几种跳鼠自然繁殖情况的初步观察

1985年1—12月在灵武县临河地区共捕羽尾跳鼠184只、五趾跳鼠169只、三趾跳鼠136只。雌雄性比,羽尾跳鼠为1∶0.8,五趾跳鼠为1∶2.31,三趾跳鼠为1∶0.9。羽尾跳鼠雌鼠4—9月均可繁殖。五趾跳鼠雌鼠4—8月为繁殖期。三趾跳鼠雌鼠4—9月为繁殖期。几种雄性鼠中,羽尾跳鼠一出蛰就有很强的繁殖能力,6月份达到高峰。五趾跳鼠4月初出蛰就有较强的繁殖能力,5、6月达到高峰。三趾跳鼠4、5月的繁殖能力较强,6、7月达到高峰。     

千岛湖秋季社鼠种群年龄结构及繁殖状况初探

2007 年9 ～11 月,对千岛湖不同类型岛屿捕获的123 只社鼠的年龄结构及繁殖状况进行研究,结果表明:9 ～ 10 月为千岛湖区社鼠种群的繁殖高峰期,较同纬度其他地区早。雌鼠从亚成年组出现怀孕个体,雄鼠较雌鼠性成熟早,幼年组已出现睾丸下降个体。大、中、小型岛屿年龄结构不同,分别为稳定型、衰退型及增长型。岛屿大小能够对社鼠种群繁殖指标产生影响,大型岛屿雌鼠繁殖指数(1. 96) 与平均胎仔数(4.9 ± 0.35 只)及雄性个体睾丸下降率(50.0%)均较高,社鼠种群稳定;中型岛屿雌鼠的繁殖指数(3.45) 与平均胎仔数(5.17 ± 0.42 只)为3 种类型岛屿中最高,并且雄鼠的睾丸下降率(64.7% )也相对较高,有利于社鼠种群数量增加;小型岛屿雄鼠的睾丸下降率虽然最高(68.4% ),但雌鼠繁殖指数(0.75)与平均胎仔数(4.00 ±1.53只)均较低,且参与繁殖的主体成年组性比(10∶ 5)失调,种群易出现波动。另外,社鼠的繁殖情况与植被类型和人为干扰也有较大的关联。     

鄱阳湖区黄毛鼠(Rattus losea)繁殖生态

2015—2016年对鄱阳湖区的滨湖农田和湖滩草洲的黄毛鼠种群繁殖进行了研究。研究结果表明,其种群雌雄比为81.36%,在不同的季节、生境和年龄组之间都有一定的差别,雌雄比在夏季较低,春、秋、冬季的雌雄比都超过了50.00%,其中冬季的达到了133.33%。农田和湖滩草洲上的雌雄比也都超过了50.00%,且农田的高于湖滩草洲的。在不同的年龄组之间,雌雄比最高的为幼体组140.00%,其次为成体90.20%。所有雌鼠全年的怀孕率为45.26%,平均胎仔数为6.74只,繁殖指数为1.36。夏和秋季的怀孕率都较高,冬季未捕获到怀孕鼠,仅捕获到有怀孕经历(有宫斑)的雌鼠。从繁殖指数看,春、秋季维持高峰水平,且秋峰高于春峰。雌性黄毛鼠总的参产率为71.58%,各季节间变化呈现单峰曲线,夏季最高,其次是秋季和春季,冬季停止怀孕。随着年龄的增长,平均胎仔数有明显增加的趋势,成体组胎仔数最高,而繁殖指数也是以成体组最高,说明成体组是种群中繁殖的主体。雄性黄毛鼠的睾丸下降率全年总计为81.36%,分四季平均为79.64%,春、夏、秋季都维持在较高水平,冬季最低。下位睾丸的大小季节性差异极显著(P0.01),春季与冬季相比,有显著性差异,说明开春后,雄性黄毛鼠在生殖潜能上已有明显变化。这些特征与雌鼠的繁殖高峰基本吻合。说明黄毛鼠主要在春、夏、秋季繁殖,繁殖盛期在春、秋季。从不同的年龄组看,幼体组个体不参与繁殖,亚成体组个体开始参与繁殖,繁殖主体是成体组个体。     

