Raphiocarpus jinpingensis,a New Species of Gesneriaceae in Yunnan,China

Raphiocarpus jinpingensis WH. Chen & YM. Shui, a new species of Gesneriaceae, is described and illustrated, from the Xilong Mountain of Jinping County in Yunnan, China, bordering to North Vietnam. The new species is similar as Rpetelotii (Pellegr.) Burtt in shapes of corolla and yellowish flowers, and differs from Rpetelotii mainly in its plants with dense pubescence and calyx tubes subequal to calyx lobes.Its pollen grains and seeds are reported here under Scanning Electonic Microscope (SEM).     

Notes on Melanoseris lessertiana (Lactucinae,Asteraceae) and Morphologically Allied Species in the Pan Himalayan Region

Based on detailed study of available specimens and perusal of literature, it is shown that Melanoseris lessertiana or Mulgedium lessertianum is not present in China and corresponding reports in the floristic literature of China actually refer to a species originally described as Mulgedium qinghaicum, and correctly placed as Melanoseris qinghaica, a species here reported for the first time also for Bhutan. Mqinghaica can be clearly distinguished from Mlessertiana by achene shape and anther tube length. The rare and little known Yunnan endemic, originally described as Lactuca monocephala and tentatively considered as conspecific with Mlessertiana recently, is confirmed as an independent species related to the Matropurpurea complex. Of two recently described species from N Pakistan and Kashmir morphologically allied to Mlessertiana, Cicerbita alii is confirmed as a separate species and transferred to Melanoseris, while Castorensis is considered as conspecifc with Mlessertiana.     

A New Species of Gigantochloa Kurz ex Munro (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from Yunnan Province,China

A new species of Gigantochloa Kurz ex Munro, Gigantochloa callosa NH. Xia, Y. Zeng & RS. Lin was described and illustrated. It is differed from Gparvifolia (Brandis ex Gamble) TQ. Nguyen by its smaller size; culm sheath proper covered with both dark brown and silvery appressed hairs abaxially; ligules 2-3mm tall, entire; leaf ligules 2-3mm tall, entire; one side of the apex of leaf sheath developed into a 2-3mm long, thin, scale like callus.     

水曲柳和落叶松人工林乔木层碳、氮储量及分配

采用树木解析和连续土芯法,估测了20年生水曲柳和落叶松人工林乔木层各部分生物量和生产量,以及两种林分各部分的碳、氮含量及储量.结果表明:水曲柳和落叶松乔木林生物量分别为6815.10和9295.95 g·m^-2;两树种树干生物量占总生物量的比例均最高,分别为57.32%和58.01%;细根生物量最低,分别为2.67%和1.80%.水曲柳和落叶松的年生产量分别为1618.16和2102.45 g·m^-2·a^-1,其中树干年生产量最高,分别占总生物量的39.34%和46.70%;细根的年生产量较低,分别占总生物量的12.06%和5.25%.水曲柳各器官碳含量低于落叶松,氮含量则高于落叶松;水曲柳林碳储量低于落叶松,而两树种氮储量差别不大.水曲柳分配到地上部分的生物量、生产量以及碳、氮比例均小于落叶松,反映了落叶松在构建地上部分相对于水曲柳的高效性;由于树种之间以及同一树种不同器官之间的碳、氮含量差别显著,精确估计森林碳、氮储量时应分树种和器官进行测定.     

三江平原不同群落小叶章氮素的累积与分配

2004年5—10月,对三江平原典型小叶章草甸和小叶章-苔草沼泽化草甸群落优势植物小叶章的氮素累积与分配特征进行了研究.结果表明：典型草甸和沼泽化草甸小叶章地上器官及枯落物的全氮含量在生长季均呈递减变化,符合指数衰减模型(T_N=Aexp(-t/B₁)+B₂,R²≥0.94),二者根的全氮含量波动较大,且在生长高峰期前的15～30 d存在一个明显的养分蓄积时期.不同器官和枯落物的氮累积量和累积速率(V_N)季节变化明显,且典型草甸小叶章地上部分的氮累积量和V_N明显高于沼泽化草甸,而地下部分则相反.两个群落小叶章不同部位的氮分配比差异明显,其中根分配比高达(59.38±12.86)%和(84.58±3.38)%,地上部分的氮分配比以叶最高,为(24.28±12.09)%和(8.18±3.32)%,其他部分较低.二者地上与地下部分的氮分配比呈相反规律变化,反映了其在氮供给方面的密切联系.典型草甸和沼泽化草甸小叶章氮的年吸收量和最大现存量分别为23.02、36.30 g·m^-2和28.18、51.43 g·m^-2,前者的氮吸收系数(0.017)和利用系数(0.634)明显高于后者(0.015和0.548),说明典型草甸在氮的吸收与利用方面强于沼泽化草甸.     

