无花果在阿图什维吾尔族民间的传统应用的调查研究

无花果(Ficus carica)是世界上驯化最早的果树之一,也是我国引入最早且现在仍在大规模种植的果树之一。新疆是我国无花果的最早种植地,也是目前种植面积最大的规模化生产地,而阿图什地区又是新疆的无花果主产区。为明确现有无花果品种,保护和传承少数民族的无花果应用传统知识,本研究采用民族植物学和植物分类学方法,对阿图什地区的无花果进行实地采集,走访调查当地维吾尔族群众,记录无花果的当地民间应用方式。结果显示阿图什地区栽培的无花果地方品种有:早熟无花果、黄无花果、小圆黄无花果及晚熟无花果等5个品种。阿图什地区维吾尔族民间流传着无花果的很多传统"民间处方",与其他植物配伍,在医药上有很多作用。此外,在庭园绿化上也大量应用无花果,具有很好的观赏效果。对阿图什地区维吾尔族民间无花果传统利用进行调研,有利于深度开发无花果资源,也将对维吾尔族植物传统知识的研究产生影响。     

Resistance of early maturing sweet corn varieties to damage caused by Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

In Mediterranean countries, the principal pest of maize, Zea mays L., is Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre. The objective of this work was to study the resistance of the four early maturing varieties of sweet corn, Baby Orchard, Orchard Baby, Dorinny Sweet, and Golden Early Market, and to check the relationship among resistance to S. nonagrioides and infestation dates. In a previous study, these varieties had showed a confusing behavior, being the most resistant varieties to S. nonagrioides attack in some environments and the most susceptible in others. These varieties were again evaluated along with three medium maturing varieties, used as testers because they were more stable in both environments, by using two infestation dates. Plants were more damaged in the late infestation, but the effect of the infestation depends on the variety studied. Orchard Baby and Baby Orchard were the most resistant varieties under two infestation dates. These two varieties are closely related. Therefore, we can use either one as a source of precocity and resistance for modern sweet corn. Although many studies showed that early maturing inbreds had greater damage caused by S. nonagrioides and European corn borer than late maturing inbreds and hybrids, our results showed that the earliest maturing varieties were the most resistant.     

Status and factors influencing on-farm conservation of Kam Sweet Rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) genetic resources in southeast Guizhou Province,China

Background

Kam Sweet Rice (KSR) is a special kind of rice landrace that has been cultivated for thousands of years in the borders of Guizhou, Hunan, and Guangxi Provinces of China, and is mainly distributed in southeast Guizhou Province of China currently. KSR has many unique qualities, including strong resistance to diseases, pests, and adverse abiotic conditions, difficulty of threshing, and well glutinous features. KSR germplasm resources are an indispensable material and cultural symbol in the production and daily life and customs of the Dong people. Related studies showed that numerous traditional KSR varieties and cultivation area of KSR decreased sharply from the Qing dynasty to 2015, but many KSR varieties are still conserved in Dong villages of southeast Guizhou Province compared to other areas. However, the number of KSR varieties that are conserved on farms in southeast Guizhou Province and factors influencing the erosion and conservation of KSR genetic resources is unclear. Therefore, this study was an on-farm conservation investigation of KSR genetic resource in China’s major KSR producing areas—Liping, Congjiang, and Rongjiang counties in Guizhou Province and influencing factors analysis of KSR abandonment and conservation.

Methods

The information of KSR conservation status and variety characteristics, typical villages, Dong’s cultural customs, and factors influencing KSR abandonment and conservation was obtained using ethno-biology methods, mainly through field research interviews, including participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and cultural anthropology. The altitude, plant height, awn color and length, hull color, and rice color of 156 KSR accessions in 28 villages were recorded. The variety quantity and cultivation area of KSR were investigated in 33 ethnic villages. Questionnaire surveys were conducted in typical Dong villages to obtain local farmers’ attitudes toward cultivation and protection of KSR. We randomly selected 26 farmers from Sizhai village and 30 farmers from Huanggang village and chose 3 social characteristics including age, gender, and education levels of farmers, and adopted the method of face-to-face interviewing to complete the questionnaires. Then, we analyzed the correlation and determined the significance between farmers with different social characteristics and farmers’ attitudes to KSR development and protection using SPSS 17.0 software.

