Revision of Trillium subgenus Phyllantherum (Liliaceae)

A taxonomic revision, based mainly on morphological and distributional criteria, is presented for all taxa ofTrillium subgen.Phyllantherum Raf., which is characterized by sessile flowers. The 22 species recognized as valid include 17 morpho-geographical species in the eastern United States and five in the northwestern United States and California. These species form three morphological alliances that are characterized informally as “species groups.” All the taxa are described, and a key to species and varieties is provided. Five new species are described:Trillium decipiens, T. reliquum, T. foetidissimum, T. albidum, and T. kurabayashii; and a new status,T. angustipetalum (Torrey) Freeman, based onT. sessile var.angustipetalum Torrey, is proposed. Six new flower color forms are described:T. reliquum f. luteum, T. stamineum f. Iuteum, T. maculatum F. luteum, T. maculatum f. simulans, T. foetidissimum f. luteum, and T. cuneatum f. luteum. County distribution maps are included for all species and varieties, and an annotated synonymy is presented for each taxon.     

Trillium sulcatum (Liliaceae), a new species of the southern Appalachians

Trillium sulcatum, a new species with two petal color forms, was first circumscribed by Barksdale as a variety in 1938, but without a Latin diagnosis. It superficially resembles the mainly northernT. erectum and appears to be closely related to the primarily midwesternT. flexipes. Its distinguishing features are ringent flowers, short sepals, and long pedicels; additional characters are presented in a chart contrasting it with species with which it has been confused. Distribution suggesting relictual significance is documented. Except that intermediates withT. flexipes are occasional,T. sulcatum maintains its distinctiveness throughout its southern Appalachian range.     

A new polyploidScilla (Liliaceae) from the Cretan area (Greece)

Scilla talosii Tzanoudakis etKypriotakis from the islet of Dia is described as a new species. It is an autumn-flowering taxon related toScilla autumnalis L. andS. obtusifolia Poiret but distinct morphologically and cytologically from both these taxa.S. talosii is polyploid with 2n=ca. 150 chromosomes.     

Genetic Structure in a Heterocyanic Population of Trillium sessile (Liliaceae)

Abstract Species of Trillium in the subgenus Phyllantherum are either polymorphic for flower color, or monomorphic for flower color and related to a polymorphic species. This leads to the suggestion that polymorphic species may be the progenitors for monomorphic ones. For this to be true, it must be demonstrated that genetic divergence among flower morphs can occur within polymorphic populations. Genetic structure was assessed in a population of T. sessile that contains a polymorphism for flower color. A survey of 11 enzyme systems using starch gel electrophoresis revealed three polymorphic loci: 6PGD-1, AAT-1 and AAT-2. Analysis of large and small scale spatial structure, stage classes, and flower color classes revealed significant genetic divergence in all instances. Spatial structure in the population is likely a result of genetic neighborhoods which can maintain populational variation via random genetic drift. Genetic divergence of the yellow flower color morph was probably initiated through genetic drift since the morph occurs in low frequencies. The results imply that the initial genetic divergence of species in the subgenus can arise within polymorphic populations.     

Scilla merinoi (Liliaceae), a new species from Galicia, northwestern Iberian Peninsula

A new species, Scilla merinoi , from Galicia is described and illustrated. The similarities between the new taxon and two related species, S. odorata and S. verna , are discussed. Together with a morphological comparison of the three species, scanning electron micrographs of seeds and a map of the new species' known distribution are presented.     

A new variety of trillium pusillum (Liliaceae) from the Virginias

A montane population ofTrillium pusillum Michx. from the crest of Shenandoah Mountain on the Virginia-West Virginia state line is newly described asT. pusillum var.monticulum. It differs from the related coastal plain variant, var.virginianum Fernald, by its broader and shorter leaf and sepal ratios, typically notched petal apices, consistently sessile flowers (not at all pedicellate), slightly shorter style, and reduced stature. The var.monticulum is restricted to the ridge crest of the mountains at 1190 m (3900 ft) elevation while the var.virginianum is restricted to the coastal plains of eastern Maryland and Virginia et elevations less than 30 m (100 ft).     