布氏田鼠种群繁殖特征研究

越冬田鼠每年可繁殖3胎,第1胎幼仔生于4月下旬到6月上旬,第2胎幼仔生于5月中旬到7月上旬,第3胎幼仔生于6月中旬到7月下旬。种群上升年份(1987)各胎幼仔出生高峰比1988年的提前10天左右。1987年越冬鼠第1胎集中,如4月下半月,1987年怀孕率为100%,而1988年只有44.44%。6月上半月以前越冬鼠为种群繁殖的主体,而后被当年生鼠所取代。从4月下半月到9月上半月共出生4批同龄群。K₁和K₂组生长发育旺盛,当年就参加种群繁殖,可怀孕1—3胎。K₃组生长发育较慢,当年并不性成熟,越冬后性成熟成为种群越冬鼠的主体。K₄出生晚,数量少,很少能度过漫长寒冷的冬季而成为种群的无用或潜在的繁殖力量。本文还发现越冬鼠的平均胎仔数显著高于当年鼠：种群上升年份越冬鼠平均胎仔数高于种群下降年份,而当年生鼠的平均胎仔数年度间则没有显著性差异。     

棕色田鼠种群繁殖特征及密度制约调节(英)

1992年～1994年在河南灵宝市郊黄土高源农作区春夏秋逐月捕获并解剖棕色田鼠1757只（雌性961只,雄性796只）,总性比为1．2073。全年都有繁殖鼠出现,但怀孕率、胎仔数、性比、繁殖指数有明显的季节变化,年间也有一定的差异。不同年龄组的性比、怀孕率、胎仔数、繁殖指数、睾丸下降率不同。种群密度对繁殖特征有明显的调节作用。高密度年份的棕色田鼠的性比、怀孕率和繁殖指数低于低密度年份。高密度区种群的繁殖强度受到抑制,雌鼠怀孕率、睾丸下降率低于低密度种群。     

贵州地区黑线姬鼠种群繁殖特征

黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)是贵州地区分布广泛的主要农田害鼠之一,掌握其种群繁殖特征可为种群动态的预测预报提供基础资料。1984~2014年间,采用夹夜法逐月调查了贵州省余庆县8个县(市)监测点黑线姬鼠种群动态数据,分析了其种群性比、雌鼠怀孕率和平均胎仔数、雄鼠睾丸下降率等主要繁殖生物学指标及其地理差异和季节性变动规律,明确了贵州地区黑线姬鼠种群的繁殖特征。共捕获黑线姬鼠20 113只,不同地区种群间,除平均胎仔数有显著差异外(χ~2=36.503,df=7,P0.01),其他繁殖特征值均没有差异。从时间序列看,种群中雌鼠怀孕率和雄鼠睾丸下降率的季节性变化均表现为春季(4~5月)及夏末秋初(8~9月)达到高峰的双峰型。雌鼠产仔数一般2~10只,4~7只最为常见(占93.87%)。不同季节平均胎仔数差异不大。贵州地区黑线姬鼠繁殖的总体特点为全年繁殖,春秋两季为繁殖的高峰期,冬季(12月份和翌年1、2月份)繁殖强度明显低于其他季节(F_(11,84)=61.92,P0.01),但种群密度表现为6月达到最高点的单峰型特点。     

雄性棕三趾鹑睾丸的年周期变化

2007年9月至2008年8月,于每月中旬从海南澄迈县取棕三趾鹑(Turnix suscitator)雄性成体8～11只进行解剖,观测性腺形态及其组织学特征.结果表明,棕三趾鹑睾丸重量和体积、曲细精管直径和生精上皮厚度呈周期性变化.3月睾丸明显增重增大,7月达到最大,10月明显变小减轻,12月最小.生精活动开始于3月,4～9月为旺盛的活跃期,从基膜到管腔,各级生精细胞依次排列,10月开始减弱,11月接近停止.根据睾丸各项指标的变化规律,显示棕三趾鹑11月至翌年2月为非繁殖期,3～10月为繁殖期.     

