肿柄菊挥发油的化学成分分析及其化感作用

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取肿柄菊地上部分的挥发油,利用GC-MS技术对肿柄菊地上部分的挥发油进行分析,以假臭草、巴西含羞草、含羞草、蝶豆和鬼针草5种肿柄菊伴生植物为供试植物,用半密闭容器法对肿柄菊挥发油的化感效应进行生物测定。GC-MS分析结果显示,从肿柄菊挥发油中鉴定出50个化合物,占总出峰面积的94.79%,肿柄菊挥发油中主要含有α-蒎烯(63.81%)、柠檬烯(7.07%)、β-石竹烯(4.85%)、双环大香烯(2.95%)、香桧烯(2.78%)、斯巴醇(2.70%)等萜类和醇类化合物,占挥发油总量的94.15%,其中萜类化合物含量占总挥发油的86.01%。生测结果显示,肿柄菊挥发油对5种受试植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长均产生抑制作用,其中对巴西含羞草的抑制作用最为显著,而对含羞草和蝶豆影响较小。说明肿柄菊挥发油在其入侵扩散中发挥一定的化感作用。     

中国的外来入侵植物肿柄菊

简述了外来入侵植物肿柄菊的分布现状、个体生长发育特征、遗传特征和种群特征。论述肿柄菊对本地生物多样性和生态系统的危害以及对农业生产和天然林恢复带来的影响。从药物的利用与研究,杀虫剂和除草剂的研究,肥料和饲料的利用与研究三个面综述目前国内外对肿柄菊的开发利用与研究现状。最后指出对肿柄菊的防治对策主要是保护当地生物多样性,恢复本地植被,减少人类对生态系统的干扰和破坏。     

外来入侵植物肿柄菊群落动态变化特征

外来入侵植物群落动态变化特征能反映当前入侵状态和发展态势,预示着入侵的后果和趋势,可为入侵植物的影响评估和防治提供依据。为了查明我国热带和亚热带地区普遍生长的外来入侵植物肿柄菊[Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray]群落建立和变化特征,通过对肿柄菊群落分布典型地段的随机样方取样,分析不同茎级分枝在群落中的组成和相互影响关系,以及每丛枝数、枝长、丛密度、枝密度、每枝花序量、果序密度、地上生物量和土壤养分随群落平均基茎增粗的变化规律。结果表明:(1)群落中肿柄菊基茎较粗分枝增多对较细分枝的产生有抑制作用,群落发展到一定阶段后群落中较粗茎级的分枝控制着群落发展。(2)群落平均基茎粗与丛密度和枝密度呈显著负相关(P<0.01),与群落地上生物量呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与群落的果序密度没有相关性(P>0.1)。(3)随着肿柄菊群落平均基茎的增粗,土壤中全钾和有效磷含量显著增加(P<0.05),土壤有机质、全氮和水解性氮含量有减少趋势,但表现不显著(P>0.1)。随着群落定居时间增长,丛密度和枝密度降低,群落地上生物量持续...     

外来植物肿柄菊对入侵生境的生态影响及其防控对策

入侵杂草肿柄菊对我国热带和亚热带地区的生物多样性和生态系统功能产生严重影响,且其入侵呈现快速扩张态势。为提高对肿柄菊入侵危害的认识水平,加强对肿柄菊的监测预警及防控,本文通过搜集、整理和分析相关文献资料,总结肿柄菊在世界各国不同地区的入侵情况及其影响,分析肿柄菊在我国入侵的历史、分布现状及其入侵对遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性的影响。结合肿柄菊生态入侵防控研究与应用实践,指出肿柄菊入侵防控存在的主要问题和面临的挑战,并针对肿柄菊监测和高效防控技术体系提出高度重视肿柄菊入侵危害影响的分类风险评价、多元化开展肿柄菊入侵扩张的基础科学研究、建立早监测早预防的预警机制和构建针对肿柄菊入侵防控的综合技术体系等防控对策。     

外来入侵植物肿柄菊在云南的扩散风险研究

预测外来入侵植物的潜在入侵范围以及对不同环境的适应性,能够为外来植物入侵提供预警和预防.该文通过实地调查肿柄菊(Tithonia diversifolia)在云南的入侵范围,以及收集世界其他地区分布点,结合12个关键环境变量,利用MaxEnt模型对肿柄菊适生区范围和环境限制因子进行分析.结果表明:在世界范围适生区分布格...     

