中国白块菌——攀枝花块菌子囊果内可培养细菌的多样性研究

对新近发现的块菌属一新种——攀枝花白块菌（Tuber panzhihuanense）子囊果中可培养细菌的多样性进行了研究。采用胰蛋白大豆培养基（TSA）对菌株进行分离。用毛细管电泳（HPCE）对所有获得的菌株的16S rDNA V3高变区进行筛选获得不同条带大小的菌株,对筛选出的菌株的16S rDNA进行测序,并进行细菌多样性分析和研究。结果显示,攀枝花块菌子囊果内可培养细菌在数量及种类上都表现出很高的多样性,所有细菌分属于5个门的11个属和20个种。在所分离到的变形菌门的细菌中,数量最多的菌株（4968%）属于γ Proteobacteria,其中假单胞菌属的Pseudomonas lurida为优势类群;其次为α Proteobacteria,占3742%,其中以固氮菌 Bradyrhizobium japonicum和Phyllobacterium spp.为优势类群。其余的菌株属于放线菌门（Actinobacteria） （322%）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes） （774%）,厚壁菌门中以芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）为代表菌群。酸杆菌门中的Terriglobus roseus（194%）首次从块菌中分离获得。     

Diversity of Culturable Bacteria Associated with Ascocarps of a Chinese White Truffle,Tuber panzhihuanense (Ascomycota)*

Culturable bacterial communities inhabiting ascocarps of Tuber panzhihuanense were investigated. Isolates obtained on tryptone soy agar (TSA) were screened with high performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) according to differences in size of 16S rDNA V3. Target isolates were identified by analysis of the whole length of 16S rDNA gene. The results revealed that the ascocarps of T. panzhihuanense harbored a great number of culturable bacteria which belonging to 20 species and 11 genera in 5 phyla. Most isolates (4968%) were affiliated to the γ Proteobacteria, dominated by Pseudomonas lurida. The second major subclass was α Proteobacteria (3742%), with Phyllobacterium and a nitrogen fixing bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum also occurring as dominant taxa. The remaining bacterial isolates contained members of Actinobacteria (322%) and Firmicutes (774%) of which Bacillus was the commonest bacterium. A novel Tuber associated culturable bacterium species, Terriglobus roseus, was isolated and detected for the first time in Tuber ascocarps.     

中国白块菌-攀枝花块菌子囊果内可培养细菌的多样性研究

对新近发现的块菌属一新种-攀枝花白块菌（Tuber panzhihuanense）子囊果中可培养细菌的多样性进行了研究。采用胰蛋白大豆培养基（TSA）对菌株进行分离。用毛细管电泳（HPCE）对所有获得的菌株的16SrDNAV3高变区进行筛选获得不同条带大小的菌株,对筛选出的菌株的16SrDNA进行测序．并进行细菌多样性分析和研究。结果显示,攀枝花块菌子囊果内可培养细菌在数量及种类上都表现出很高的多样性,所有细菌分属于5个门的11个属和20个种。在所分离到的变形菌门的细菌中,数量最多的菌株（49．68％）属于γ-Proteobacteria,其中假单胞菌属的Pseudomonas lurida为优势类群;其次为d．Pro．teobacteria,占37．42％,其中以固氮菌Bradyrhizobium japonicum和Phyllobacteriumspp．为优势类群。其余的菌株属于放线菌门（Actinobacteria）（3．22％）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）（7．74％）,厚壁菌门中以芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）为代表菌群。酸杆菌门中的Terriglobus roseus（1．94％）首次从块菌中分离获得。     

大莲湖池杉林湿地土壤可培养细菌的分离与鉴定

采用牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基培养,从大莲湖池杉林土壤中共分离得到20个菌落形态不同的菌株。通过对这些菌株的形态、培养特征、生理生化特征的研究以及16S rDNA序列分析,初步确定这些菌株分别属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus)、北里孢菌属(Kitasatosporia)、金黄杆菌属(Chryseobacterium)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphingobacte-rium)和丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas)等9个属细菌。其中芽胞杆菌属和不动杆菌属细菌是优势菌,分离到的红球菌属、北里孢菌属、鞘氨醇杆菌属和丛毛单胞菌属细菌在国内湿地土壤中报道较少。     