Results

(1) On-farm conservation status of KSR: a total of 156 KSR varieties were collected from 28 ethnic minority villages from 13 townships (accounting for 21% of three counties) in Liping, Congjiang, and Rongjiang counties. KSR accessions accounted for more than 90% of local rice varieties in each village. According to local farmers, although the quantity of KSR varieties decreased more than 50% in the investigated villages compared to the past 10–20 years, some Dong villages have still cultivated KSR, accounting for more than 50% of the rice field area in 10 villages. This result showed that many KSR varieties are still conserved by in Dong villages, and these KSR varieties have a high genetic diversity of phenotypes. (2) Typical villages investigation: the cultivation area of KSR in Congjiang was the highest, 6.7 times larger than Liping and eight times larger than Rongjiang. In addition, the cultivation area of KSR in Dong villages was larger than that in other ethnic villages, and villages that had a higher planting area of KSR had more KSR accessions. (3) Farmers’ attitude toward the development and conservation of KSR: Dong farmers hold the negative attitudes concerning the development of KSR resources, but they thought it is necessary to protect KSR landraces. Especially, a high level of education and female, young, and old farmers played more important roles in the cultivation and protection of KSR.

Conclusions

Until now, some Dong ethnic villages have still cultivated KSR for thousands of years in Qiandongnan area, although the number of varieties and the planting area of KSR have been greatly reduced. In addition, ethnic traditional culture and social customs were the main influencing factors of KSR conservation; economic, management, and policy factors were the main influencing factors of KSR abandonment. Through the analysis of the correlation between farmers with different social characteristics and their attitudes toward the cultivation, reasons for conservation and abandonment, development tendency, and protection of KSR, we found that a high level of education and female, young, and old farmers play more important role in the cultivation and protection of KSR. Therefore, in order to promote the protection and sustainable utilization of KSR, it is necessary to build on-farm conservation of KSR and improve the position of female farmers and the education level of young people, and encourage the old people to educate the middle-aged to conserve and protect KSR as well as Dong’s traditional culture and social customs. This study is of great significance to promote better protection and optimal utilization of KSR and enable the public, government, and related researchers pay more attention to conserving ethnic traditional cultures.

     

用民族植物学观点分析黎族与植物资源的关系

用民族植物学观点,探讨黎族人在适应环境、生产方式、传统民居、生活用具、民间工艺、民族医药、布料制作、宗教信仰和自然崇拜等方面与当地植物资源的关系,分析了黎族人民对植物资源的认识、利用和保护方式。分析认为,黎族人一直居住在热带森林地区,植物资源在他们的物质和精神生活中发挥着重要作用;他们在利用植物方面积累了丰富的知识和经验,创造了丰富多彩的民族文化;黎族人的许多传统知识和经验对当今植物资源的开发利用仍具有重要的研究和参考价值。     

Dynamics and seasonal abundance of stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in a cotton-soybean ecosystem

Two soybean varieties (early-maturing group V and late-maturing group VII) and two cotton varieties (conventional and transgenic (Bt) were grown in adjacent replicated large field plots (approximately 0.1 ha each) at two locations for 3 yr. The dynamics and relative abundance of phytophagous stink bugs within these two crops were observed. The most abundant pentatomid species in both crops for all 3 yr were Nezara viridula (L.), Acrosternum hilare (Say), and Euschistus servus (Say). Several other species also were commonly collected. This is the first record of Mormidea lugens (F.) on soybean and E. quadrator Rolston, E. obscurus (Palisot), Holcostethus limbolarius (St?l), and Oebalus pugnax (F.) on cotton. Stink bugs began arriving in soybean when plant growth stages ranged from pod formation to full seed development. Peak numbers of these insects were found in soybean from the time of full-size seeds in the pods until early maturity. The bugs were first attracted to the earlier maturing cultivar (group V), where they remained until plants began to mature (R7). The pentatomids then moved to the later-maturing cultivar (group VII) as it reached full pod to full seed. Stink bugs began arriving in cotton from the time of the earliest flowers until after the first bolls formed. Peak numbers in cotton occurred during the time when all stages of developing bolls were present. Stink bug numbers were much greater in soybean than in cotton over all three seasons. This preference for soybean over cotton indicates the potential use of soybean as a trap crop for attracting stink bugs away from cotton. Additionally, the coordinated use of early- and late-maturing soybean cultivars as a trap crop could minimize the area requiring insecticides, as well as the number of insecticide applications to cotton.     