入侵植物肿柄菊叶片凋落物化感潜力的研究

外来入侵植物肿柄菊(Tithonia diversifolia)对入侵地的生态环境造成严重危害, 为明确肿柄菊叶片凋落物的化感作用, 研究不同浓度肿柄菊叶片凋落物水提液对黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、高羊茅(Festuca elata)和高丹草(Sorghum sudanense)幼苗生长的影响, 同时结合盆栽试验研究了肿柄菊叶片凋落物在入侵地土壤中的化感作用。结果表明, 肿柄菊凋落物水提液对3 种受体植物的生长具有显著地化感作用, 低浓度水提液对3 种受体植物的幼苗生长有显著促进作用, 而随着水提液浓度的增加则表现为抑制作用。当水提液浓度为0.1 g·mL–1 时, 肿柄菊对高丹草幼苗根长和黑麦草幼苗茎高的抑制作用最强, 化感效应指数分别为–52.2%和–33.9%。同时, 肿柄菊凋落物与土壤混合比例为30 g·kg–1 和50 g·kg–1 时可显著减低3 种受体植物的生物量, 进一步证实肿柄菊叶片凋落物在土壤中的化感抑制作用。研究表明, 肿柄菊可通过其叶片凋落物在入侵地土壤中分解, 释放化感物质, 从而抑制邻近植物的生长, 为其进一步入侵创造有利的生长环境。     

羊耳菊中咖啡酰基奎宁酸类化学成分研究

采用正相硅胶色谱柱、Sephadex LH-20以及制备HPLC等色谱方法对羊耳菊进行分离纯化,并通过理化常数和波谱数据鉴定其化学结构。深入研究羊耳菊干燥全草的咖啡酰基奎宁酸类化学成分。从羊耳菊中分离得到8个咖啡酰基奎宁酸类化合物,分别为1,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸(1)、1,3,5-O-三咖啡酰基奎宁酸(2)、3,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(3)、3,4-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(4)、3,4-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸乙酯(5)、4,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸乙酯(6)、3,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸(7)、3,4-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸(8)。化合物1~3为从该植物中首次分离得到,4~6从该属植物中首次分离得到。     

羊耳菊中咖啡酰基奎宁酸类化学成分研究北大核心CSCD

采用正相硅胶色谱柱、Sephadex LH-20以及制备HPLC等色谱方法对羊耳菊进行分离纯化,并通过理化常数和波谱数据鉴定其化学结构。深入研究羊耳菊干燥全草的咖啡酰基奎宁酸类化学成分。从羊耳菊中分离得到8个咖啡酰基奎宁酸类化合物,分别为1,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸（1）、1,3,5-O-三咖啡酰基奎宁酸（2）、3,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯（3）、3,4-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯（4）、3,4-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸乙酯（5）、4,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸乙酯（6）、3,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸（7）、3,4-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸（8）。化合物1-3为从该植物中首次分离得到,4-6从该属植物中首次分离得到。     

垂头菊柄锈菌新种

本文报告了盘花垂头菊Cremanthodium discoideum Maxim.上的一锈菌新种——垂头菊柄锈菌Puccinia cremanthodii J.Y.Zhuang et S.X.Wei。模式标本采自青海省,保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。本种主要特征是:冬孢子椭圆形或近倒卵形,两端圆,中部略缢缩,32—48×19—32μm,孢壁肉桂褐色至粟褐色,2—3.5μm厚,连同孔帽约5μm厚,有不规则的网状皱纹,柄达100μm长,易破碎。垂头菊属植物上未曾记载过有锈菌,本种为首次报道。垂头菊属是喜马拉雅和青藏高原的特有属,分布高海拔地带,推测此菌可能为青藏高原所特有。     