三江平原不同群落小叶章氮素的累积与分配

2004年5—10月,对三江平原典型小叶章草甸和小叶章-苔草沼泽化草甸群落优势植物小叶章的氮素累积与分配特征进行了研究.结果表明：典型草甸和沼泽化草甸小叶章地上器官及枯落物的全氮含量在生长季均呈递减变化,符合指数衰减模型(T_N=Aexp(-t/B₁)+B₂,R²≥0.94),二者根的全氮含量波动较大,且在生长高峰期前的15～30 d存在一个明显的养分蓄积时期.不同器官和枯落物的氮累积量和累积速率(V_N)季节变化明显,且典型草甸小叶章地上部分的氮累积量和V_N明显高于沼泽化草甸,而地下部分则相反.两个群落小叶章不同部位的氮分配比差异明显,其中根分配比高达(59.38±12.86)%和(84.58±3.38)%,地上部分的氮分配比以叶最高,为(24.28±12.09)%和(8.18±3.32)%,其他部分较低.二者地上与地下部分的氮分配比呈相反规律变化,反映了其在氮供给方面的密切联系.典型草甸和沼泽化草甸小叶章氮的年吸收量和最大现存量分别为23.02、36.30 g·m^-2和28.18、51.43 g·m^-2,前者的氮吸收系数(0.017)和利用系数(0.634)明显高于后者(0.015和0.548),说明典型草甸在氮的吸收与利用方面强于沼泽化草甸.     

Genetic structure of Euclea schimperi (Ebenaceae) populations in monsoonal fog oases of the southern Arabian Peninsula

Euclea schimperi, a widespread Afromontane shrub or tree, occurs in the Arabian Peninsula in fragmented, semi-evergreen or evergreen woodland refugia in wet escarpment localities of the western and southern mountain chains. In the southern coastal mountains, the (semi-) evergreen woodland with E. schimperi is close to its ecological limit and consequently today very rare, with the exception of the monsoonal fog oases of east Yemen and south Oman in the central south coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Due to the steep precipitation gradient from the centre to the western edge in this monsoon affected area, E. schimperi is found in two different habitat types: in continuous woodland belts in the Hawf and Dhofar mountains, and in isolated, scattered woodland patches in the Fartak Mountains. Ten populations (138 individuals) from across the southern Arabian distribution area of the species were analysed using chloroplast microsatellites and AFLP fingerprinting to a) reconstruct the phylogeographical pattern of E. schimperi on the southern Arabian Peninsula and b) to evaluate the consequences of population fragmentation on the genetic diversity harboured in isolated patches vs cohering stands. Phylogeographical reconstructions show that the distribution area of E. schimperi in the southern Arabian Peninsula is characterised by a geographical split that separates the southwestern populations (representated by material from Jabal Eraf and Jabal Uthmar), from the southcentral populations, which themselves are split from each other into a western (Ras Fartak) and an eastern refugium (Hawf/Dhofar). The analysis of the within-population genetic diversity in E. schimperi populations resulted in a slightly, but not significantly higher genetic variation in small and isolated woodland patches (H_S=0.302) compared to larger, cohering stands (H_S=0.291).     

川西亚高山人工林碳氮分配格局及其随凋落叶分解的释放规律

对四川西部亚高山地区连香树、糙皮桦、云南松和云杉4种主要人工林生态系统的生物量、土壤及林木器官C、N含量进行了测定.结果表明：林木体内C的分布与器官年龄的关系不明显,而N和C/N的分布与年龄的关系较为密切.幼嫩器官中的N含量大于老化器官,老化器官中的C/N比值大于幼嫩器官,且针叶林地枯落叶中的C/N比值大于阔叶林地.C、N在土壤表层具有明显的富集作用,在整个人工林生态系统(包括林木、枯落物和土壤0～40 cm)中的积累量分别达 176.75～228.05 t·hm^-2和 11.06～16.54 t·hm^-2,在土壤-枯落物分室和林木分室中的分配比例为C （1.9～3.3）∶1,N （15.6～41.5）∶1,且针叶林的“C汇”功能大于阔叶林.阔叶林地的凋落叶分解速率一般大于针叶林地,周转期分别为2.2～3.7 a和3.9～4.2a;在凋落叶分解过程中,C在所有林地均呈超速释出态势,周转期为1.9～3.4 a;N在连香树和糙皮桦林地呈超速释出态势,周转期为1.9～3.2 a,在云南松和云杉林地呈慢速释出态势,周转期为6.7～8.5 a.     

