氮硅添加对高寒草甸垂穗披碱草叶片全氮含量及净光合速率的影响

该文以青藏高原高寒草甸优势种垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)为研究对象, 探究不同水平氮肥与硅肥混合添加后对其叶片全氮含量和净光合速率的影响, 以期对高寒草甸牧场施肥提供一定的理论依据。研究发现: 氮、硅单独添加时, 均可提高垂穗披碱草叶片全氮含量以及净光合速率; 氮、硅配施处理对叶片全氮含量和净光合速率均存在显著的交互作用; 低(N₁)、中(N₂)、高(N₃) 3种不同浓度的氮肥处理下, 低硅(Si₁)添加对垂穗披碱草叶片全氮含量以及净光合速率没有显著的促进作用, 而添加中浓度硅肥(Si₂)可显著提高垂穗披碱草叶片全氮含量; 低、中浓度施氮水平下, 中浓度硅肥可显著促进垂穗披碱草光合作用; 叶片全氮含量和净光合速率最大平均值均出现在中浓度氮、硅肥配施下, 与不施肥相比分别提高了119.99%和85.70%; 就该试验而言, 施加氮肥的同时, 适当添加一些硅肥能够更好地提高垂穗披碱草叶片全氮含量和净光合速率, 且硅的添加量为8 g·m^-2时效果较好。     

夏玉米叶片水分变化与光合作用和土壤水分的关系

叶片是光合作用的重要器官,其含水量的变化必将影响光合作用,但关于叶片水分变化对光合作用的影响报道较少。以华北夏玉米为研究对象,利用三叶期不同水分梯度的持续干旱模拟试验资料,分析夏玉米叶片水分变化及其与叶片净光合速率和土壤水分的关系。结果表明:夏玉米叶片净光合速率对叶片水分变化的响应显著且呈二次曲线关系,叶片含水量约为70.30%时,叶片净光合速率为零;叶片含水量与土壤相对湿度呈非直角双曲线关系,叶片最大含水量约为85.14%。研究结果可为准确描述叶片水分变化对光合作用的影响及客观辨识夏玉米干旱的发生发展及监测预警提供参考。     

氮磷添加对金露梅叶片化学计量及光合特征的影响

通过三种养分添加处理,氮添加(5、10和15 g??m-2)、磷添加(梯度同氮添加)、氮磷同时添加[(5 g N＋5 g P)??m-2、(10 g N＋10 g P)??m-2、(15 g N＋15 g P)??m-2],对照(无养分添加),探讨养分添加对金露梅叶片性状氮含量(Nmas )、磷含量(Pmas )、氮磷比(N∶P)、比叶重(LMA)、净光合速率(Pn )和光合氮利用效率(PNUE)的影响,以及各性状之间的相互关系.结果表明：在处理水平上,除N或P显著提高金露梅叶片的N∶P外,氮、磷添加对叶片其它性状无显著影响;不同氮、磷处理下添加水平对金露梅叶片的Nmas、N∶P、Pn和PNUE均有显著影响,随着养分水平提高,各性状的变化模式各不相同,叶片Pmas无明显变化,而叶片LMA虽有降低的趋势但不显著.回归分析表明,叶片Pmas与Nmas之间呈显著正相关(R2＝0．347,P＜0．001),叶片Nmas 与N∶P之间也呈显著正相关(R2＝0．018,P＜0．05),而叶片Pmas与N∶P呈显著负相关(R2＝0．505,P＜0．001);叶片LMA与Pn之间显著负相关(R2＝0．02,P＜0．05),而与PNUE之间显著正相关(R2＝0．077,P＜0．001).这表明在一定范围内,环境变化可以改变金露梅叶片的养分保持能力、光合能力以及养分利用效率.     