宁夏黄土高原马铃薯连作栽培对土壤可培养细菌遗传多样性的影响

采用平板培养、BOXAIR-PCR和16S rDNA RFLP技术对宁夏黄土高原马铃薯连作栽培土壤可培养细菌遗传多样性进行研究。结果表明,4个连作年限2个生育期8份土样共分离到91株细菌菌株, BOXAIR-PCR分析发现,91株细菌菌株的遗传相似系数为0.531～0.939,相同连作年限不同生育期根际土细菌菌群分布不同,不同连作年限同一生育期根际土细菌菌群的分布也不同,随着连作年限增加,可培养细菌遗传多样性呈现下降趋势;结合16S rDNA 的序列分析,从91株菌株中筛选出的41个代表菌株可分为23个物种,分属于细菌域的12个属,其中,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）占同一连作年限菌株数的53.6%。连作导致土壤细菌菌群结构发生变化,出现各自特有的菌属。系统发育分析表明,23个细菌物种分布于6个系统发育群。     

黄海繁茂膜海绵中微生物多样性的研究

构建了中国黄海繁茂膜海绵中细菌16S rDNA克隆,对其遗传多样性进行了分析,发现海绵中相关细菌16S rDNA基因主要归类于紫硫细菌门(Proteobacteria)中的α-亚门、γ-亚门,和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)等类群。所获得的16S rDNA序列与GenBank中的已知序列差异较大,反映出该海绵存在尚未发现的微生物新信息。     

海绵Pachychalina sp.体内细菌多样性的研究

通过非分离培养分析方法,直接从海绵体内提取细菌总DNA。以样品总DNA为模板进行PCR扩增获得细菌16S rDNA。用16S rDNA限制性酶切片段长度多态性(ARDRA)和测序方法对南海湛江海域海绵Pachychalina sp．体内的细菌多样性进行了研究。在细菌16S rDNA的ARDRA图谱中,大多数克隆的酶切带谱间存在差异;随机挑选22个克隆进行测序得到它们的16S rDNA部分序列,大部分序列属于γ-proteobacterium和α-proteobacterium,但有少数克隆序列与RDP数据库中收录的16S rDNA序列间的相似性极小,不参与系统发育树的构建。研究结果表明海绵Pachychalina sp.体内细菌组成具有丰富的多样性。     

线虫寄生菌巴斯德杆菌遗传多样性分析

应用16S rDNA-PCR技术快速检测不同根系样品中的巴斯德杆菌(Pasteuria spp.),并采用PCR-RFLP和PCR-SSCP法初步分析这些样品中巴斯德杆菌群体的遗传多样性,结果表明,来自福建、广东的30份感染根结线虫病的根系中,有9份样品含有巴斯德杆菌;PCR-RFLP分析表明,克隆子的EcoH I酶切带型分为5类,其中2类占相对优势,PCR-SSCP带型分类的情况与PCR-RFLP的基本一致,但表现出更大的差异性.选取12个克隆子进行测序分析,结果显示,克隆子的16S rDNA序列与穿刺巴斯德杆菌(Pasteuria penetrans)的相应序列具有较高的同源性(97.8%～99.7%);系统进化关系分析进一步表明,不同根系样品中的巴斯德杆菌(Pasteuria spp.)16S rDNA序列与GenBank已收录的穿刺巴斯德杆菌(P.penetrans)序列形成1个主要分支和7个独立分支,具有一定的遗传差异.     