The micromorphology and protein characterization of rubber particles in Ficus carica,Ficus benghalensis and Hevea brasiliensis

Rubber biosynthesis takes place on the surface of rubber particles. These particles are surrounded by a monolayer membrane in which the rubber transferase is anchored. In order to gain better insight into whether rubber particles from different plant species share common structural characteristics, the micromorphology of rubber particles from Ficus carica, Ficus benghalensis, and Hevea brasiliensis was examined by electron microscopy. Rubber particles of all three species were spherical in shape, and the size of rubber particles of H. brasiliensis was much smaller than those of F. carica and F. benghalensis. In addition, investigations were undertaken to compare the cross-reactivity of the antibody raised against either the H. brasiliensis small rubber particle protein (SRPP) which is suggested to be involved in rubber biosynthesis, or the cis-prenyltransferase (CPT) which has an activity similar to rubber transferase. Both western analysis and TEM-immunogold labelling studies showed that rubber particles of F. carica and F. benghalensis do not contain the SRPP. None of the rubber particles in F. carica, F. benghalensis and H. brasiliensis contained the CPT, suggesting that the CPT itself could not catalyse the formation of high molecular weight rubber. These results indicate that rubber particles in the three different plant species investigated share some degree of similarity in architecture, and that the SRPP and CPT themselves are not the core proteins necessary for rubber biosynthesis.     

Are cuttings suitable for assessing maturity type in potato (Solanum tuberosum)?

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the potential of single‐node cuttings of potato (Solanum tuberosum) as a tool to assess genotypic differences in maturity type. Plants were exposed to different photoperiodic treatments (different photoperiods, different numbers of photoperiodic cycles), and cuttings were taken at different plant ages. Cuttings from early (and to a lesser extent also late) maturing varieties exposed to short photoperiods showed strong induction to tuberise, irrespective of plant age; the induction increased with an increase in the number of short photoperiodic cycles. The response of cuttings taken from early‐maturing varieties exposed to long photoperiods depended on plant age: cuttings showed stronger induction when mother plants were older; cuttings from late‐maturing varieties hardly tuberised after exposure to long photoperiods. The tuberisation of the cuttings did not depend on the length of the long photoperiod (18 or 24 h) or on the number of cycles of a photoperiod of 18 h. Tuberisation on cuttings did not properly reflect the tuber formation on the mother plants, although within varieties, significant correlations between tuberisation on cuttings and tuber yield per plant 9 weeks after planting were found with different numbers of photoperiodic cycles of 12 h. Our experiments show that the cutting technique cannot be used on older plants to assess the maturity type of potato varieties, as there are interactions between photoperiod, genotype, plant age and number of photoperiodic cycles, in the reflection of the degree of induction to tuberise on single‐node cuttings.     

水稻核不育系6442S—7显性早熟性的遗传分析

研究了早籼核不育系6442S-7与明恢63等16个中迟熟品种杂交F1及其部分组成F2和B1F1的抽穗期遗传.结果表明,6442S-7具有完全显性早熟特性,主要受2对无连锁关系的显性早熟基因控制.同时,还对IR68,献国、9311和BG1639等其他4个迟熟品种与6442S－7杂交F1和F2代,以及三交F1代的抽穗期进行遗传分析,发现IR68、献国和BG1639等4个迟熟品种均含1对等位的不完全显性抑制基因,可部分抑制6442S－7显性早熟基因的表达。认为6442S－7携带的显性早熟基因对水稻遗传改良具有重要的应用价值。     

The Flora of Siahrud e Rudbar Protected Area,Northern Iran

The vascular flora of the Siahrud e Rudbar protected area was investigated in the years 2007 and 2008. It is a sylvatic area in the Guilan province with a total area of approximately 28289 hectares. A total of 711 plant specimens were collected and 616 species, subspecies, and varieties, belonging to 373 genera and 101 families were identified. Of these, 14 species (23%) are endemic to Iran. The documented flora exhibited many typically Hyrcanian species, including Hyrcanian endemics. The global phytogeographical affinities of the species were as follows: Euro Siberian 212%, Iran Turanian & Euro Siberian 168%, Pluriregional 117%, Iran Turanian 106%, and Cosmopolite 55%.     

Wild vegetable resources and market survey in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

The article presents results of a field and market survey on characteristics and use of wild vegetable consumption for local ethnic groups in Xishuangbanna, SW China. A total of 284 wild vascular plant species and varieties were identified as wild vegetables consumed by three distinct native ethnic groups. These wild vegetables account for 6.1% of total vascular plant species in this area. Wild vegetables play an important role in the ethnic groups’ diet and source of cash income. Based on a 10-month market survey, wild vegetables accounted for 20.6% (in weight) of total vegetable sales. The structure of income from total vegetable sales varied among ethnic groups, with high sales for those living close to dense forests. The use of wild-vegetable resources can increase income of local ethnic groups, thus contributing to the conservation of forest resources in the region.     