甜菜树属——我国云南产山柚子科一原始新属及其植物地理学意义

报道了产于我国云南红河流域山柚子科的一个原始新属——甜菜树属,该属具大型圆锥花序,两性,是Lepionurus, Melientha和Champereia 3个单型属的祖型,无疑起源于康滇古陆即今之云南高原,其发现对研究山柚子科的起源与分化具重要意义。     

Quantification of tagitinin C in Tithonia diversifolia by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

A simple, rapid and reliable reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of tagitinin C, an anti-plasmodial sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the aerial parts of Tithonia diversifolia, has been developed. The assay has been used to quantify tagitinin C in various extracts of the aerial parts of T. diversifolia.     

Constituents of glandular trichomes of Tithonia diversifolia: relationships to herbivory and antifeedant activity

The herbivory activity of the bordered patch larvae (Chlosyne lacinia, Lepidoptera) on leaves of a Brazilian population of Tithonia diversifolia and the antifeedant potential of its leaf rinse extract were investigated. The caterpillars fed only on the adaxial face, where the density of glandular trichomes is very low, and avoided the abaxial face, which contains high levels of trichomes. Deterrent activity against the larvae was observed in leaf discs treated with leaf rinse extract at concentrations of 1-5% of fresh leaf weight. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated that sesquiterpene lactones are the main constituents of the glandular trichomes. Dichloromethane rinse extracts of the leaves and inflorescences were chemically investigated, and 16 compounds were isolated and identified: 14 sesquiterpene lactones, a flavonoid and a diterpenoid. In this study, five sesquiterpene lactones are described for the first time in the genus, including two lactones, one of which has an unusual seco-guaianolide skeleton. Our findings indicate that the caterpillars avoid the sesquiterpene-lactone-rich glandular trichomes, and provide evidence for the antifeedant activity of the dichloromethane leaf rinse extract. In addition, a study of the seasonal variation of the main constituents from the leaf surface throughout a year demonstrated that a very low qualitative but a very high quantitative variation occurs. The highest level of the main metabolite tagitinin C was observed between September and October and the lowest was from March to June, the later corresponding to the period of highest infestation by the larvae.     

Biological activities from extracts of endophytic fungi isolated from Viguiera arenaria and Tithonia diversifolia

A total of 39 endophytic fungi have been isolated from Viguiera arenaria and Tithonia diversifolia, both collected in S?o Paulo State, Brazil. The isolates were identified based on their ribosomal DNA sequences. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts of all endophytic fungi were evaluated for their antimicrobial, antiparasitic and antitumoral activity. Antimicrobial screening was conducted using an agar diffusion assay against three pathogenic microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Antiparasitic activity was determined by enzymatic inhibition of gGAPDH of Trypanosoma cruzi and adenine phosphorybosiltransferase (APRT) of Leishmania tarentolae. Antitumoral activity was tested against human T leukemia cells by the Mosmann colorimetric method. All extracts showed activity in at least one assay: 79.5% of the extracts were cytotoxic against leukemia cells, 5.1% of the extracts were active against S. aureus, 25.6% against E. coli and 64.1% against Candida albicans. Only one extract showed promising results in the inhibition of parasitic enzymes gGAPDH (95.0%) and three were found to inhibit APRT activity. The cytotoxic extract produced by the strain VA1 (Glomerella cingulata) was fractionated and yielded nectriapyrone and tyrosol. Nectriapyrone showed relevant cytotoxic activity against both human T leukemia and melanoma tumor cell lines.     