福建省莆田地区小家鼠种群繁殖的研究

1987—1989年,作者在福建省蒲田地区采集小家鼠标本1616号(雌865,雄751),解剖、观察雌雄生殖器官的特征和变化,对种群中的性比、睾丸下降率、繁殖雌鼠率、怀孕率、胎仔数、繁殖指数的季节变化和年度差异作了分析。结果表明,该地区小家鼠全年均可繁殖。雄性小家鼠体重≥10克,雌性体重≥11克时,已有75％以上达性成熟,故体重可作为划分成体的标准。种群密度对种群繁殖有明显的反馈调节作用。     

洞庭湖区社鼠的繁殖生态

在洞庭湖区域,社鼠（Niviventer confucianus）种群主要栖息在山区和丘陵地带的林地内.总体而言,其种群雌性比基本维持在50%左右,但在季节间和年龄组间有一定的差别,雌性比在冬、春季较低,夏、秋季的雌性比都超过50%.年龄组间,雌性比最高的为幼年组66.7%,亚成年和成年组的雌性比接近50%,而老年组的雌性比为最低,为33.3%.所有雌鼠全年的怀孕率为31.1%,平均胎仔数为3.7只,繁殖指数为0.58.春、夏季怀孕率较高,冬季没有捕获到怀孕的雌鼠,仅捕获到有怀孕经历（有宫斑）的雌鼠.繁殖指数在夏、秋季维持高峰水平.雌性社鼠总的参产率为53.3%,各季间呈现从春、夏到秋逐渐增加的趋势,冬季停止怀孕.可见夏、秋季为雌鼠的繁殖高峰期.随着年龄组增长,平均胎仔数有明显增加的趋势,老年组胎仔数最高,而繁殖指数以成年组最高,说明成年组是种群中繁殖的主体.雄性社鼠的睾丸下位率全年总计为75.6%,分四季平均为86.0%,夏、秋季维持在较高水平,冬、春季稍低,低谷在春季.下位睾丸的重量与大小有明显的季节变化,呈现春、夏、秋、冬逐渐下降的规律,春季与冬季相比,有显著性差异,说明开春后,雄性社鼠在生殖潜能上已有明显变化.这些特征与雌鼠的繁殖高峰基本吻合.说明社鼠主要在春、夏、秋季繁殖,繁殖盛期在夏秋季.从不同年龄组看,幼年组个体不参与繁殖,亚成年组个体开始参与繁殖,繁殖主体是成年组个体.     

阿拉善荒漠连续放牧对三趾跳鼠巢区的影响

三趾跳鼠(Dipus sagitta)是内蒙古西部荒漠草原和沙地的优势害鼠,巢区研究对了解探讨其繁殖策略和种群动态规律有着重要的理论和实践意义。本研究通过2012~2014年的野外标志重捕实验,对三趾跳鼠的巢区在连续放牧和禁牧条件下的变动特征进行了分析。结果表明,连续放牧区雌性三趾跳鼠在6月的巢区范围显著大于禁牧区(P0.05);禁牧区雄性三趾跳鼠的巢区仅在7月份显著大于连续放牧区(P0.05),其他季节没有显著差异(P0.05)。放牧对雄性巢区无显著影响(P0.05),但连续放牧使雌性三趾跳鼠巢区范围显著大于禁牧区。雌性与雄性三趾跳鼠巢区均与一年生草本生物量存在正相关关系。这些结果表明,相对于雄性三趾跳鼠来说,雌性对由放牧导致的食物资源变化比较敏感,这种现象在哺乳期更为显著;繁殖是影响雄性三趾跳鼠巢区的因素之一。因此,保卫资源假说的理论可能是放牧导致三趾跳鼠巢区变化的重要原因之一。     

藏雪鸡(Tetraogallus tibetanus)春夏季食性

藏雪鸡(retraogallus tibetanus)生活在青藏高原及其毗邻地区,是国家二级保护动物.2016年5-8月,在青海省尖扎县,采集藏雪鸡新鲜粪便及可能食用的植物,采用粪便显微分析法研究了藏雪鸡食性.结果表明:藏雪鸡能以各种植物器官为食,叶片是其食用的主要器官,茎次之,再次是花和果(种子),根极少;藏雪鸡所食...     

Long-term variation in fruiting and the food habits of wild Japanese macaques on Kinkazan Island, northern Japan

We studied the relationship between the food habits of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and the availability of nuts (Fagus crenata, Zelkova serrata, Carpinus spp., and Torreya nucifera) on Kinkazan Island, northern Japan, from 1997 to 2005 to examine the long-term variations in both food habits and availability. The food habits of the monkeys showed clear seasonal changes: the staple foods were woody leaves and flowers in spring (May and June), woody leaves and seeds or fruits other than nuts in summer (July and August), nuts and seeds or fruits other than nuts in fall (September-November), and herbaceous plants in winter (December-April). The availability of nuts, combinations of masting species, and energy production varied among years. Food habits varied among years, but the magnitude of variability of food habits differed among seasons, with large variability during summer and winter, and small variability in spring. Food availability was poor in summer and winter, but in several years the monkeys were able to consume nuts during those seasons. We emphasize the importance of conducting long-term studies on both food availability and the food habits of animals in the temperate zone.     