Effects of nitrogen and silicon application on leaf nitrogen content and net photosynthetic rate of Elymus nutans in alpine meadow

AimsElymus nutans is one of the dominant plant species in alpine meadow. Purpose of this research was to study the effects of nitrogen and silicon application on leaf nitrogen content and net photosynthetic rate in this species to provide scientific basis for fertilization practice in alpine meadow.MethodFour levels nitrogen combined with four levels silicon was applied to E. nutans plants in the alpine meadow. Leaf nitrogen content and net photosynthetic rate of E. nutans were measured.Important findings The results showed that there was a significant improvement in leaf nitrogen content and net photosynthetic rate of the E. nutans with nitrogen or silicon application alone; However, there was a significant interaction between nitrogen and silicon treatments on leaf nitrogen content and net photosynthetic rate; Combining with the three different levels nitrogen, low level silicon (Si₁) application did not increase leaf nitrogen content and net photosynthetic rate, but middle level silicon (Si₂) could significantly increase the leaf nitrogen content; Combining with the low (N₁) or middle (N₂) level nitrogen, middle level silicon (Si₂) application could significantly increase the net photosynthetic rate; Compared with that control without fertilization, the middle level nitrogen combined with the same level silicon treatment had the highest average of leaf nitrogen content and net photosynthetic rate, which increased by 119.99% and 85.70%, respectively. This study indicated application of nitrogen combined with silicon application enhanced leaf nitrogen content and net photosynthetic rate of E. nutans, and 8 g·m^-2silicon application had the best result among other treatments.     

Variation and adaptation in leaf sulfur content across China

中国植物叶片硫含量的空间变异与适应机制 硫是植物生长发育和形态建成所必需的营养元素之一,并在其非生物胁迫抗性和环境适应等方面发挥着重要作用。因此,揭示植物叶片硫含量 (leaf sulfur content, LSC)  的空间变异规律和适应机制,将 有助于我们进一步了解植物的进化机制以及功能元素利用策略。本研究采用统一的采样流程和测试方法,构建了中国80个典型生态系统  (包括31个森林、38个草原和11个荒漠)、2207种植物叶片硫含量的实测数据库,系统地评估了不同植物生长型 (PGFs)和生态系统之间LSC的差异,并探讨了LSC的空间变异规律及其主要环境驱动因素。研究结果表明：(1)中国区域自然植被LSC的变化范围为0.15–48.64 g kg-1,平均值为2.13 ± 0.04 g kg-1。(2)LSC在不同生态系统和植被类型之间存在显著的空间变异特征。尤其发现干旱地区或草本植物的LSC较高。叶片在干旱、低温和强紫外线辐射环境中倾向于积累更多的硫,可能是植物增强胁迫生境抗逆性的重要途径。(3)   温度、降水、辐射、土壤硫含量和干旱的交互作用共同调控着LSC,并解释了其79%的空间变异;而系统发育对LSC空间变异没有显著影响。本研究从中国区域尺度揭示了LSC的空间变异规律,证实LSC在植物应对极端环境的重要作用及其机制,拓展了人们对硫的生物功能的认识。     

黑龙江省次生林主要组成树种光合能力与叶片含氮量研究

以黑龙江省次生林主要组成树种蒙古栎、白桦、水曲柳、山杨、胡桃楸、黄波罗为研究对象,测定自然状态下这6个树种的光合能力,并分析光合能力与叶片含氮量之间的关系.研究结果表明,树种的光合能力存在明显的季节变化,不同树种间的光合能力、光合潜力存在差异.生长季中,胡桃楸具有最高的光合能力最大值,白桦具有最高的年平均光合能力,蒙古栎具有最大的光合潜力.蒙古栎叶片含氮量与光合能力线性正相关(r=0.97),白桦、水曲柳叶片含氮量与光合能力呈二次曲线相关(r=0.61,r=0.51).     

桂西南岩溶区八种适生植物光合性状的变异与关联

为探究岩溶植物的光合生理适应机制，采用Li-6400XT便携式光合作用测量系统，对广西平果市岩溶区8种适生植物的叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用效率(WUE)和气孔限制值(L_s)等光合特征参数进行了测定分析。结果表明：(1)6个光合特征参数在种内和种间均存在不同程度的变异，并且种内变异均大于种间变异。(2)G_s和T_r的变化主要来源于种间变异(46.72%～49.76%),而P_n、C_i、WUE和L_s变化主要来源于种内变异(48.66%～64.50%)。在生活型水平上，P_n、G_s和T_r的种内变异表现为常绿植物小于落叶植物，而C_i、WUE和L_s则相反。(3)各参数的种间变异均表现为落叶植...     