外来植物肿柄菊(Tithonia diversifolia)的繁殖特性及其地理扩散

肿柄菊 Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray 原产墨西哥及中美洲,被作为观赏及绿肥植物引入我国各地栽培.引入云南栽培的肿柄菊于20世纪30年代在云南南部逃逸生长,现在云南的热带、南亚热带和中亚热带地区形成危害.为了查明肿柄菊的扩散特点和入侵潜能,对选取的5个不同地理气候条件下的肿柄菊居群的果序直径、每序结实量、结籽率、千粒重、种子大小(长和宽)等6个指标进行统计分析.结果表明,6个生物学指标在5个居群间都具有极显著差异(p＜0.01),并随着居群间地理气候条件差异的增大,这6个指标值在居群间的差异也有增大趋势.对新鲜采集的不同居群种子在15、20、25、30、35℃下做萌发实验,结果显示在前4种温度条件下5个居群间的种子萌发率有极显著差异(p＜0.01),在35℃下萌发率有显著差异(p＜0.05),并且5个居群的种子最高萌发率不相同且差异极显著(p＜0.01).分析对比作者以往对肿柄菊群落特征和克隆繁殖特性的研究结果认为,虽然肿柄菊在不同的地理气候条件下有性繁殖特性有较大差异,但群落结构差异不大,危害程度表现相似;由于肿柄菊有性繁殖和克隆繁殖的协同作用,使其通过人为引种、道路交通、水流等传播到新的地域后,极易建立新种群,并形成单优种群落而不断侵占和统治新的领地.     

Phythonematoxic properties and nematicidal potential of Tithonia diversifolia extract and residue on Meloidogyne incognita infecting yam (Discoria rotundata)

A laboratory study and a screen house experiment were conducted to determine the phythonematoxic properties and nematicidal potential of extract and residue of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray on Meloidogyne incognita, (Kofoid and White) Chitwood infecting yam. Alkaloids and saponins were found to be present in the constituents of Tithonia ethanol extract. Also, Tithonia water extract significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inhibits M. incognita egg hatch by 98% from 2 days after incubation (DAI) and was more evidenced with 100% inhibition at 9 DAI in the in vitro studies. M. incognita (5000 eggs/plant) reproduction, number of eggs and juveniles and galling were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) suppressed by Tithonia residue treatment at a rate of 30 tons/ha on yam (Discoria rotundata) in the screen house. The extract and residue of T. diversifolia have potential for the control of root-knot nematodes.     

生境类型对入侵植物肿柄菊(Tithonia diversifolia)种群和个体水平特征的影响

外来植物入侵过程是入侵生态学研究的一个核心问题,被入侵生境中的各种要素对这一过程具有重要影响。为探讨入侵植物肿柄菊(Tithonia diversifolia)在种群和个体水平对不同生境的反应,调查了肿柄菊单优群落、肿柄菊与飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)共优群落和肿柄菊与紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)共优群落中肿柄菊的相对盖度、相对密度和高度,并开展了一个3因素(小气候、土壤类型和竞争)两水平的控制实验。结果表明:单优群落中,肿柄菊的相对盖度和相对密度显著大于其它两种群落中肿柄菊的相对盖度和相对密度;单优群落中肿柄菊的高度显著大于肿柄菊与紫茎泽兰共优群落中肿柄菊的高度,而与肿柄菊与飞机草共优群落中肿柄菊的高度无显著差异;肿柄菊的相对盖度、相对密度和高度在两个共优群落间无显著差异。小气候、土壤类型和竞争单个因素对肿柄菊的株高和叶片数没有显著影响,但三者的交互作用却显著影响肿柄菊的株高生长。这些结果表明:3个因素的综合作用影响肿柄菊的株高生长。     

Differential secondary metabolite accumulation and performance of Chlosyne lacinia fed with Tithonia diversifolia or Vernonia polyanthes

