Dissecting aneurysm as a cause of acute non-traumatic ischemia of the lower limbs]

The results of the treatment the acute non-traumatic ischemia of the lower limbs caused by dissecting aneurysm are discussed. Out of 726 analysed patients 8 of them suffered from dissecting aneurysm, i.e. 1.1%. Dissecting aneurysm was more frequent in male patients. All patients with lower limbs ischemia caused by the dissecting aneurysm were operated. Vascular prosthesis was used in 6 cases, and restoration of arterial patency in 2 cases. Seven patients died during the early postoperative period and one was released home with proper blood flow.     

Anticipated results of arterial surgery in chronic atherosclerotic ischemia of the lower limb]

In 1983-1988, the results of conservative and surgical treatment of patients with atherosclerotic ischemia of the lower limbs were assessed with the aid of a questionnaire. A possibility of prognosis was assessed with the use of mathematically processed data obtained with such approach. An effect of clinical symptoms (intermittent claudication distance, resting pain, necrosis) and stage of the disease (duration, K/R index) and risk factors (blood cholesterol, triglycerides, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, arterial hypertension) on the result of surgical treatment was analysed. The obtained results suggest that clinical symptoms and risk factors may predict the results of surgical treatment in the atherosclerotic ischemia of the lower limbs.     

Late results of surgical and conservative treatment for atheromatous ischemia of the lower limb in young patients]

The study was carried out within a multicenter program. Hundred fifty four patients under 40 years were treated (73 conservatively, and 81 surgically) for the atheromatous ischemia of the lower limbs in 14 Departments of Vascular Surgery in Poland within 5 years. The results of the treatment were evaluated according to the site of atheromatous lesions, type of surgery, and mainly according to the progress in pathologic process expressed by the degree of limb ischemia. It was found that surgery performed in the II period of the disease produces the best results. Surgery produces positively better results than conservative treatment in patients with the II period of the disease whereas both surgical and conservative therapy are ineffective in the III and IV degrees of ischemia. Sympathectomy may be effective in the occlusion of crural arteries even of the IV degree ischemia. In case of the II degree ischemia better results are produced by the operation of aorto-iliaco-femoral segment (transplantation or thrombendarterectomy) than that involving distal segment (sympathectomy) whereas the results of conservative therapy are better in peripheral and iliaco-femoral occlusion than those in aortofemoral and multisegmental arterial occlusion. An opinion of several authors on the specificity of atheromatous ischemia of the lower limbs in young patients was not confirmed.     

Test for evaluating diagnostic discriminative function for assessment of blood supply to the lower limbs in patients with atherosclerosis]

Discriminative mathematical function was used for the classification of patients with atherosclerosis in the lower limbs. Considering 8 features of the blood supply to the lower limbs, 500 patients selected from the Polish centres of vascular surgery were classified according to the degree of ischemia. This mathematical analysis and classification proved to be comparable with clinical assessment. Described method is an example of the use of the mathematic tool which is particularly useful in the analysis of large groups of patients.     

Results of surgical and conservative treatment for multi-level atheromatous arterial occlusion of the lower limb after five years]

After 5 years of observation, materials of 239 patients treated operatively and 96 patients treated conservatively because of multisegmental arterial occlusion of lower limbs were obtained within the framework of multi-central programme of investigation. The results of the treatment with these methods have been evaluated according to the site of the atheromatous changes and the degree of ischemia of lower limbs. It has been ascertained, that after operative therapy, the percentage of good results and the percentage of death in the case of occlusion comprising the aorto-ilio-femoral segment is higher than in the case of occlusion of femoro-popliteal and peripheral segments, whereas in the case of conservative therapy, the situation is reverse. The results of therapy (operative and conservative) of multilevel arterial occlusion, in all kinds of location, depend upon blood supply in the limbs. The results are best (the highest percentage of good results and without improvement, the least number of amputation and death) in the II period of disease and they become worse when the degree of ischemia increases. It appears that the operative therapy is less effective than the conservative therapy in the case of atheromatous multilevel changes manifesting clinically in the form of intermittent claudication, whereas in the case of the IV degree of ischemia, only the operation can save the limb or even the patient's life.     