蕙兰根内可培养细菌的物种多样性

以MS基本培养基添加蕙兰菌根浸出液制成的培养基进行分离培养的方法,从野生蕙兰（Cymbidium faberi）根部首次分离到内生细菌。经过分离纯化培养获得纯菌株27株。经过16S rDNA基因序列测序,并与GenBank数据比对,其相似性均在98%以上,分析鉴定结果表明,存活的22株菌可分为8属14种。分别隶属于伯克氏菌属（Burkholderia）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、芽胞杆菌属（Bacillus）、Leifsonia属、贪食菌属（Variovorax）、欧文氏菌属（Erwinia）、Duganella属和不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）。对这些菌株进行分离培养及鉴定有助于理解兰花与微生物之间的相互作用关系,为开发利用这些微生物开辟新的思路。     

DNA指纹图谱技术在土壤微生物多样性研究中的应用

土壤中的微生物多样性是十分丰富的,传统培养方法对土壤微生物多样性的研究有很大局限性。近年来,各种基于16S rDNA基因的指纹图谱分析技术取得了长足的进步,并广泛应用于土壤微生物多样性的研究。这些技术主要有变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)/温度梯度凝胶电泳(TGGE)、单链构象多态性(SSCP)、随机引物扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)、限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)和扩增核糖体DNA限制性分析(ARDRA)等。对这些技术近年来在土壤微生物多样性研究领域的应用予以简短综述,并初步探讨未来几年土壤微生物分子生态学发展的方向。     

Diversity of Culturable Bacteria Isolated from Highland Barley Cultivation Soil in Qamdo,Tibet Autonomous Region

The soil bacterial communities have been widely investigated. However, there has been little study of the bacteria in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, especially about the culturable bacteria in highland barley cultivation soil. Here, a total of 830 individual strains were obtained at 4°C and 25°C from a highland barley cultivation soil in Qamdo, Tibet Autonomous Region, using fifteen kinds of media. Seventy-seven species were obtained, which belonged to 42 genera and four phyla; the predominant phylum was Actinobacteria (68.82%), followed by Proteobacteria (15.59%), Firmicutes (14.29%), and Bacteroidetes (1.30%). The predominant genus was Streptomyces (22.08%, 17 species), followed by Bacillus (6.49%, five species), Micromonospora (5.19%, four species), Microbacterium (5.19%, four species), and Kribbella (3.90%, three species). The most diverse isolates belonged to a high G+C Gram-positive group; in particular, the Streptomyces genus is a dominant genus in the high G+C Gram-positive group. There were 62 species and 33 genera bacteria isolated at 25°C (80.52%), 23 species, and 18 genera bacteria isolated at 4°C (29.87%). Meanwhile, only eight species and six genera bacteria could be isolated at 25°C and 4°C. Of the 77 species, six isolates related to six genera might be novel taxa. The results showed abundant bacterial species diversity in the soil sample from the Qamdo, Tibet Autonomous Region.     

海洋古菌多样性研究进展

海洋古菌是海洋微生物中的一个大的类群,然而绝大多数的古菌不能分离培养.近年来分子生物学的方法广泛地应用于微生物多样性的研究中,研究发现,海洋古菌广泛地生活在各类海域环境中,而不仅仅是生活在极端的环境中.海洋古菌为海洋生态系统中主要的原核细胞成分,在海洋生态系统中的物质与能量循环中扮演着重要角色.主要阐述了生活在海洋不同环境中海洋古菌的多样性,有海洋浮游古菌的多样性、海底环境及海洋沉积物中古菌的多样性、附着或寄共生古菌多样性等的研究状况,以及研究海洋古菌多样性的分子生物学的主要方法.     

应用16S rDNA克隆文库法分析有机物料腐熟菌剂细菌组成

应用16SrDNA克隆文库法对有机物料腐熟菌剂A和B样品中的细菌组成进行分析研究。结果表明,样品A有14个OTU,主要是融合乳杆菌(Weissella confusa)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus),其比例分别占总克隆文库的28.6%、30.4%和23.2%;样品B有43个OTU,主要是布氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus buchneri)、香肠乳杆菌(Lactobacillus farciminis)和耐酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acetotolerans),占总克隆文库的比例分别为18.03%、18.86%和13.12%;所得出的结果均与产品标注存在差异,样品A未提及细菌的种类,而样品B只标注短小芽孢杆菌。研究表明这一方法在微生物菌剂细菌组成分析及其质量检测中具有良好的应用前景。     