桃儿七属的命名学考订

桃儿七属（Sinopodophyllum）是中国-喜马拉雅地区特有的单型属,仅桃儿七（Shexandrum）一种。桃儿七的根茎和果实均具有较高的药用价值,人类的过度采挖和种群恢复较慢使其种群数量急剧下降,现已被列入《中国物种红色名录》。在近年来的一些研究论文中,学名Shexandrum和Semodi常被混用,这使得有必要考证桃儿七学名的命名学历史,确认正确的学名使用。查阅原始文献发现,Shexandrum的基名Podophyllum hexandrum Royle发表于1834年,而Semodi的基名Podophyllum emodi Wall. ex Honigberger到1852年才合格发表（大多数学者认为是Hooker和Thomson在1855年合格发表）,因此,名称Shexandrum比名称Semodi具有优先权。名称的混乱起于1979年应俊生建立桃儿七属时,他提出组合“Semodi (Wall.) Ying”作为桃儿七的学名。另外,由于他未引证Honigberger或Hooker和Thomson的文献信息,所以组合“Semodi”没有被合格发表（规则415）。随后,1985年出版的《西藏植物志》桃儿七属中,应俊生发现之前的错误并采用名称“Shexandrum”取代了“Semodi”。遗憾的是他虽然意识到该名称是新组合,但未引证基名Phexandrum合格发表的文献信息,使得组合“Shexandrum (Rolye) Ying”没有被合格发表。近年来出版的《云南植物志》、《青海植物志》、《中国植物》和《Flora of China》均未发现该错误,一直认为“Shexandrum (Rolye) Ying”合格发表时间是1985。实际上,在1993年由于编写格式要求,应俊生在王文采和武素功主编的《横断山区维管束植物》中引证了基名合格发表的文献信息。因此,该名称的合格发表时间是1993年,而不是常认为的1985年。     

Phylogeny of Camellia sects Longipedicellata,Chrysantha and Longissima (Theaceae) Based on Sequence Data of Four Chloroplast DNA Loci

We focused on the systematic positions and relationships of three sections of Camellia subgenThea of Theaceae, i.e., sect.Longipedicellata, sect.Chrysantha (golden camellias) and sect.Longissima by using four chloroplast DNA regions (rpl16, psbA trnH, trnL F & rpl32 trnL). We sampled 28 species representing four subgenus, 11 sections in Camellia and two outgroups. Combined analyses of chloroplast DNA sequence data sets are performed with the neighbor joining, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods, and the gene trees are constructed. The topologies of gene trees revealed that: 1) sect. Chrysantha is paraphyletic or polyphyletic, containing three parallel lineages and Camellia longipedicellata (type of sectLongipedicellata) nested inside; 2) all four species from Vietnam, together with C. longipedicellata, forming a well supported monophyletic clade, which implies the close relationship between sect. Longipedicellata and sect.Chrysantha; and 3) sectLongissima is not monophyletic because C.hekouensis is the sister to the rest of Camellia species. The systematic position of C.longissima and the relationship between sect.Longissima and sect.Longipedicellata are unsolved.     

川西亚高山人工林碳氮分配格局及其随凋落叶分解的释放规律

对四川西部亚高山地区连香树、糙皮桦、云南松和云杉4种主要人工林生态系统的生物量、土壤及林木器官C、N含量进行了测定.结果表明：林木体内C的分布与器官年龄的关系不明显,而N和C/N的分布与年龄的关系较为密切.幼嫩器官中的N含量大于老化器官,老化器官中的C/N比值大于幼嫩器官,且针叶林地枯落叶中的C/N比值大于阔叶林地.C、N在土壤表层具有明显的富集作用,在整个人工林生态系统(包括林木、枯落物和土壤0～40 cm)中的积累量分别达 176.75～228.05 t·hm^-2和 11.06～16.54 t·hm^-2,在土壤-枯落物分室和林木分室中的分配比例为C （1.9～3.3）∶1,N （15.6～41.5）∶1,且针叶林的“C汇”功能大于阔叶林.阔叶林地的凋落叶分解速率一般大于针叶林地,周转期分别为2.2～3.7 a和3.9～4.2a;在凋落叶分解过程中,C在所有林地均呈超速释出态势,周转期为1.9～3.4 a;N在连香树和糙皮桦林地呈超速释出态势,周转期为1.9～3.2 a,在云南松和云杉林地呈慢速释出态势,周转期为6.7～8.5 a.     

