释植物学名中“Tangut"一词

Tangut一词是指我国隋唐时期在西陲众多的羌族部落支系中的一支,称党项羌.到北宋时,党项族逐渐强大,建立西夏王国,自称大夏.本文分析了以Tangut-为种加词语干的40余个种的学名,以它们的主模式、后选模式或合模式的分布区为依据并吸取前人的研究结果,划出唐古特区系的范围.本区系的范围,北方以甘肃祁连山南坡为界,最北起自镜铁山,向南一直延至甘肃洮河流域,南方以青海布尔汗布达山和阿尼玛卿山(积石山)为界,西起柴达木盆地东缘(不包括柴达木盆地),东边从洮河向西延伸至四川东北部一小部分,大致为松潘、理县以北地区.我们深知一个植物区系的界定需要考虑许多因素,在这里仅以一些分类群的采集地区为依据是不充分的.但又考虑到本区系包括的范围不大,而收集到分类群达40个之多,我们的分析可以看做是从历史的角度划分植物区范围的探索性尝试.     

Possible formation of a triple-stranded coiled-coil region in tropomyosin-troponin T binding complex

Immunoelectron microscopy has shown that the spatial arrangement of troponin T on tropomyosin can be represented as a structure of approximately 90 Å in length, as shown in Figure 1. The region of residues 90 to 148 of troponin T, which has been confirmed as a main part of the fragment which specifically binds to tropomyosin, was predicted to be a long stretch of α-helix by the method of secondary structure prediction. Furthermore, the mechanism of the specific binding was explored on the basis of the coiled-coil structure of tropomyosin by a simple scoring method. One of the most feasible structures of the specific binding complex was a triple-stranded coiled-coil made between a tropomyosin coiled-coil and the α-helical region of the specific binding fragment of troponin T. It is illustrated as a stereo view in Figure 2.     

华东区系鼠尾草属药用植物资源

通过资料查阅和标本查证,对华东区系野生鼠尾草属种类及药用植物资源进行调查研究。结果表明,华东区系现有鼠尾草属植物29种9变种4变型,其中具有药用价值的有15种3变种2变型。同时整理了这些药用鼠尾草植物的地理分布、生境特点,并制定了植物分种检索表。     

阿尔泰山萨彦岭4种优势树种径向生长对气候因子的响应

气候变化深刻地影响森林树木的生长,而树种对气候变化敏感度的差异可能影响了气候变化下的森林生态系统响应。因此,研究优势树种间生长对气候变化的敏感度差异,对正确认识气候变化下林分生长动态及分布格局十分重要。基于树木年代学的方法,研究了阿尔泰山萨彦岭西伯利亚落叶松(Larix sibirica)、西伯利亚红松(Pinus sibirica)、西伯利亚冷杉(Abies sibirica)以及西伯利亚云杉(Picea obovata) 4种优势树种的径向生长-气候关系。结果显示:(1)西伯利亚冷杉径向生长与上一年10—11月、当年1—9月的干旱指数、2—4月的降水显著正相关,与1月的平均温和最高温呈显著负相关关系,与当年4、6月份的水汽压正相关;(2)西伯利亚落叶松径向生长与上一年8月和当年8月的平均温、最高温以及当年8月的最低温显著负相关,而与当年6月的最低温则正相关,与8月份的水汽压显著负相关;(3)西伯利亚红松径向生长与3月降水、7月最低温、上一年10月的水汽压显著正相关;(4)西伯利亚云杉径向生长与6月平均温、最高温、水汽压正相关,与上一年10—11月、当年2—4月和9月的干旱指数正相关,同时与3、4月的降水量显著正相关。西伯利亚冷杉和西伯利亚云杉、西伯利亚云杉和西伯利亚落叶松、西伯利亚云杉和西伯利亚红松对于特定气候因子表现出相似的响应结果,与年表间相关性的结果一致。但差异也是明显的,西伯利亚冷杉和西伯利亚云杉对区域水分变化敏感,而西伯利亚落叶松和西伯利亚红松主要对区域温度变化敏感。综上所述,气候变化下,该区域优势树种对气候变化响应的差异可能导致区域林分动态和格局的改变,因此,多树种径向生长-气候关系研究有助于正确反映森林动态。研究结果可以为区域森林管理与生态保护工作提供理论依据。     