The role of perfusion washout in limb revascularization procedures

Amputated rat hindlimbs were subjected to either normothermic (26 degrees C) or hypothermic (4 degrees C) ischemia. Experimental limbs had their microcirculation washed out (either before or after the ischemic insult) with a physiologic acellular plasma substitute previously reported to enhance flap survival following extended periods of warm ischemia. Control limbs were not washed out; i.e., stagnant blood remained in these limbs. Following the ischemic interval, amputated limbs were replanted. Monastral blue B, a colloidal pigment capable of labeling leaky blood vessels, was administered systemically to all rats just prior to vascular declamping. Limb biopsies of skin and muscle were harvested 30 minutes following revascularization in order to assess Monastral labeling and, therefore, the functional integrity of the microcirculation. Results confirm that stagnant blood under conditions of warm ischemia is detrimental to the functionality of the microcirculation in both skin (p less than 0.03) and muscle (p less than 0.007). Accordingly, perfusion washout, when performed prior to the ischemic period, enhances limb survival following 6 hours of warm ischemia (p less than 0.01). Hypothermia protects against the detrimental effects of stagnant blood; perfusion offers no benefit if hypothermic conditions prevail. Physiologic mechanisms responsible for these findings are discussed.     

Evaluation of surgical results in lower limb atherosclerotic ischemia comparing men and women]

Multicenter studies involved 1449 male and 131 female patients operated for the atherosclerotic ischemia of the lower limbs. About 50% of all limbs were in the III or IV stage of ischemia (according to Fontaine's classification) before surgery. Atherosclerotic lesions involved mainly aortoiliac segment in the majority of patients. Early results of surgery were similar in both men and women. An improvement during a 5-year follow up period was noted more frequently in women than in men--86% and 68.5% of limbs respectively. Late result of lumbar sympathectomy was similar in both groups. Limb amputation and mortality rates were similar in both groups in the early postoperative period and during a 5-year follow up as well.     

缺血预处理对肢体缺血／再灌注肾损伤保护作用的机制初探

目的：探讨缺血预处理对肢体缺血／再灌注时肾损伤的保护作用。方法：复制家兔肢体缺血／再灌注（I／R）损伤模型,观察肢体缺血4h再灌注4h后以及应用缺血预处理干预对肾损伤的影响。分别从右颈外静脉、肾动脉和肾静脉取血,代表外周血以及入、出肾血,观察外周血超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）及尿素氮（BUN）;同时测定入肾血和出肾血NO、SOD、MDA和肾组织SOD、MDA、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）以及缺血预处理对上述指标的影响。结果：与对照组比较,缺血再灌组松夹后4h外周血、入、出肾血及肾组织SOD活性明显降低,MDA含量增高（P〈0．01）;外周血BUN以及入、出肾血NO和肾组织iNOS含量升高（P〈0．01）;在缺血前给予缺血预处理组．SOD活性升高,而MDA、BUN、NO、iNOS含量降低（P〈0．01）。相关分析显示MDA与SOD间存在明显负相关（P〈0．01）．而MDA与NO、BUN间呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）。结论：肢体缺血／再灌注时伴有肾脏氧自由基代谢紊乱,缺血预处理可以增强肾组织的抗氧化能力,对肢体缺血再灌注肾损伤具有保护作用。     

Radionuclide evaluation of the degree of tissue ischemia in acute thrombosis of the main arteries of the lower extremities

The authors ascertained the value of three-phase scintigraphy using 99mTc pyrophotech (intravenously injected in a dose of 370-500 MBq, radiation exposure 2.1-2.85 mZv) in the diagnosis of disorders of great blood flow and soft tissue blood supply in patients with acute thrombosis of the main arteries, including acute thrombosis caused by injury. Examination of 68 patients with critical ischemia of the lower limbs identified 5 types of 99mTc pyrophotech incorporation into ischemic tissues in main artery thrombosis, embolism and atherosclerotic occlusions. The radionuclide technique in combination with ultrasonography and X-ray contrast angiography has shown it possible to choose adequate treatment policy and to specify the level of amputation and the scope of necrectomy when local muscle necrosis is developed.     