马铃薯/大豆套作对3个大豆品种光合指标和产量的影响

以大豆品种中黄30(早熟)、冀豆17(中熟)和齐黄34(晚熟)单作为对照,在大田条件下,研究马铃薯/大豆套作模式中3个品种生育期叶面积指数的变化及干物质积累的特征,分析套作马铃薯收获前后对大豆光合指标、产量及其构成因素的影响.结果表明： 生育前期阴蔽导致套作大豆叶面积指数(LAI)降低,干物质积累变缓,营养生长期相对延长,不同品种套作大豆光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和气孔导度(g_s)均低于单作.生育后期套作大豆生长加快,尤其是马铃薯收获后晚熟品种增幅显著提高.此时,套作大豆受光条件得到较大改善,表现出较强的补偿效应,LAI、干物质积累、P_n和g_s相对于单作上升幅度加大,接近于单作大豆,但不同品种补偿能力不同.与单作相比,套作模式下不同大豆品种的有效荚数、单株粒数及每荚粒数均有所降低,其中早熟品种分别显著下降22.0%、36.0%、17.6%,中熟品种下降5.1%、13.1%、8.9%,晚熟品种下降5.7%、7.6%、2.1%.套作模式下,中、晚熟大豆品种的产量较早熟品种分别高92.4%和163.4%,总土地当量比(LER)分别达到1.81和1.84.表明中、晚熟大豆品种与马铃薯组合套作优势更强,有利于马铃薯收获后大豆的补偿生长,促进套作大豆产量提高,充分发挥了复合群体的产量优势.     

Import of palaeoethnobotanical facts

By the year 2000, palaeoethnobotany will have been functional as an integral part of archaeology for somewhat less than 100 yr. Initially admired for the longevity of their persistence, archaeological plant remains gradually came to be an indication of the diet of prehistoric people. In some species, the archaeological plant remains also indicate the developmental history of the cultivated plant. For others, no wild ancestor is known or revealed by the archaeological plant remains. As greater knowledge is assembled of the plants useful for man, patterns of prehistoric distribution are revealed. The more exact location of the area of origin of cultivated species will become increasingly important to a population faced with chronic food shortages as this will guide botanists to ancestral species and their close relatives. From this reservoir will come desirable plant attributes that can be bred into high-yielding, but genetically depauperate strains of crop plants. The predicted scarcity of petroleum about the year 2000 will lead to high cost or lack of petrochemicals whose use may be substituted for by disease and insect-resistant strains found in the area of a crop’s origin. That area may also offer biological controls, which will offset the lack of insecticides and fungicides. Although it is unlikely that early man overlooked useful plants that might be brought into cultivation, areas of diversity of crop plants are also prime areas to be investigated for new crop plants.     

Morrenia odorata (asclepiadaceae), an edible plant of the gran chaco

The liana Morrenia odorata is a widespread plant of the South American Gran Chaco, where both indigenous and non-indigenous groups use it as a food for much of the year. The fruit is the plant part most commonly eaten but, with the exception of the roots, all the other organs are consumed, though the different ethnic groups vary in their preferences. The resource is prepared in various ways: either raw, in salads, boiled, or roasted. Non-indigenous settlers use only the fruit and seeds, with which they prepare several dishes, in-cluding “docajam,” a regional dessert made with the fruit. The indigenous population considers it to be a very wholesome food and, despite the loss of many elements of their traditional diet, this plant continues to be highly valued. Although it is a wild plant, it is protected and even cultivated by several ethnic groups.     

Factors affecting in vitro regeneration of Ficus carica L. and genetic fidelity studies using molecular marker

Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology - A facile method for regeneration of fig (Ficus carica L.) is in demand given the inability of the varieties having persistent type fruiting habit...     