长江上游区域滑坡灾害生态风险评估

滑坡灾害对生态系统健康构成巨大威胁,滑坡灾害生态风险评估对于生态系统管理和风险防范至关重要。基于“概率损失”理论,提出了综合滑坡危险性、生态脆弱性和潜在损失的滑坡灾害生态风险评估框架,以长江上游地区为例,开展了实证研究。通过随机森林模型进行滑坡危险性评估,采用景观指数进行生态脆弱性分析,并利用生态系统服务和人口空间数据表征潜在损失。结果表明:(1) 研究区滑坡危险性等级主要为极低和低,占总面积的44%和14%;中等危险性区域占总面积的17%,主要分布在贵州省北部;高和极高危险性区域分别占总面积的17%和8%,主要分布在四川省雅安市、四川省巴中市至达州市一带及三峡库区。(2) 高和极高等级生态脆弱性占总面积的40%,主要分布在四川盆地、云贵高原、三峡库区和黄土高原的平原和丘陵地区,潜在损失主要集中在三峡库区和横断山区,这些地区具有强大的生态系统服务功能,但在发生滑坡灾害时,潜在损失较高。(3) 较高生态风险区域呈现局部聚集,占总面积的3.21%,主要集中在岷江、大渡河、长江流域地区;长江上游地区的高生态风险的成因和机制具有显著的空间异质性,人类活动对生态风险产生了较大的影响。     

中国典型冻土区土壤可培养细菌多样性

[目的]对比分析中国典型高纬度冻土区和高海拔冻土区土壤可培养细菌的多样性.[方法]采用NM、TSA 、R2A 3种培养基分离培养不同冻土区土壤可培养细菌,用通用引物扩增分离的细菌16S rRNA基因,根据系统发育分析进行鉴定.[结果]从6个样品中得到冻土土壤可培养细菌的菌落数量为4.70×103 -2.57×105 cfu/g(土壤干重),根据不同的菌落形态分离出144株可培养细菌.纯培养物的16S rRNA基因部分序列分析表明:我国高纬度冻土区土壤样品中的细菌分别属于Firmicutes分支(59.52％)、Gammaproteobacteria 分支(38.10％)、Betaproteobacteria分支(2.38％),其中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)、类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus)的菌株为该区域的三大优势菌群.我国高海拔冻土区土壤样品中分离细菌属于Gammaproteobacteria分支(89.22％)、Firmicutes分支(8.82％)和Bacteroidetes分支(1.96％)o优势菌群为假单胞菌属( Pseudomonas).[结论]我国高纬度冻土区和高海拔冻土区土壤具有较高的可培养细菌多样性;不同类型冻土区土壤可培养细菌群落组成不同.本文研究结果将为我国冻土区土壤细菌资源研究与利用提供理论依据.     

基于线粒体控制区序列的黄河上游厚唇裸重唇鱼种群遗传结构

采集黄河上游厚唇裸重唇鱼(Gymnodiptychus pachycheilus)甘肃玛曲群体,测定其线粒体DNA控制区序列,并从GenBank中下载青海玛多和贵德等3地2个群体的同源序列,分析该物种的遗传多样性、遗传结构及其演化历史.从81条729 bp序列中,检测到26个变异位点(占3.57％),碱基序列总的单倍型多样性为0.844,核苷酸多样性为0.0054,界定了34个单倍型,有1个广布单倍型H2,占所有样品的38.27％.单倍型网络图图显示单倍型没有明显的亲缘地理格局,H2处于中心,呈星状发散,系统发育分析没有显示出单倍型与地理位置的对应关系.AMOVA分析显示变异主要来自地理区内群体间,歧点分布和中性检测显示厚唇裸重唇鱼近期经历了种群扩张.分析表明黄河上游3地种厚唇裸重唇鱼种群未出现分化,建议应作为一个整体进行保护.     