Reproductive biology and length–weight relationship of painted comber, Serranus scriba (Linnaeus, 1758), in the Trogir Bay area (middle-eastern Adriatic)

The reproductive biology and sexual pattern of Serranus scriba (Linnaeus, 1758) were examined in the Trogir Bay area (middle‐eastern Adriatic) from June 2001 to May 2002. The total length (TL) of all observed specimens ranged from 7.1 to 20.0 cm; 50% of the population of this species sexually matured at 9.3 cm TL. Spawning took place from May to August, with a peak in June and July. Positive allometry was established in the length–weight relationship (b = 3.15).     

The biology of the ground beetle Harpalus rufipes in a strawberry field in Northumberland

Harpalus rufipes (Degeer) was studied in a strawberry plot in Northumberland from 1973 to 1978 by pitfall trapping, and in the laboratory. Adults were active from April until November. Overwintered male beetles predominated at the beginning of each season until May, followed by overwintered females in June and July. Newly emerged, mainly female, beetles were active from August onwards. Overwintered females matured during early summer and laid eggs in August with a fecundity of 10–15 eggs/female. In the laboratory about 30% of beetles survived from one breeding season to the next. First- and second-instar larvae were caught in pitfall traps in autumn; in the laboratory they made approximately vertical burrows in which they stored seeds taken from the soil surface. Third-instar larvae fed on these seeds and were not active on the surface. Preferred seeds were those of grasses and Chenopodium album L. Larvae were usually aggregated in the soil at densities of 3–20/m².     

Diet and Food Choice of Trachypithecus francoisi in the Nonggang Nature Reserve, China

We studied the diet and food choice of 1 group of Fran?ois’ langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi) from August 2003 to July 2004 in the Nonggang Nature Reserve, Guangxi province, China. The langurs consumed 90 plant species, including 14 unidentified species. Leaves constituted 52.8% of the diet (38.9% young leaves and 13.9% mature leaves). Fruits and seeds accounted for 17.2% and 14.2%, respectively. Flowers and other items—including petioles, stems, roots, and bark—contributed to 7.5% and 7.4% of the diet, respectively. The langur diet varied according to season. They fed on more young leaves from April to September. Consumption of seeds, petioles, and stems increased between October and March, when young leaves were scarce. The diet shift corresponded to higher dietary diversity during the young leaf-lean period. Though the langurs fed on many plant species, 10 species accounted for 62.2% of the diet, only 2 of which were among the 10 most common tree species in vegetation quadrants, and the percentage of feeding records on a plant species and the percentage of individuals of the species in vegetation quadrants does not correlate significantly. Fran?ois’ langurs fed selectively, and they did not base their diet simply on the abundance of plant species in the habitat.     

放牧胁迫下沙质草地植被的受损过程

通过在科尔沁沙地为期5a的放牧试验,分析探讨了过牧条件下沙质草地植被的受损过程。试验结果表明,持续过牧下,植被严重受损。其基本过程是,随着植物茎叶被大量啃食,草地群落盖度、高度和地上现存生物量急剧下降,连续过牧5a已分别较禁牧区低82．1％、94．0％和97．9％。但草地的净初级生产力(现存生物量 家畜采食量)下降幅度较小,第5年仍为禁牧的49．5％,而其被家畜啃食的净牧草量与现存生物量的比值高达23：1,远远高于中牧和轻牧的1：1和0．3：1水平。过牧下,物种丰富度、植物多样性和均匀度也急剧下降。第5年分别为禁牧区的35．0％、29．8％和45．9％,家畜喜食的多年生和1年生植物被不喜食的1年生植物所取代,劣质牧草比例达到86％,草地生活型趋于简单。随着地上净初级生产力的下降,地下生物量也趋于下降．根层分布浅层化。在这一退化过程的后期,由于地面裸露,风沙活动强烈,植被退化进程加速,这和草甸草原植被放牧所引起的退化存在明显区别。轻牧和中牧对草地群落盖度、高度和现存生物量也有很大影响．但试验期内对草地物种丰富度和植物多样性尚未产生明显影响。     