间作对氮调控玉米光合速率和光合氮利用效率的影响

研究间作后作物光合碳同化和光合氮利用效率(PNUE)对氮投入的响应, 对阐释间作产量优势的氮调控效应, 指导间作氮肥管理有重要意义。本研究设置玉米(Zea mays)单作、玉米间作两种种植模式的4个氮水平(N0, 0 kg·hm ^-2; N1, 125 kg·hm ^-2; N2, 250 kg·hm ^-2; N3, 375 kg·hm ^-2), 分析间作与施氮量对玉米叶片特征、光合参数、PNUE和产量的影响。结果表明: 与单作相比, 间作显著增加玉米叶片的叶干质量和比叶质量; 各施氮水平(除N3)下, 间作中靠近马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)侧的玉米叶面积均显著高于单作玉米。单间作对比发现, 间作提高了玉米光饱和点和暗呼吸速率。单作、间作靠玉米侧(I-M)、间作靠马铃薯侧(I-P)的玉米PNUE均随施氮量增加而降低, 降幅以I-P最大; 施氮量低于250 kg·hm ^-2时, 相同施氮量下的玉米PNUE和净光合速率(P_n)均以I-P最高, I-M和单作次之。间作显著提高了玉米产量(土地当量比>1)。该研究中当施氮量≤250 kg·hm ^-2时, 间作I-P的玉米叶片P_n和PNUE显著提高可能是间作玉米产量提高的重要原因。     

茶树叶片净光合速率对生态因子的响应

试验以铁观音品种为材料 ,研究盆栽茶树叶片净光合速率对生态因子的响应。结果表明 :茶树叶片净光合速率 ( Pn)随着光合有效辐射 ( PAR)增加而迅速升高。成龄叶片光补偿点和光饱和点分别在 50～ 1 1 0 μmol/m2· s和 1 80 0～2 0 0 0 μmol/m2· s左右 ,光补偿点和光饱和点随叶龄、环境温度不同而异。茶树叶片净光合速率对叶温的响应曲线类似抛物线型 ,环境温度为 2 4℃和 2 7℃时光合最适温度分别为 2 7± 2℃和 3 0± 2℃。光合最适温度也随叶龄不同而不同。当空气 CO2 浓度在 2 90～ 3 60μl/L时 ,茶树叶片净光合速率 ( Pn)随空气 CO2 浓度提高而提高 ,但当浓度高于 3 70μl/L或低于2 80μl/L时 ,Pn的增大或减小都很急剧 ,CO2 补偿点在 2 83μl/L左右。茶树叶片净光合速率 ( Pn)随着土壤水势逐渐下降而下降 ,临时性萎蔫点在 -50 k Pa左右 ,永久性萎蔫点在 -62 k Pa左右 ,同时复胁迫茶树的抗旱性明显提高。     

棉花叶片氮含量的空间分布与光合特性

在棉花生长旺季,将冠层按高度分多层测定了田间叶片含氮量和叶片净光合速率对光合有效辐射通量密度的响应(光响应曲线,Pn-PPFD response curve)及相应的生物指标.结果表明,各层叶片氮含量与光合作用关系密切,各层平均值大小依次为上层＞中层＞下层,对应层叶片的最大净光合速率Pmax、表观暗呼吸速率Rd、光补偿点LCP及光饱和点LSP均从上到下依次递减,与氮含量分布一致,而表观光合量子效率AQY则略有不同;氮含量的指数衰减系数 kn =0.762(R2=0.593),根据观测结果,棉田叶片氮含量(N)空间分布可以用相对累积叶面积指数(Lc/Lt)为自变量的指数方程来模拟,从而为建立光合作用机理模型与进行生产力奠定基础.     