匹伐他汀对Klotho基因敲除杂合子小鼠血管新生的促进作用

目的：探讨匹伐他汀对Klotho基因敲除杂合子小鼠血管新生的促进作用及其作用机制。方法：建立Klotho基因敲除杂合子小鼠（hetero kl＋／-）和同窝出生野生型小鼠（wild kl＋／＋）下肢缺血模型并分为4组：①hetero正常组;②hetero匹伐他汀组;③wild正常组;④wild匹伐他汀组。使用激光多普勒血流测定仪测定klotho（kl＋／-,kl＋／＋）小鼠投药前、下肢缺血手术后双下肢血流。免疫荧光组化SP法计数Klotho（kl＋／-,kl＋／＋）小鼠缺血肢毛细血管数。免疫酶组化直接法计数Klotho（kl＋／-,kl＋／＋）小鼠缺血肢磷酸化Akt阳性细胞数。蛋白印迹杂交方法检测Klotho（kl＋／-）小鼠缺血肢VEGF蛋白表达。结果：匹伐他汀使Klotho（kl＋／-,kl＋／＋）小鼠术后缺血肢血流恢复明显,缺血肢与非缺血肢血流面积比明显增加;匹伐他汀使Klotho（kl＋／-、kl＋／＋）小鼠缺血肢毛细血管密度增加、p-Akt阳性细胞数明显增加;匹伐他汀使Klotho（kl＋／-）缺血肢VEGF蛋白表达增强。结论：匹伐他汀有促进Klotho基因敲除杂合子小鼠血管新生的作用。其作用机制可能是通过VEGF—p—Akt—NO径路实现的。     

Transplantation of placenta‐derived mesenchymal stem cells enhances angiogenesis after ischemic limb injury in mice

Mesenchymal stem cell‐based therapy has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential effects of human placenta‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (PMSCs) on mouse hindlimb ischemia. PMSCs were isolated from human placenta tissue and characterized by flow cytometry. An in vivo surgical ligation‐induced murine limb ischemia model was generated with fluorescent dye (CM‐DiI) labelled PMSCs delivered via intramuscular injection. Our data show that PMSCs treatment significantly enhanced microvessel density, improved blood perfusion and diminished pathologies in ischemic mouse hindlimbs as compared to those in the control group. Further immunostaining studies suggested that injected PMSCs can incorporate into the vasculature and differentiate into endothelial and smooth muscle cells to enhance angiogenesis in ischemic hind limbs. This may in part explain the beneficial effects of PMSCs treatment. Taken together, we found that PMSCs treatment might be an effective treatment modality for treatment of ischemia‐induced injury to mouse hind limbs by enhancement of angiogenesis.     

Morphological characteristics of changes in the skeletal muscle tissue of the extremities after experimental post-ischemic recirculation

The canine ischemic muscle tissue was subjected to a comprehensive morphological study after the recovery of the blood flow in the limbs for 2 hours. The effectiveness of of the recovery of the blood flow after the 3-hour ischemia was supported in acute experimental occlusion of the artery. The blood flow recovery after 6 hours of ischemia was associated with appreciable structural and metabolic abnormalities in the skeletal muscle fibers. These abnormalities were more demonstrable during recirculation after 9 and 12 hours of ischemia. No morphological criteria that might indicate whether the ischemic damage to the skeletal muscle is reversible or irreversible were defined. A comprehensive morphological study with an assay of structural and metabolic alterations is required instead.     

聚桂醇在治疗下肢静脉曲张中初步临床应用

目的:探讨聚桂醇在治疗下肢大隐静脉曲张中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2013年9月-2015年9月医院确诊的下肢大隐静脉曲张患者75例(75条患肢)病例资料,根据治疗方案分为两组,33例(33条患肢)超声引导下注射聚桂醇泡沫硬化剂作为聚桂醇组,42例(42条患肢)行大隐静脉高位结扎+剥脱术作为手术组,记录手术时间、术中出血量、下床活动时间、住院时间、治疗费用及术后并发症发生率,门诊随访术后6、12个月,记录复发率。结果:聚桂醇组手术时间、下床活动时间均短于手术组,术中出血量、住院费用少于手术组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);聚桂醇组皮下血肿、皮肤麻木感发生率明显低于手术组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);聚桂醇组12个月复发率为12.12%低于手术组的33.33%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:聚桂醇泡沫硬化剂注射是治疗下肢大隐静脉曲张的可选疗法。     

Morphological characteristics of the changes in the skeletal muscle tissue in acute experimental ischemia of the extremities