不育剂EP - 1 对荒漠啮齿动物优势种群数量的影响

2011 ～ 2012 年在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区,利用复合不育剂EP - 1 (左炔诺孕酮- 炔雌醚),设试验区和对照区,采用春季试验区一次性投饵的方法,对子午沙鼠、小毛足鼠和三趾跳鼠3 种荒漠啮齿动物优势种群的不育控制进行研究。结果表明,不育剂EP - 1 显著降低了优势种群当年的幼体出生率,试验区5 ～ 6 月小毛足鼠幼体比例较对照区显著降低(P < 0. 05),5 ～ 8 月子午沙鼠和6 ～ 8 月三趾跳鼠成体比例分别较对照区显著增加(P < 0. 05),同时显著降低了优势鼠种当年的种群数量,试验区子午沙鼠和小毛足鼠种群在繁殖高峰期的数量均显著低于对照区(P < 0.05),4 ～ 5 月三趾跳鼠种群数量显著低于对照区(P < 0. 05)。次年,试验区5 ～ 7 月子午沙鼠种群成体比例显著高于对照区(P < 0. 05),全年种群数量显著低于对照区(P < 0.05),而三趾跳鼠种群数量与对照区差异并不显著。因此,不育剂EP - 1 对3 种荒漠啮齿动物优势种群数量增长均具有控制作用,尤其对子午沙鼠种群的持续控制效果更加明显。可见,种群在繁殖期年龄结构的变化是影响其种群数量动态的重要因素。     

Transport of14C-IAA from leaves and shoots to different fruit parts

Transport of¹⁴C-IAA was studied in apple spurs of a 20-year-old McIntosh with one fruit and one shoot. Water solutions of IAA were applied to intact, pricked or scratched leaf blades, to decapitated shoots or to petioles (leaf-blade removed) at the end of June, July and August.¹⁴C-IAA (in an unknown form) was transported from intact leaves and shoots to pedicel, pericarp and seeds. Radioactivity of the pedicels increased every month while that of seeds reached maximum at the end of July and then markedly decreased in August. Total radioactivity of whole fruit doubled, at least, with every month due to enlargement of the pericarp. Pedicels deprived of fruits had their retention prolonged on spurs with leaves or shoots treated with 1% IAA in lanoline. It is assumed that auxin delivered from shoots or still growing leaves at the time of its deficiency in seeds, restrains fruits from premature dropping. At the same time seeds seem to be protected by a regulatory system in pedicel against too massive flow of auxin from outside.     

Quantitative sampling of the pseudoscorpion Chthonius ischnocheles from beech litter

Samples of beech litter were taken from a site in Lambridge Wood, near Henley-on-Thames, Oxon.during the period May 1963 to November 1964. Peaks and trends in the densities of each of the stages of C. ischnocheles clarify the earlier work of Gabbutt & Vachon (1963) especially for the postwinter period. Most of the protonymphs appear during July to September and the majority overwinter as deutonymphs. Growth recommences the following spring, peak densities of tritonymphs are achieved in May to June and maturity is attained July to August. Mortality in the prewinter periodis at least 85% and about 50% occurs during the protonymphal stage. The adults in August belong toat least two different generations. about 40% have recently matured, the remainder have bred at least once before. Mention is made of the densities achieved by both N . muscorum and R. lubricus in relation to the very high overall densities recorded on the site.     

Quantitative sampling of the pseudoscorpion Chthonius ischnocheles from beech litter

Samples of beech litter were taken from a site in Lambridge Wood, near Henley-on-Thames, Oxon. during the period May 1963 to November 1964. Peaks and trends in the densities of each of the stages of C. ischnocheles clarify the earlier work of Gabbutt & Vachon (1963) especially for the postwinter period. Most of the protonymphs appear during July to September and the majority overwinter as deutonymphs. Growth recommences the following spring, peak densities of tritonymphs are achieved in May to June and maturity is attained July to August. Mortality in the prewinter period is at least 85% and about 50% occurs during the protonymphal stage. The adults in August belong to at least two different generations. about 40% have recently matured, the remainder have bred at least once before. Mention is made of the densities achieved by both N . muscorum and R. lubricus in relation to the very high overall densities recorded on the site.