运用稀疏法分析物种丰富度的海拔梯度分布格局:以样方实测乔木种数据为例

植物物种丰富度随山地海拔梯度的变化格局是生物多样性研究的热点之一.基于种-面积关系的任何模型对群落物种数目所作估计,其精度都依赖于样本的代表性、抽样尺度以及所涉及的分类群.作者以秦岭南坡森林群落样方实测的乔木种数据为例,借鉴群落最小面积(minimum area,MA)的概念及其确定方式,利用稀疏法(rarefacti...     

中国帕米尔高原种子植物区系的特征

中国帕米尔高原约有种子植物963种（包括变种）,隶属59科303属。其中裸子植物3科、3属、12种,被子植物56科、300属、951种。在区系科属分级水平上,寡种科、单种科占绝对优势,超过50种的大科仅有4科,分别占总属数、总种数的40.26%和46.21%,区系优势现象十分明显;单种或少种属也较多,属种比值偏高,表明区系组成上的复杂性。在区系地理成分中则是以温带成分为主的北温带成分占主导地位,其次是旧世界温带分布成分和地中海、西亚至中亚成分,而热带成分十分微弱。     

华西雨屏带及其对我国生物多样性保育的意义

华西雨屏带为四川盆地西部边缘独特的自然地理区域。东西宽50-70km,南北长400－450km,总面积约2.5万km^2,仅占我国国土总面积的0.26%左右。本区以自然风景优美、天然植被类型丰富、动植物资源种类多样而享誉中外。迄今为止,尚未将华西雨屏带作为相对独立的自然地理单元来研究其生物多样性。本文从当地剧烈的地形、地貌变化,特殊的气候、植被类型与动物栖息环境以及邻近人类聚居区的特点入手,扼要阐述了本区生态系统与环境的多样性状况。进一步通过对当地动植物种类,尤其是种子植物、兽类、鸟类、鱼类物种多样性与珍、稀、特保护物种的数量比重分析,提出了本带作为我国乃至世界上研究与保护生物多样性的热点区域的立论依据。华西雨屏带是一个大尺度、复合性的生态过渡带（ccotone),是我国西部地区以阴湿为主要特征的罕见的气候地理单元,是我国西部生态保护与建设的一道绿色屏障,是我国生物多样性保护与研究不可替代的关键地区之一。     

三峡库区资源植物的现状与保护

据调查统计,三峡库区有资源植物2070种,其中药用植物1006种、纤维植物104种、油脂植物76种、观赏植物74种、野果植物54种、芳香植物54种、树脂树胶植物68种、淀粉及糖类植物52种,鞣科植物32种、珍稀植物49种、其它类型植物465种。论述了三峡库区资源植物的分类及保护现状。     

武陵山区蕨类植物研究

武陵山区蕨类植物资源丰富,现知有644种(包括变种),分属116属, 46科;蕨类区系属热带-亚热带山地类型;属的地理成份有12种类型,与日本、印度-马来西亚有密切关系;武陵山区蕨类区系属我国西南区系,与华中华东区关系密切,华南、华北区次之;蕨类垂直分布分四带。     

黄河上游极边扁咽齿鱼种群遗传结构

极边扁咽齿鱼Platypharodon extremus是黄河上游的特有鱼类,近年来由于过度捕捞、环境变迁等因素,其资源量剧减,种群处于濒危状态。研究中采集了分布于黄河上游的3个种群（n=107）,基于线粒体DNA控制区695bp序列,共检测到101个可变位点,占总分析位点的14.5%,其中58个为简约信息位点。3种群共界定了87个单倍型,种群平均单倍型多样性h=0.995,核苷酸多样性π=0.0129。结果表明,极边扁咽齿鱼的种群遗传多样性水平较高。分子方差分析（AMOVA）表明,3群体间总遗传分化系数Fst=0.0528,群体间尚未有显著的遗传分化。系统发生树显示3种群的单倍型混合分布,各进化枝之间分歧度很低,没有形成明显的单倍型组,也没有显示出单倍型与地理位置的对应关系。3个群体共享1个单倍型（Hap₃1）,推测它们来自于共同的祖先。歧点分布和Fu’Fs中性检测显示极边扁咽齿鱼并未经历种群扩张。     

Investigation into the edge effect by use of capture-recapture data in a vole population