The larvae of Chlosyne lacinia use Asteraceae species as host plants almost exclusively. The aims of this study were to investigate whether secondary metabolites of Vernonia polyanthes and Tithonia diversifolia are metabolized, excreted intact and/or sequestered during the larval stage of C. lacinia and if they affect feeding behavior or performance. The HPLC-DAD-MS analyses of plants and C. lacinia extracts led to the identification of 25 compounds. Larvae fed with T. diversifolia developed until the 4th instar completing metamorphosis into the adult phase, while larvae fed with V. polyanthes developed only until the 2nd instar. In addition, the larvae in the 3rd and 4th instars fed with T. diversifolia accumulated secondary metabolites taken from these leaves. On the other hand, larvae in the 2nd instar showed an accumulation of apigenin-7-O-glycuronyl and hydroxylated 3-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid when fed with V. polyanthes. The latter compound was probably produced after oxidation of the 3-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid by the phase I metabolism of larvae. Therefore, C. lacinia may have developed tolerance to deterrent compounds produced by T. diversifolia, while some compounds present in V. polyanthes may have been the cause for deficient development and the death of larvae.     

Biological activity of tree marigold, Tithonia diversifolia, on cowpea seed bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

The powder and ethanol extract of Tithonia diversifolia leaves were tested for their efficacy at five different concentrations (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) on bruchid mortality, oviposition and adult emergence of cowpea seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus at ambient tropical storage conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Results showed that the leaf extract had a higher bioactivity on oviposition, adult emergence and mortality of C. maculatus. The mean number of eggs laid on seeds treated with extract was reduced from 20.7 in the solvent-treated to 4.7 at 2%Tithonia extract concentration while adult emergence reduced from a mean of 92.2 in the solvent-treated seeds to 72.2 at 2.0% extract treatment. Mortality was 100% at higher concentrations of 3%, 4% and 5% within 24 h of extract application but at lower concentrations mortality was 73.3% and 93.3% at 1% and 2%, respectively after 24 h. Fourty-eight hours after application, 100% mortality of adult C. maculatus was obtained at all concentrations. The mean number of eggs laid was reduced from 41.3 in the untreated to 17.3 at 2.0% powder concentration while adult emergence dropped from 98.5% in the control to 74.2% at the highest powder concentration. The powder was effective at higher concentrations and longer exposure time. At 3%, 4% and 5%, 63–75% mortalities occurred within 24 h of application while at 48 h, mortality was 76–98% at 3–5% powder application rates. The results of this study revealed T. diversifolia as a potential candidate for bioinsecticide preparations because of antiovipositional, ovicidal and knockdown properties of its products, which have some volatile components.     

逃逸外来植物肿柄菊在云南的生长繁殖特性、地理分布现状及群落特征

调查表明 ,肿柄菊在云南省已逃逸生长于北纬 2 4°10′以南的 53个县区 ,面积达 184,2 12 km2。分布区为热带、南亚热带、中亚热带气候类型。逃逸生长的肿柄菊呈多年生灌木或亚灌木状 ,植株全年生长 ,5～ 10月份的雨季是其生长旺盛期 ,10月份开始献蕾 ,花期为 11月至翌年 1月份 ,果熟期 12月下旬至翌年 2月份。肿柄菊的结实量高达 80 0 0 0～ 160 0 0 0枚 / m2 ,种子 (瘦果 )千粒重 4.5782～ 6.52 92 g。成熟种子在风力摇曳下从果序中脱出 ,借助风力、流水或附着于交通工具、人畜等广泛散播 ,在适宜的生境下实现萌发生长和种群扩增。肿柄菊能依靠植株基部节处萌生的小芽体形成克隆分株 ,克隆分株迅速生长后成密集状丛生 ,在倒伏或贴地面生长的茎秆上萌生无数的不定根和不定芽 ,进一步实现植物体的克隆增殖。由于肿柄菊强大种子繁殖潜力、特殊的克隆增殖特性和植物体固有的化感作用 ,种群个体在适宜的环境条件下快速扩增 ,排挤本土植物 ,形成大面积的单一优势种群落 ,其伴生植物多为一些适应范围广的 1年、2年生或多年生杂草。肿柄菊的多种特征表明它是一种具有较大潜在危害性的外来植物