Decline of photosynthetic capacity with leaf age in relation to leaf longevities for five tropical canopy tree species

The effect of leaf aging on photosynthetic capacities was examined for upper canopy leaves of five tropical tree species in a seasonally dry forest in Panama. These species varied in mean leaf longevity between 174 and 315 d, and in maximum leaf life span between 304 and 679 d. The light-saturated CO2 exchange rates of leaves produced during the primary annual leaf flush measured at 7-8 mo of age were 33-65% of the rates measured at 1-2 mo of age for species with leaf life span of < 1 yr. The negative regression slopes of photosynthetic capacity against leaf age were steeper for species with shorter maximum leaf longevity. In all species, regression slopes were less steep than the slopes predicted by assuming a linear decline toward the maximum leaf age (20-80% of the predicted decline rate). Maximum oxygen evolution rates and leaf nitrogen content declined faster with age for species with shorter leaf life spans. Statistical significance of regression slopes of oxygen evolution rates against leaf age was strongest on a leaf mass basis (r = 0.49-0.87), followed by leaf nitrogen basis (r = 0.48-0.77), and weakest on a leaf area basis (r = 0.35-0.70).     

西北干旱区葡萄净光合速率变化及其影响因素

葡萄作为西北干旱区主要经济作物之一,认识其光合生产过程对种植栽培至关重要。为探究大田自然条件下葡萄光合生理特征及影响葡萄光合作用的主要影响因子,该研究于2019年6—9月测定葡萄(品种：无核白)叶片光合作用及其生理生态因子日变化,采用通径分析方法分析各因子对叶片净光合速率的直接和间接作用,确定其主要影响因子,同时在全天分时段模式下进一步分析葡萄叶片净光合速率对各生理生态因子的响应。结果表明：(1)葡萄叶片净光合速率日变化总体呈现先升高、后下降的单峰型曲线变化特征。(2)葡萄叶片净光合速率与光合有效辐射、饱和水汽压差、空气温度、气孔导度和蒸腾速率呈极显著正相关,与相对湿度和胞间CO₂浓度呈极显著负相关。(3)各月影响葡萄叶片净光合速率变化的主要决定因子6月、8月和9月为蒸腾速率,而7月为气孔导度。(4)6—9月的葡萄叶片净光合速率与空气温度、光合有效辐射、饱和水汽压差的响应均呈“迟滞回环”关系,与蒸腾速率、气孔导度呈良好的线性关系(R²>0.85),与胞间CO₂浓度呈指数函数关系(R²=0.53...     

油蒿叶片氮分配对其最大净光合速率季节变异的影响

植物最大净光合速率的季节变异性及其氮调控机制是近年来植物生理生态领域研究热点,对荒漠植物光合最大净光合速率季节动态及其叶氮影响,特别是叶氮分配对最大净光合速率调控机制的了解仍非常有限。2018年5—10月在宁夏盐池毛乌素沙地,对当地主要建群种油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)进行生长季原位观测,测定其叶光合光响应曲线(A-PAR)、CO₂响应曲线(A-Ci)和叶氮含量,结合环境观测数据,分析A-PAR关键参数最大净光合速率(A_max)的季节变异和叶片氮分配相关参数对A_max的调控。结果表明,油蒿叶片A_max在生长期季节变异系数(Cv)为14%,在完全展叶中期,光合氮利用效率(PNUE)有最大值11.82μmolCO₂ gN^-1 s^-1,此时叶片氮素在光合系统中的分配比例最大,A_max有最大值29.48μmol CO₂ m^-2s^-1,油蒿光...     

夏玉米三叶期持续干旱下不同叶位叶片含水量变化及其与光合作用的关系

植物干物质的累积依赖于群体光合速率,而群体光合速率又与单叶的光合能力密切有关。叶片光合作用与其含水量密切相关,目前关于不同叶位叶片含水量对持续干旱的响应及其与光合作用的关系还未见报道。以华北夏玉米郑单958为材料,设置6个不同灌水处理,模拟不同灌溉量下持续干旱对夏玉米不同叶位叶片生理特性的影响,分析夏玉米顶部开始的第一、三、五叶位叶片的水分变化及其与净光合速率的关系。结果表明:夏玉米不同叶位的叶片最大含水量不同,且随干旱进程的推进叶片含水量的变化速率也不同,第一叶的叶片含水量下降速率高于第三、第五叶,第一叶的最大含水量高于第三、五叶,且可进行光合产物积累的叶片含水量下限随叶位的增加而增大。同时,第一叶的叶片含水量与土壤水分呈显著相关,且与净光合速率的相关性也非常强。第一叶可进行光合产物积累的叶片水分下限(净光合速率为零时的叶片含水量)最小,表明其耐旱性最强,对干旱具有指导意义。研究结果可为提高冠层光合作用模拟的准确性及夏玉米干旱发生发展的监测预警提供参考。     