Additional Notes on the Begonia Sect. Petermannia (Begoniaceae) from China

Begonia pellionioides YM. Shui & WH. Chen, a new species of the genus Begonia L. (sect. Petermannia (Klotzsch) A. DC., Begoniaceae), is described and illustrated. The new species is endemic to limestone areas in Southeastern Yunnan Province, China, and is most similar to Begonia hainanensis Chun & F. Chun but distinguished by its more elongated leaves with cuneate base and acuminate to caudate apex, tepals adaxially with spiny hairs and sharply triangular capsule wings with truncate superior margin. Besides, the unknown flower morphology of previously published Begonia sublongipes YM. Shui in Begonia sect. Petermannia is described.     

不同有机无机复混肥对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响

通过田间试验,研究了菜粕堆肥、猪粪堆肥和中药渣堆肥有机无机复混肥与化肥对常优1号水稻产量、氮素利用效率、土壤供氮特征以及土壤微生物多样性的影响.结果表明：各施氮肥处理的稻谷产量（7918.8～9449.2 kg·hm^-2）均显著高于对照（6947.9 kg·hm^-2）,其中有机无机复混肥处理的稻谷产量(8532.0～9449.2 kg·hm^-2)显著高于化肥处理（7918.8 kg·hm^-2）,比化肥处理增产7.7%～19.3%;菜粕堆肥、猪粪堆肥、中药渣堆肥有机无机复混肥处理的氮素积累量、氮素转运率、氮素回收率和氮肥农学利用效率及生理利用效率均显著高于化肥处理;有机无机复混肥处理明显提高了土壤矿质氮含量,改善了土壤供氮特性,提高了氮利用率;对各处理土壤DNA条带采用邻接法分析显示：5个处理土壤样品可分为三大族群,化肥与对照处理为第一族群,猪粪堆肥、中药渣堆肥处理为第二族群,菜粕堆肥处理属第三族群.表明施入外源有机物质(菜粕、猪粪与中药渣)可能会改变土壤的细菌群落结构,而施入化肥对土壤的细菌群落结构影响较小.     

The Flora of Siahrud e Rudbar Protected Area,Northern Iran

The vascular flora of the Siahrud e Rudbar protected area was investigated in the years 2007 and 2008. It is a sylvatic area in the Guilan province with a total area of approximately 28289 hectares. A total of 711 plant specimens were collected and 616 species, subspecies, and varieties, belonging to 373 genera and 101 families were identified. Of these, 14 species (23%) are endemic to Iran. The documented flora exhibited many typically Hyrcanian species, including Hyrcanian endemics. The global phytogeographical affinities of the species were as follows: Euro Siberian 212%, Iran Turanian & Euro Siberian 168%, Pluriregional 117%, Iran Turanian 106%, and Cosmopolite 55%.     

国产香茶菜属十三个分类群的细胞学研究

对国产11种2变种共16个居群的香茶菜属植物的染色体数目进行了研究。除线纹香茶菜细花变种以外,其它种类的染色体数目均为首次报道。研究结果表明,有12个物种为二倍体,其染色体数目均为2n=24,推测该属植物的染色体基数为x=12。而细锥香茶菜既有染色体数目为2n=24的居群,也存在2n=48的居群,表明该种为二倍体或四倍体,同时2n=48的染色体数目也是香茶菜属内的首次报道。     

四种温带森林土壤氧化亚氮通量及其影响因子

以中国东北东部4种典型森林生态系统(人工红松林、落叶松林、天然次生蒙古栎林和硬阔叶林)为研究对象,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,比较其土壤N₂O通量的季节动态及其影响因子.结果表明：在生长季, 4种森林生态系统土壤总体上表现为大气N₂O的排放源, 其N₂O通量大小顺序为：硬阔叶林(21.0±4.9 μg·m^-2·h^-1)> 红松林(17.6±4.6 μg·m^-2·h^-1)>落叶松林(9.8±5.9 μg·m^-2·h^-1)>蒙古栎林(1.6±12.6 μg·m^-2·h^-1).各生态系统的N₂O通量没有明显的季节动态,只在夏初出现排放峰值(蒙古栎林为吸收峰).4种生态系统N₂O通量均与10 cm深土壤含水量呈极显著正相关,与NO₃^--N呈显著负相关;N₂O通量对土壤温度和NH₄⁺-N的响应出现分异：针叶林N₂O 通量与NH₄⁺-N呈显著正相关,而与5 cm深土壤温度呈不相关;阔叶林与针叶林正相反.在较为干旱的2007年,土壤水分是影响4种林型土壤N₂O通量的关键因子.植被类型与环境因子及氮素有效性对N₂O通量的相互作用将是未来研究的重点.     