大蒜内生细菌的分离及拮抗菌筛选与鉴定

利用常规分离方法对大蒜鳞茎进行内生细菌的分离,采用对峙法和平板涂布法对分离的内生菌进行拮抗试验研究,并对菌株DSP6进行16S rDNA全序列鉴定。结果表明:分离得到19株内生细菌,其中10株菌对2种以上植物病原真菌有不同程度的抑制作用,占分离菌总数的52.6%,DSN7对番茄早疫病的抑菌圈半径最大,为13mm;17株菌对5种病原细菌中至少1种有抑制作用,占分离菌总数的89.5%,其中菌株DSP3对大肠杆菌的抑菌圈半径最大,达到10 mm;菌株DSP6对供试的9种病原菌有较强的抑菌作用,且抑菌圈平均半径最大,为6.88mm;16S rDNA全序列鉴定显示,菌株DSP6与芽孢杆菌属Bacillus axarquiensis相似性为100%,表明菌株DSP6为Bacillus axarquiensis。     

海因酶与氨甲酰水解酶产生菌的鉴定及分布

利用Biolog微生物鉴定系统和16S rDNA序列分析相结合的方法对自行筛选的24株海因酶和氨甲酰水解酶产生菌进行了鉴定。海因酶与氨甲酰水解酶产生菌主要分布在Bacillus,Geobacillus,Brevibacillus,Aneurinibacillus,Microbacterium,Pseudomonas,Kurthia和Empedobacter等菌属,特别的是,Kurthia和Empedobacter是新的海因酶和氨甲酰水解酶产生菌属,说明海因酶和氨甲酰水解酶产生菌在细菌中分布较广泛。进一步分析比较发现,D-海因酶产生菌主要分布于Pseudomonas,Agrobacterium等菌属中,而大部分L-海因酶产生菌分布于Bacillus,Geobacillus,Microbacterium等菌属中,说明D-海因酶产生菌与L-海因酶产生菌分布特点具有一定的种属倾向性。这些工作不仅提供了多种海因酶和N-氨甲酰水解酶的生物材料,而且对双酶的结构与功能及分子进化研究等具有重要意义。     

滑桃树不同器官伴生细菌多样性的分子特征

应用不依赖于培养的16S rRNA基因技术,揭示滑桃树根皮、茎皮以及种子伴生细菌的种类多样性,为建立伴生细菌的宏基因组文库奠定基础。基于我们新近发表的植物伴生菌富集方法,建立富集和未富集样品的全长16S rRNA基因文库,随机挑取至少100个克隆进行酶切分型并测序,根据16S rDNA的部分序列推测其所属伴生菌的种类。结果表明,所检测的细菌克隆大部分属于γ-Proteobacteria,有少量来源于α-Proteobacteria或放线菌（Actinobacteria）,也包括不可培养或分类地位不明确的细菌。经过富集,16S rRNA基因文库中细菌克隆的比例和序列多样性显著增加,根皮的伴生细菌种类最为丰富,其次是成熟种子和茎皮;幼嫩种子16S rDNA文库的细菌克隆比例较小（1．18％）,说明幼嫩种子的伴生菌最少。     

废弃铅锌矿石和钨矿砂中可培养细菌多样性分析

为了了解废弃铅锌矿石和钨矿砂中可培养细菌的多样性,发掘其中的微生物新资源,采用3种培养基(R2A、无磷R2A、无磷R2A+Cd2+)分别对其中的可培养细菌进行分离纯化和培养。再通过16S rRNA基因测序获取相关的分类学信息,并进行系统进化分析。从2种材料中共分离到可培养细菌152株。其中,废弃铅锌矿石中的可培养细菌涵盖了5个门、7个分支,分属于Alphaproteobacteria、Betaproteobacteria、Gammaproteobacteria、Deinococcus-Thermus、Actinobacteria、Bacteroidetes和Firmicutes,以Massilia、Methylobacterium、Deinococcus和Sphingomonas为主要类群;而钨矿砂中的可培养细菌涵盖了3个门、4个分支,分属于Alphaproteobacteria、Betaproteobacteria、Actinobacteria和Firmicutes,以Methylobacterium、Massilia、Ralstonia和Microbacterium为主要类群。废弃铅锌矿石中可培养细菌的多样性和新分类单元发现率均大于钨矿砂,且两者的可培养细菌类群组成存在较大差异。此外,向培养基中添加重金属Cd2+降低了可培养细菌的多样性。研究分离到的Cd2+耐受菌株主要属于3个属：Methylobacterium、Herbaspirillum和Ralstonia,其能耐受2 mmol/L Cd2+,是金属尾矿中重金属耐受菌的优势种群。研究结果为金属尾矿中微生物新资源的深入发掘提供了依据。     

Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of Archaea and Bacteria in Wind Cave,South Dakota

The diversity of bacteria and archaea was characterized from sediments collected from Wind Cave located in Wind Cave National Park in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Wind Cave is a limestone dissolution cave with strata that started forming over 300 million years ago, making it one of the oldest in the world. Previous work suggested that the cave was largely a detritus based system ultimately dependent upon allochthonous energy and carbon from photosynthesis of the overlying vegetation, and algae growing near lights along the tour routes. In this work, we used a molecular phylogenetic approach to characterize the microbial structure and infer a corresponding ecosystem function where appropriate. Four bacterial divisions and subdivisions were found in the culture collection, which represented 14 phylotypes, whereas 12 divisions and subdivisions were identified in the clonal analysis comprising 49 phylotypes. The predominant groups were the γ-Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. Although a few of the clones resembled sequences from other cave and subterranean systems, no cave-specific bacterial community was evident in this work. Archaeal phylotypes (20 Crenarchaeota and 2 Euryarchaeota) were detected, with a large proportion of the Crenarchaeota resembling sequences from a South African gold mine. One archaeal cluster in particular appears to be specific to the subterranean environment. Most of the microbial sequences were not related to known chemolithoautotrophs, therefore we conclude that this particular community is likely detritus based where allochthonous energy and carbon are transported into the cave by infiltrating waters.     

一株产纤维素酶细菌的筛选、鉴定及产酶条件优化

目的：筛选1株产纤维素酶的细菌。方法：通过对从腐烂朽木及其附近土壤中得到的样品进行富集培养、分离纯化得到16株纤维素分解菌,经刚果红染色鉴定和液体发酵培养后对其进行了菌种初步鉴定及产酶条件的初步优化。结果：获得1株纤维素酶分泌量较高的细菌LT3。结论：LT3为革兰氏阳性菌,菌体成杆状,经发酵优化培养后,较适产酶条件为甘蔗渣20g/L,pH7.0、30℃培养120h,CMC酶活为71.17U/mL,滤纸酶活为33.37U/mL。通过克隆其16S rDNA序列,对其进行系统进化分析,鉴定为蜡状芽孢杆菌。     

Molecular phylogenetic diversity of bacteria associated with the leachate of a closed municipal solid waste landfill

A 16S rDNA-based molecular study was performed to determine the nature of the bacterial constituents of the leachate from a closed municipal solid waste landfill. Total community DNA was extracted and bacterial 16S rRNA genes were subsequently amplified and cloned. Recombinant rDNA clones in the library were randomly selected, and they were sequenced for a single run and then grouped. A total of 76 sequence types representing 138 randomly selected nonchimeric clones were identified. Full-length sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the sequence types revealed that more than 90% of the screened clones were affiliated with low-G+C gram-positive bacteria (38.4%), Proteobacteria (35.5%), the Cytophaga Flexibacter Bacteroides group (11.6%), and Spirochaetes (5.1%). Minor portions were affiliated with Verrucomicrobia (2.9%), candidate division OP11 (2.2%), and the green nonsulfur bacteria, Cyanobacteria and the Deinococcus Thermus group (each <1.0%). Although some rDNA sequences clustered with genera or taxa that were classically identified within anaerobic treatment systems and expected with known functions, a substantial fraction of the clone sequences showed relatively low levels of similarity with any other reported rDNA sequences and thus were derived from unknown taxa. These results suggest that bacterial communities in landfill environment are far more complex than previously expected and remain largely unexplored.