Relationships between photosynthetic activity and silica accumulation with ages of leaf in Sasa veitchii (Poaceae, Bambusoideae)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Bamboos have long-lived, evergreen leaves that continue to accumulate silica throughout their life. Silica accumulation has been suggested to suppress their photosynthetic activity. However, nitrogen content per unit leaf area (N(area)), an important determinant of maximum photosynthetic capacity per unit leaf area (P(max)), decreases as leaves age and senescence. In many species, P(max) decreases in parallel with the leaf nitrogen content. It is hypothesized that if silica accumulation affects photosynthesis, then P(max) would decrease faster than N(area), leading to a decrease in photosynthetic rate per unit leaf nitrogen (photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, PNUE) with increasing silica content in leaves. METHODS: The hypothesis was tested in leaves of Sasa veitchii, which have a life span of 2 years and accumulate silica up to 41 % of dry mass. Seasonal changes in P(max), stomatal conductance, N(area) and silica content were measured for leaves of different ages. KEY RESULTS: Although P(max) and PNUE were negatively related with silica content across leaves of different ages, the relationship between PNUE and silica differed depending on leaf age. In second-year leaves, PNUE was almost constant although there was a large increase in silica content, suggesting that leaf nitrogen was a primary factor determining the variation in P(max) and that silica accumulation did not affect photosynthesis. PNUE was strongly and negatively correlated with silica content in third-year leaves, suggesting that silica accumulation affected photosynthesis of older leaves. CONCLUSIONS: Silica accumulation in long-lived leaves of bamboo did not affect photosynthesis when the silica concentration of a leaf was less than 25 % of dry mass. Silica may be actively transported to epidermal cells rather than chlorenchyma cells, avoiding inhibition of CO2 diffusion from the intercellular space to chloroplasts. However, in older leaves with a larger silica content, silica was also deposited in chlorenchyma cells, which may relate to the decrease in PNUE.     

嘉峪关草湖湿地芦苇净光合速率与叶面积和叶厚度的关系

植物净光合速率(P_n)与叶性状的环境响应,对理解异质性生境中植物叶片物理构建与生理代谢的关系具有重要意义。采用线性回归的方法,按照芦苇种群地下水埋深和地表水水位变化规律设置:Ⅰ(地下水埋深0.3—0.6 m)、Ⅱ(地下水埋深0—0.3 m)、Ⅲ(地表水水位0—0.3 m) 3个梯度,研究了土壤水分影响下芦苇(Phragmites australias)的P_n与叶面积(LA)、叶厚度的关系。结果表明:随着土壤水分的增加,湿地植被群落的高度、盖度和地上生物量呈逐渐增大的趋势,芦苇的LA、叶片P_n呈现逐渐增加的趋势,而叶厚度呈减小趋势;在样地(Ⅰ)和样地(Ⅲ)芦苇的P_n与LA之间分别存在极显著负相关和正相关关系(P 0.01),而与叶厚度之间分别存在极显著正相关和负相关关系(P0.01);在样地(Ⅱ),芦苇的P_n与LA之间呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),与叶厚度之间仅呈显著负相关关系(P0.05)。随着土壤水分的增加,芦苇选择了增大叶面积、减小叶厚度,相应增大P_n的生存策略,体现了芦苇种群在异质生境中较强的叶片表型可塑性,从而更好地适应特殊的湿地生境。     

Canopy photosynthetic production in a Japanese larch stand. I. Seasonal and vertical changes of leaf characteristics along the light gradient in a canopy