Species Diversity and Floristic Characteristics of Vascular Plants in Nanji Island,Zhejiang Provience

A total of 393 species (sub type included) in 267 genera, 97 families were reported in Nanji Island, the main island of Nanji Islands National Nature Reserve. After eliminating all the cultivated and invasive species, there were still 304 species in 210 genera and 81 families belonging to wild vascular plants; To better understand the floristic characteristics of Nanji, we applied analysis in 3 levels: At family level, the largest families in pteridophyte were ranked as Pteridaceae、Thelypteridaceae、Lygodiaceae、Dryopteridaceae; In seed plants, almost the largest ones were Cosmopolitan, while the small ones dominented the most, quantitatively and proportionately; The characteristic families of seed flora were consisted of Liliaceae、Amaryllidaceae、Urticaceae、Verbenaceae, cause they got high ratio of VFICS/WFIW; At genus level, the Pantropical Distribution (3810%)、the North Temperate Distribution (1630%) and the East Asia distribution (1131%) formed the main part of seed flora; The proportion of the category of temperate distribution and tropical distribution was 6072% and 3928% respectively; Took 6 other sites as reference, through cluster analysis and R/T ratio comparisons, It was proved that Nanji Island were most similar to that of Wuyanling of Zhejiang Provience but showed more tropical affinities; At species level, wild seed plants can also be divided into 9 areal subtypes, The Yangtze River & Southern Proviences sub type dominented at 5390%, following by South China sub type at 2078%. The results showed that Nanji Island had a distinctive transitional characteristics of flora from north to south China with more tropical biological properties, thus the floristic division of Nanji should on the southern margin area of east China.     

施用坡缕石对黄绵土中尿素氮的挥发和淋溶损失的影响

通过室内模拟试验,采用吸收法和土柱淋溶法研究了施用坡缕石对黄绵土中尿素氮的挥发和淋溶的影响.结果表明：施用坡缕石+尿素处理能降低尿素氨挥发高峰期的挥发速率,比单施尿素处理的氨挥发损失减少了13.6%～15.0%.坡缕石施用量为0.3和0.6 g·kg^-1时,降低了NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的淋溶速率,无机氮淋溶损失比单施尿素处理分别减少13.7%和13.6%;而坡缕石施用量为0.9 g·kg^-1时,加快了NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的淋溶速率,无机氮淋溶损失比单施尿素处理增加了6.1%.施用低量（0.3 g·kg^-1）坡缕石+尿素处理土壤的NH₄⁺-N含量比单施尿素处理提高了0.20 mg·kg^-1,而施用高量（0.9 g·kg^-1）坡缕石+尿素处理土壤的NH₄⁺-N含量比单施尿素处理降低了0.42 mg·kg^-1;施用坡缕石+尿素处理土壤的NO₃^--N含量比单施尿素处理增加1.24～2.52 mg·kg^-1.表明施用坡缕石能减少土壤中尿素氨的挥发损失,在一定用量范围内能降低NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的淋失,提高土壤NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量.     

虾池常见微藻种群温度、盐度和氮、磷含量生态位

就温度、盐度、氮磷含量设计试验,对4种虾池常见微藻种群新月菱形藻、啮蚀隐藻、微绿球藻、蛋白核小球藻的生态位进行研究.结果显示：啮蚀隐藻在温度和盐度资源上的生态位宽度值最大,分别达0.980和0.988,新月菱形藻在氮、磷含量资源上的生态位宽度值最大,达0.990,蛋白核小球藻在各资源的生态位宽度值均最小,平均只有0.926;啮蚀隐藻与蛋白核小球藻在温度和盐度资源上的生态位重叠值最小,分别为0.809和0.702,啮蚀隐藻与新月菱形藻在氮、磷含量资源上的生态位重叠值最小,只有0.829,蛋白核小球藻与微绿球藻在温度、盐度和氮、磷含量资源上的生态位重叠值均最大,分别为0.986、0.974和0.989.表明在养殖水环境调控过程中,啮蚀隐藻适宜与新月菱形藻、微绿球藻或蛋白核小球藻共同培育,而蛋白核小球藻和微绿球藻对资源的竞争性明显,不适合同时引入同一池塘进行培育.