A comprehensive morphological study of the ischemic skeletal muscles of the limbs was performed in experiments on dogs. Ischemia of the muscle tissue was induced by artificial embolic occlusion of the terminal part of the aorta. A quantitative functional and morphological study revealed serious disturbances in metabolism of the skeletal muscle that was subjected to a 6-hour ischemia. Depression of aerobic metabolism, ineffectiveness of anaerobic glycolysis (a spare pathway of the synthesis of macroergic substances), a dramatic lowering of ATPase activity, and activation of acid phosphatase in experiments of such a duration are important signs of a probably compromised adaptation process and irreversibility of the lesions in the tissue. The data should be taken into consideration in determining the optimal periods of the blood flow recovery in the limbs. Morphological changes in muscle fibers under ischemia progress with an increase in the experiment duration (up to 9 and 12 h). An important morphological sign of ischemia is a disturbed typification of muscle fibers.     

Early results of acute non-traumatic ischemia of the limbs]

The results of therapy of 726 patients with the acute non-traumatic ischemia of the limbs are discussed. These patients were treated in the 11 centres of vascular surgery in Poland between 1986 and 1988. Out of causes of the acute non-traumatic ischemia of the limbs arterial embolism was diagnosed in 450 patients, thrombosis in 229 cases, and dissecting aneurysm in 8 patients as well as phlegmasia coerulea dolens in 1 patient Surgical treatment included 665 patients, and the remaining 383 patients were treated conservatively. The results of the conservative and surgical treatment were scored with a 5-point scale. Excellent results with the return of complete functioning of the affected limb and presence of peripheral pulse were achieved in 291 patients, positive result, i.e. lack of the peripheral pulse, in 197 cases, moderate result in 80 patients in whom complete functioning of the limb has not been restored. In case of 64 patients an amputaion proved necessary. Nine four patients died.     

Dipyridamole reverses peripheral ischemia and induces angiogenesis in the Db/Db diabetic mouse hind-limb model by decreasing oxidative stress

Dipyridamole anti-platelet therapy has previously been suggested to ameliorate chronic tissue ischemia in healthy animals. However, it is not known if dipyridamole therapy represents a viable approach to alleviating chronic peripheral tissue ischemia associated with type 2 diabetes. Here we examine the hypothesis that dipyridamole treatment restores reperfusion of chronic hind-limb ischemia in the murine B6.BKS-Lepr(db/db) diabetic model. Dipyridamole therapy quickly rectified ischemic hind-limb blood flow to near preligation levels within 3 days of the start of therapy. Restoration of ischemic tissue blood flow was associated with increased vascular density and endothelial cell proliferation observed only in ischemic limbs. Dipyridamole significantly increased total nitric oxide metabolite levels in tissue, which were not associated with changes in endothelial NO synthase expression or phosphorylation. Interestingly, dipyridamole therapy significantly decreased ischemic tissue superoxide and protein carbonyl levels, identifying a dominant antioxidant mechanistic response. Dipyridamole therapy also moderately reduced diabetic hyperglycemia and attenuated development of dyslipidemia over time. Together, these data reveal that dipyridamole therapy is an effective modality for the treatment of chronic tissue ischemia during diabetes and highlights the importance of dipyridamole antioxidant activity in restoring tissue NO bioavailability during diabetes.     

Cyclosporine increases ischemia-induced endothelial progenitor cell mobilization through manipulation of the CD26 system

Cyclosporin A (CsA) improves the success rate of transplantation. The CD26/dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP IV) system plays a critical role in mobilizing endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from bone marrow. This study investigated whether CsA manipulates CD26/DPP IV activity and increases EPC mobilization. C57BL/6 mice were divided into control and CsA-treated groups. Before and after hindlimb ischemia was induced, circulating EPC number and serum levels of different cytokines were measured. Compared with the controls, CsA treatment significantly increased the blood levels of stroma-derived factor-1alpha and stem cell factor after ischemic stress (P < 0.001). The CsA group displayed a significant increase in the number of circulating EPCs (sca-1+KDR+ and c-kit+CD31+ EPCs, both P < 0.05). In vivo, CsA caused a significant increase in the numbers of EPCs incorporated into the Matrigel and ischemic limbs (P < 0.05). In the peripheral blood, CsA significantly decreased CD26+ cell numbers and attenuated the plasma CD26/DPP IV activity (P < 0.001). Furthermore, short-term CsA treatment significantly improved the perfusion of ischemic limbs and decreased the spontaneous digital amputation rate. In summary, CsA manipulates the mobilization of EPCs into the circulation via the CD26/DPP IV system. Short-term CsA treatment has beneficial effects on angiogenesis of ischemic tissues.     