In an 18 year old Japanese larch stand, leaf characteristics such as area, weight, gross photosynthetic rate and respiration rate were studied in order to obtain basic information on estimating canopy photosynthesis and respiration. The leaf growth courses in area and weight from bud opening were approximated by simple logistic curves. The growth coefficient for the area growth curve was 0.155–0.175 day⁻¹, while that for the weight growth was 0.112–0.117 day⁻¹. The larger growth coefficient in area growth caused the seasonal change in specific leaf area (SLA) that increased after bud opening to its peak early in May at almost 300 cm² g⁻¹ and then decreased until it leveled off at about 140 cm²g⁻¹. The change inSLA indicates the possibility that leaf area growth precedes leaf thickness growth. The relationship between the coefficientsa andb of the gross photosynthetic rate (p)-light flux density (1) curve (p=bI/(1+aI)) and the mean relative light flux density (I′/I ₀) at each canopy height were approximated by hyperbolic formulae:a=A/(I′/I ₀)+B andb=C/(I′/I ₀)+D. Leaf respiration rate was also increased with increasingI′/I ₀. Seasonal change of gross photosynthetic rate and leaf respiration rate were related to mean air temperature through linear regression on semilogarithmic co-ordinates.     

太岳山典型阔叶乔木冠层叶片性状的分布格局

以太岳山4种阔叶乔木不同冠层高度的叶片为研究对象,用LI-3000A叶面积仪和Li-6400便携式光合作用测定系统分别测定了这4种乔木不同冠层高度叶片的叶面积大小和单位面积的叶光饱和速率(Aarea);同时测定了其叶氮含量;计算了其比叶面积(SLA)、单位面积叶氮含量(Narea)、单位重量叶氮含量(Nmass)、单位重量的叶光饱和速率(Amass)和光合氮素利用效率(PNUE),对植株不同冠层高度叶片的SLA、叶氮和光合特性的空间分布格局进行了比较研究,结果表明:Aarea、Amass、Nmass、PNUE、SLA和Narea在树冠上层、中层和下层的差异均达到了极显著水平(P<0.001),表明树冠不同高度的叶片性状参数差异较大;在相同SLA下,Nmass和Narea在冠层中的分布均表现为中层>上层>下层,并出现平行位移现象;Aarea和Nmass都以中层值最大,表明冠层光合能力分布格局以中层相对较高。     

The leaf economics spectrum’s morning coffee: plant size-dependent changes in leaf traits and reproductive onset in a perennial tree crop

Background and AimsSize-dependent changes in plant traits are an important source of intraspecific trait variation. However, there are few studies that have tested if leaf trait co-variation and/or trade-offs follow a within-genotype leaf economics spectrum (LES) related to plant size and reproductive onset. To our knowledge, there are no studies on any plant species that have tested whether or not the shape of a within-genotype LES that describes how traits covary across whole plant sizes, is the same as the shape of a within-genotype LES that represents environmentally driven trait plasticity.MethodsWe quantified size-dependent variation in eight leaf traits in a single coffee genotype (Coffea arabica var. Caturra) in managed agroecosystems with different environmental conditions (light and fertilization treatments), and evaluated these patterns with respect to reproductive onset. We also evaluated if trait covariation along a within-genotype plant-size LES differed from a within-genotype environmental LES defined with trait data from coffee growing in different environmental conditions.Key ResultsLeaf economics traits related to resource acquisition – maximum photosynthetic rates (A) and mass-based leaf nitrogen (N) concentrations – declined linearly with plant size. Structural traits – leaf mass, leaf thickness, and leaf mass per unit area (LMA) – and leaf area increased with plant size beyond reproductive onset, then declined in larger plants. Three primary LES traits (mass-based A, leaf N and LMA) covaried across a within-genotype plant-size LES, with plants moving towards the ‘resource-conserving’ end of the LES as they grow larger; in coffee these patterns were nearly identical to a within-genotype environmental LES.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that a plant-size LES exists within a single genotype. Our findings indicate that in managed agroecosystems where resource availability is high the role of reproductive onset in driving within-genotype trait variability, and the strength of covariation and trade-offs among LES traits, are less pronounced compared with plants in natural systems. The consistency in trait covariation in coffee along both plant-size and environmental LES axes indicates strong constraints on leaf form and function that exist within plant genotypes.