A substantial explication of the edge effect has been attempted by use of capture-recapture data for a vole population (Microtus montebelli), gathered intwo plots of 100×100 m or less during 12 days, cheked twice daily, in August 1970; the sample was quite sufficient for the aim. The edge effect as guessed by increased catch per trap is usually suspected to ensue from range-settlers in the outside boundary strip of a plot and immigrants. But by a theoretical analysis I could attain a tentative conclusion that no increased catch per trap will occur unless any invasion takes place. Then it follows that, apart from the effect of invasion, the role of the adjoining outside settlers in the edge effect is essentially required to be studied in the light of knowledge on the truth of size and shift in home range. The variation in range behavior for 183 adult voles, captured 6 times or more, could be grouped into eight types, of which the range-conservative type possessed 52% of the sample and the group of the type was justly utilized for giving averages of range size. Besides, it was seen from the observed frequency of types that a considerable number of immigrants onto the census plot were induced perhaps being allured by trap baits, but the majority of them proved to be assigned to the voles that have their ranges inside the assessment line ofDice ; the rest referable to effective immigrants was only a few (7%). I could perceive no reason such as disproves the idea ofDice 's additional boundary strip. Viewed from maps of ingress shift of ranges, the effect of ingress must have been greater in the outer trap rows than in the inner within the plot, so that it might well be called edge effect in general; such effect, however, is seen gradually diminishing toward the center, and hence it is almost unlikely that one should find any clear-cut intra-plot assessment lines demarcating such an inner square as quite free from edge effects. Averages of observed range length and width (ORL and ORW), as reliable measures for the true range size, were determined from the above group of specimens; as a result, the remarkable concept of elliptic range shape was established by regarding ORL as long axis and ORW as short one, and, directly from these averages, the mean range sizes worked out at 0.04 for females and 0.09 for males in acreage which proved to be surprisingly well agreeable with those of isotope-revealed ranges for voles given byGodfrey (1954) andAmbrose (1969). The catchability for marked voles () was estimated by the maximum likelihood method by use ofJolly 's formulae (1965), but that for unmarked ones () was made by the regression census formula; as a result it was shown that the population was clearly of π>p type and that the trap-experience that voles underwent one month or more ago can make them retain as high catchability as π.     

A field study of the effect of prebaiting on censusing by the capture-recapture method in a vole population

Populations of the vole, Clethrionomys rufocanus, in a lowland woodlot of Hokkaido were studied for the presence of effects of prebaiting on censusing by the capture-recapture method. A grid of 121 live-traps, spaced 5 m apart, was laid out on each of two plots, one of which alone was prebaited three days long. Owing to very high densities and great trap-efficiency, sufficient and favourable samples could be available for statistical analysis, except the trend of delayed catch for young in sampling. The population on either plot, however, proved to be markedly variable in catchability of unmarked animals in the course of trapping; while the probability of recapture was counted as invariable on the average from day to day, the recapture frequency was different between juveniles, subadults and adults. Needless to say, the catchability was distinctly greater for marked voles than for unmarked ones, whether prebaited or not, through the trapping period, except that the first-day catchability for unmarked ones on the prebaited plot seems not to be significantly lower than that for marked ones. Consequently, it turns out that the prebaiting has almost never helped to eliminate the important bias induced by differential trap-response of marked and unmarked animals; its contribution is only that the catchability for unmarked ones is slightly higher on the part of the prebaited plot on earlier days of the period. In accordance with the heterogeneous catchability, the Γ-form distribution analogous to the geometric could be applied with thorough fitness to the capture frequency in order to estimate the whole populations. The fact that the estimates are reliable, being not at any rate underestimates, was further confirmed by the result of a follow-up work conducted by means of the removal method with wider trap-spacing which brought forth distinct underestimation chiefly referable to unexposure to traps of the partial populations. The subject of unexposure was discussed by laying stress on the relation between minimum range length and trap-spacing.     

A possible discrepancy between the exposed and the whole population depending on range-size and trap-spacing in vole populations

Population Ecology - From a field study for the vole population (Clethrionomys rufocanus) in Hokkaido in the late summer of 1965, it has been proved that the range length may decrease from 25 to 18...