sensible Bezostaya 1 et relativement résistant Atlas 66 —, après une attaque naturelle du puceron des grains, S. avenae F. Les teneurs en phénylalanine et en tyrosine d'Atlas 66 sont alors supérieures à celles de Bezostaya 1. Les attaques de pucerons provoquent des changements dans le métabolisme de la phénylalanine et de la tyrosine des tissus. Des activités phénylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) et tyrosine ammonialyase (TAL) ont été observées dans les tissus des épis de la variété la plus résistante, Atlas 66. Les modifications de l'activité de ces lyases dans les pieds du cultivar résistant Atlas 66 présentent une relation étroite avec l'accroissement des teneurs en phénylalanine et en tyrosine après la contamination.