新疆沙雅县土地利用规划战略环境评价

随着全国性、地区性土地利用规划的制定与实施,探讨适合于土地利用总体规划环境影响评价的技术方法具有重要意义.采用战略环境评价理论,以生态系统服务价值为评价指标,对新疆沙雅县1996—2010年土地利用规划可能带来的生态环境影响进行了综合评价.结果表明：1996—2010年间,沙雅县生态系统服务价值从1996年的69.33×10⁸元增加到2010年的70.81×10⁸元,其年增长率为0.15%.规划期间,研究区土地利用变化导致的生态系统服务价值变化呈增加趋势,表明该规划基本合理,但需要加强对社会用地等方面的控制;该区生态价值的增长速率高于其GDP的增长速率,属于生态价值盈利地区,但该规划还存在一些不足,如未利用地（荒漠）面积的比例到2010年将达到83.95%,故应对此规划进行完善和修改,以提高土地利用的生态效益.     

樱桃蕃茄不同栽培方式比较研究

以7个樱桃蕃茄品种为试材,进行不同栽培方式试验,对每个品种在不同栽培方式下的生长势、单果重、可溶性固形物含量、单株前期产量和总产量、农药残留量、亚硝酸盐含量、灌溉排出液的硝酸盐含量及经济效益进行比较分析。结果表明,基质栽培方式是比较理想的栽培模式。从农业综合性状分析,圣女、3688F₁、韩3号为闽南地区适合推广种植的品种。     

A Preliminary Study of Traditional,Wild Medicinal,Edible Plants in Xishuangbanna,Yunnan, China

An ethnobotanical study was conducted through interview and field work during 20103-20117 to determine the wild medicine food plants used by the local people of Xishuangbanna, southwest Yunnan, China. All information provided on the uses of medicine food plants by local communities was documented. In addition, the disk diffusion method was used to test the antibacterial activities of some plants. A total of 95 plant species belonging to 43 families were reported as medicine food plants, with Solanaceae (6 species) and Lamiaceae (6 species) being the most represented families. Most plants used were herbs (495%), of which 20 were screened for antibacterial activities. Baphicacanthus cusia and Solanum spirale showed moderate antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus. Our interviews revealed that in the study area wild plants are still commonly used for food and medicinal purposes by people in their daily lives. However, there is a gradual loss of traditional knowledge about these plants due to a decline in inter generational transmission of knowledge. Loss of this precious knowledge is a major concern.     

西双版纳传统利用的野生药食两用植物

2010年3月至2011年7月对西双版纳少数民族传统利用的药食两用植物进行民族植物学调查,通过访谈和野外调查工作, 收集并记录了关于当地社区传统利用药食两用植物的传统知识以及其他相关信息,并选择了其中20种植物进行抗菌活性的筛选。共调查统计了43科95种西双版纳传统利用的药食两用植物,从分类学角度来看,以茄科（6种）和唇形科（6种）最多,其中草本植物占了最大比例,为495%。对其中20种植物的抗菌活性筛选结果显示,只有马蓝（Baphicacanthus cusia）和旋花茄（Solanum spirale）对金黄色葡萄球菌有抑菌活性。从调查中可以看出：药食两用植物的利用在当地人的日常生活中仍占有相当重要的分量。但随着近年来经济快速发展导致的传统知识的急剧流失和森林的大面积砍伐,很多植物已经逐渐从人们的生活中淡出,如何保护这些传统知识并使其能够可持续发展下去是一个值得思考的问题。     

从蒙古人种典型体质特征发生率谈维吾尔族人种构成及演化

探讨维吾尔族的族源、人种构成、体质特征及演化过程可以更好地揭示该民族的历史与文化变迁的过程,有益于对该民族的保护和促进发展。关于维吾尔族的族源、人种构成及演化过程一直是争论的热点之一。考古人类学,尤其是分子考古的成果显示,新疆古代居民种族来源不是单一的,人种地理分布主要包含欧罗巴人种和蒙古人种两大成分,同时也有两大人种之间过渡的混血类型构成新疆地区复杂的人种类型。现代新疆维吾尔族体质特征和遗传性状的多态性,特别是不同地区维吾尔族之间的差异,无疑和这种古代复杂的种族生物学背景密切相关。现代维吾尔族主要表现蒙古人种的体质特征,表明现代维吾尔族的人种来源主要是蒙古人种。而部分蒙古人种标志性体质特征在维吾尔族的发生率介于欧罗巴人种和蒙古人种之间,显示现代维吾尔族具有相当成分的欧罗巴人种血统。蒙古人种标志性体质特征在新疆维吾尔自治区不同地区维吾尔族中发生率不同并呈现出东西方向梯度性变化趋势,体现现代维吾尔族在形成过程中,蒙古人种成分是由东部逐渐向西部渗入和融合的。