Comparison of results for operative and conservative treatment of multisegmental atheromatous arterial occlusion in the lower limbs after a 2-year period of observation]

Two hundred eighty seven patients treated surgically and 139 patients treated conservatively for multisegmental arterial occlusion in the lower limbs were followed up for two years. The results of therapy have been compared according to the site of arterial occlusion and the degree of ischemia. Surgery produces more chances for favourable results but an amputation rate or deaths are more frequent, than in case of the conservative treatment. No expected relationship between the results of surgery and of conservative therapy, localization and extension of the atheromatous process has been shown after a 2-year follow up.     

丹蛭降糖胶囊联合硫辛酸、依帕司他对气阴两虚夹瘀型糖尿病周围神经病变患者血糖水平和下肢神经功能的影响

摘要 目的：探讨丹蛭降糖胶囊联合硫辛酸、依帕司他治疗气阴两虚夹瘀型糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）的临床疗效,并分析其对血糖和下肢神经功能的影响。方法：按照随机数字表法将81例DPN患者分成对照组40例和观察组41例,对照组在2型糖尿病治疗基础上使用硫辛酸静滴联合依帕司他口服治疗,观察组在对照组治疗基础上,加用丹蛭降糖胶囊口服治疗。比较两组治疗前后中医证候积分、双下肢肌电图[腓总神经运动神经传导速度（MCV）、腓肠神经感觉神经传导速度（SCV）]、电流感觉阈值（CPT值）、血糖指标[空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2小时血糖（2 hBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）]水平变化,并对比两组总有效率和治疗方案安全性。结果：观察组总有效率为90.24%（37/41）,明显高于对照组的70.00%（28/40）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;治疗8周后,两组肢体麻木、肢体末梢疼痛、神疲乏力、气短懒言、腰膝酸软、失眠烦躁积分,FPG、2 hBG、HbA1c水平均明显降低（P＜0.05）,且观察组各项中医证候积分和血糖指标水平均明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）;治疗8周后,观察组相同频率正弦交流电刺激下的第一脚趾远端趾节甲小皮基部近端的CPT值均明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）,腓总神经MCV、腓肠神经SCV均明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）;两组治疗过程中均未发生明显药物不良反应。结论：丹蛭降糖胶囊口服联合硫辛酸、依帕司他治疗气阴两虚夹瘀型DPN,能够有效缓解患者的临床症状和体征,控制血糖水平,改善下肢神经功能,疗效明显优于单纯西药治疗,且安全性高。     

置管溶栓联合自体外周血干细胞移植治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎

目的观察置管溶栓联合自体外周血干细胞移植治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎（TAO）的疗效。方法回顾性分析昆明医科大学第四附属医院血管外科2009年4月至2013年4月期间收治的64例TAO患者（68条患肢）,随机均分为两组,其中32例行置管溶栓联合自体外周血干细胞移植术（A组）,32例单纯采用自体外周血干细胞移植术（B组）,采用主观指标包括患肢疼痛、冷感以及客观指标包括跛行距离、踝肱指数、足部溃疡变化、皮温、截肢率进行疗效评价。采用t检验和Х^2检验分析两组疗效指标的差异。结果移植1个月后,两组64例患者（68条患肢）小腿疼痛均不同程度缓解,小腿冷、凉感觉消失;干细胞移植3个月后,A、B组两组间歇性跛行距离[（311.24±124.56）m,220.38±45.53）m,t=6.01,P=0.01],下肢皮温[（30.29±0.42）℃,（29.50±0.46）℃,t=28.05,P=0.00]、ABI（0.64±0.02,0.51±0.02,t=26.00,P=0.00）差异均具有统计学意义。A组中2例（2条患肢）,B组中4例（4条患肢）术后3个月由于小腿中段以下出现坏死导致膝下截肢,截肢率A组为：5.9﹪（2/34）;B组为：11.8﹪（4/34）;所有患者经肿瘤标记物、B超或CTA检查,均未发现恶性肿瘤、视网膜增生、动脉瘤等并发症。结论置管溶栓联合自体外周血干细胞移植治疗TAO是一种可供选择的新的治疗途径。