A new Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae) from northwestern Nevada

Penstemon floribundus, belonging to sect.Saccanthera (Benth.) A. Gray and known only from the western edge of the Jackson Mountains, Humboldt Co., Nevada, is described, illustrated, and discussed.     

A new Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae) from northwestern Arizona

Penstemon distans, belonging to sect.Cristati (Rydb.) Pennell and known only from the southeastern edge of the Shivwits Plateau, Mohave Co., Arizona, is described, illustrated and discussed.     

A new species of Allium (Liliaceae)

Allium stoloniferum, a new species from southern Mexico, belongs to theA. kunthii alliance on the basis of the appearance of the perianth segments and the presence of long slender rhizomes, but differs by the presence of bulbils.     

Life History Studies on the Genus Trillium (Liliaceae) III. Reproductive Biology of Six Sessile-flowered Species Occurring in the Southeastern United States with Special Reference to Vegetative Reproduction

Abstract Life history characteristics, e.g., stage class structures of natural populations and associated reproductive characteristics, were studied for six sessile-flowered, diploid Trillium (Liliaceae) species that are restricted to the Coastal Plain region of the southeastern United States.
These sessile-flowered species reproduce primarily by vegetative propagation. Leaf area measurements were used to categorize stage class distributions of natural populations. Populations propagating mainly by vegetative reproduction had non-sigmoidal, convex-shaped population structures with most plants being in the intermediate stage classes. Low numbers of individuals in smaller stage classes and an abundance of intermediate sized individuals are due to the fact that vegetative propagules are the primary method for maintenance of local populations.
Characteristics associated with sexual reproduction were also examined. Seed output averaged about 20 seeds per plant, except for T. lancifolium which produced 9.7 seeds on the average. Seed setting rates varied between 15.61–44.15% and mean seed weight varied from 4.89 to 10.75 mg. The dominance of vegetative versus sexual reproduction may be due to the fact that all six species occur in ecologically unstable flood plain habitats.     

Morphological variation and female reproductive success in two sympatric Trillium species: evidence for phenotypic selection in Trillium erectum and Trillium grandiflorum (Liliaceae)

I investigated the mating systems and phenotypic variation of two sympatric spring ephemerals, Trillium erectum and T. grandiflorum (Liliaceae), and phenotypic selection acting through female reproductive success for 11 morphological characters in five sympatric populations of the two species. I examined the degree of self-compatibility, pollinator-visitation rates, and pollen limitation of fruit and seed production in both species. Both Trillium species were self-compatible, but outcrossed flowers produced more successful fruits and seeds than self-pollinated flowers. Pollinator-visitation rates to the two species were low compared to other insect-pollinated spring ephemerals. In addition, both T. erectum and T. grandiflorum experienced pollen limitation in fruit and/or seed production; however, levels of fecundity in both species may be influenced by resource availability as well. I found significant phenotypic variation in 11 morphological characters within and among the five study populations. The sizes of all morphological characters were positively correlated. In general, larger T. erectum and T. grandiflorum produced more seeds. Phenotypic selection analysis revealed that direct and indirect selection acted on the size of morphological characters for both species. But there was no detectable selection acting on plant shape. This study reveals that variation in plant size exists within and among populations of both species, and this variation is associated with variance in female reproductive success. Spatial and temporal variation in pollinator and/or resource abundance may play a role in the phenotypic variation exhibited by both Trillium species.     

Effects of herbivory and its timing across populations of Trillium grandiflorum (Liliaceae)

The goal of this study was to identify the degree to which the frequency and timing of herbivory by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and subsequent plant response varied across 12 populations of the perennial herb Trillium grandiflorum. Effects of natural and experimental herbivory on the stage and size of reproductive plants were measured. Both the frequency and timing of herbivory varied across T. grandiflorum populations. Reproductive plants were more likely to regress to nonreproductive stages in the next growing season when (1) reproductive plants were consumed by deer (vs. intact reproductive plants); (2) reproductive plants were consumed early in the growing season (vs. reproductive plants consumed late in the growing season); (3) reproductive plants were smaller in size. Clipped plants that remained reproductive were smaller in the following season than unclipped controls. Plant size was positively correlated with the number of ovules, suggesting that reductions in the growth rate of reproductive plants diminish their future reproductive success. Populations with high levels of natural herbivory had a greater proportion of reproductive plants that regressed to nonreproductive stages, probably because reproductive plants in these populations were smaller in size. However, the plant response to herbivory was similar across populations.     

内蒙古顶冰花属（百合科）一新种

报道了产于贺兰山的顶冰花属（百合科）一新种——贺兰山顶冰花Gagea alashanica Y. Z. Zhao & L. Q. Zhao。该种因柱头头状,鳞茎外皮上端向上延伸成圆筒状,抱茎,无附属小鳞茎,植物除基生叶外,茎上具有3-4枚附生叶,无明显总苞片而与新疆顶冰花G. neopopovii Goloskokov相似,但基生叶2枚,半圆筒形;鳞茎外皮向上延伸较短,长约2. 5cm,易于区别。     

A new species of Ornithogalum (Liliaceae) from South Anatolia, Turkey

Ornithogalum chetikianum Uysal, Ertugrul & Dural sp. nov. (Liliaceae) is described and illustrated from Anatolia, Turkey. The species grows on alpine steppe and stony places in Bozkır (C4 Konya province) in South Anatolia. It is closely related to O. nutans L. and O. demirizianum Malyer & M.Koyuncu, an endemic confined to South Anatolia. Diagnostic morphological characters are discussed. Notes are also presented on the ecology, biogeography and conservation status of the new species.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 148 , 501–504.     

A new species of Urvillea (Sapindaceae) from northwestern Venezuela

The new speciesUrvillea venezuelensis, from northwestern Venezuela, is described, illustrated, and compared to its putative closest relativeU. dasycarpa. Additionally micromorphological characters of pollen grains are described. The new species belongs toUrvillea sectionStenelytron, which is characterized by compressed fruit locules.     

A new species of cymopterus (Umbelliferae) from northwestern Wyoming

Cymopterus evertii, from Park and Hot Springs counties, Wyoming, is described as new. It appears to be a derivative taxon from what has been calledC. bipinnatus. Data are presented justifying the relegation of the latter name to synonymy underC. nivalis. A key is provided for distinguishingC. evertii from its presumed closest relatives.     

A new species of Jaltomata (Solanaceae) from northwestern Peru

Jaltomata whalenii, a rare species endemic to the Río San Benito drainage in the department of Cajamarca, Perú, is described and illustrated. The delimitation and relationships of the genusJaltomata are briefly discussed.     

Six new species ofGagea (Liliaceae) from the Flora Iranica area

Six new species are described:Gagea anonyma, G. Staintonii, G. siphonantha, G. Grey-Wilsonii, G. chloroneura. All belong to subgen.Platyspermum (Boiss.)Miscz. Florae Iranicae praecursores63–68. — Praecursores praecurrentes: Pl. Syst. Evol.151, 281–293 (1986).     

蜘蛛抱蛋属一新种

刺果蜘蛛抱蛋新种图1 Aspidistra spinula S. Z. He, sp. nov. (sect. Luridae G. Z. Li), Fig. 1 Species A. longanensi Y. Wan affinis, quae stigmate medio faciei superae valde convexo, tetrapartito, margine 16-lobo, facie infera aciebus 16 longitudinalibus aliformibus ornato differt; et similis A. cruciformi Y. Wan et X. H. Lu, quae lobis perianthii basi intus sine projecturis calcariformibus.