Additional Notes on the Begonia Sect. Petermannia (Begoniaceae) from China

Begonia pellionioides YM. Shui & WH. Chen, a new species of the genus Begonia L. (sect. Petermannia (Klotzsch) A. DC., Begoniaceae), is described and illustrated. The new species is endemic to limestone areas in Southeastern Yunnan Province, China, and is most similar to Begonia hainanensis Chun & F. Chun but distinguished by its more elongated leaves with cuneate base and acuminate to caudate apex, tepals adaxially with spiny hairs and sharply triangular capsule wings with truncate superior margin. Besides, the unknown flower morphology of previously published Begonia sublongipes YM. Shui in Begonia sect. Petermannia is described.     

中国秋海棠属等翅组植物订正

根据海南秋海棠 (BegoniahainanensisChunetF .Chun)、多花秋海棠 (B sinofloribundaL .J.Dorr)及一新种———长柄秋海棠 (B sublongipesY .M .Shui)的特征比较 ,订正了中国秋海棠属等翅组 [Sect Petermannia (Klotzsch)A .DC .],使该组在中国增至 3个种。     

云南秋海棠挥发物抗微生物活性的研究

对云南产的16种秋海棠属（Begonia L．）植物进行了挥发物抗微生物活性实验,其中14种秋海棠为首次报道。结果表明,在所研究的16种秋海棠中,有8种秋海棠具有抗葡萄球菌（Staphyllococcus epidermidis）活性。而抗大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）活性最强的是厚壁秋海棠（Begonia silletensis C．B．Clarke）,假厚叶秋海棠（B．pseudodryadis C．Y．Wu）和秋海棠（B．grandis Dryand．）。只有铁甲秋海棠（B．masoniana Irmsch．）和毛叶秋海棠（B．rex Putz．）对白假丝酵母菌（Candida albicans）有抗性。作为室内盆栽花卉被广泛应用的秋海棠,不仅可以美化室内环境,而且还可以作为药用和净化室内环境的生态产品进行推广应用。     

应用ITS区序列对秋海棠属无翅组分类学问题的探讨

以侧膜组（Sect.Coeloecentrum)的Begonia cirrosa和单裂组（Sect.Reichenheimia)的B.henryi为外类群,对秋海棠属（Begonia L.)无翅组（Sect.Sphenanthera)9种2变种及秋海棠组（Sect.Begonia)4种进行了ITS区（包括5.8s rDNA)序列的测定。发现该属的ITS序列较一般类群要长一些,所测的序列长度变化范围为648－743bp。这些序列经Clustal X软件排序后序列总长为756个位点,gap做缺失处理时,变异位点和信息位点分别占26.41%和10.11%。运用PAUP4.0b8软件分析,获得6棵最大简约树,步长为286,一致性指数（CI）和维持性指数（RI）分别为0.8287和0.7841,利用6棵最简约树获取严格一致树,并作Bootstrap检测。结果表明：1.支持将原无翅组内子房3室的种类移入秋海棠组,而将子房4室的种保留,成立四室组（Sect.Sphenanthera);2.将B.tetragona作为B.acetosella的异名处理得到一定的支持;3.B.crassirostris的系统位置有待进一步的研究。     

云南秋海棠属新分类群

记述云南产秋海棠属９个新种。即;麻栗坡秋海棠,古林箐秋海棠,圆叶秋海棠,圭山秋海棠,大围山峰为海棠,马关秋海棠,红斑秋海棠,紫叶秋海棠,河口秋海棠。     

中国秋海棠属 (秋海棠科) 植物的DNA条形码评价

秋海棠属植物种类繁多,形态变异多样,导致种类的系统放置混乱,近缘种类鉴定困难。利用DNA条形码实现物种快速准确的鉴定技术具有不受形态特征约束的优势,为秋海棠属植物的分类鉴定提供了新的方法。本研究选择4个DNA条形码候选片段（rbcL,matK,trnH psbA,ITS）对中国秋海棠属26种136个个体进行了分析。结果显示：叶绿体基因rbcL,matK和trnH psbA种内和种间变异小,对秋海棠属植物的鉴别能力有限;ITS/ITS2种内和种间变异大,在本研究中物种正确鉴定率达到100%/96%,可考虑作为秋海棠属DNA条形码鉴定的候选片段。研究结果支持中国植物条形码研究组建议将核基因ITS/ITS2纳入种子植物DNA条形码核心片段中的观点。     

Seed Micromorphology and Its Taxonomic Significance of Begonia (Begoniaceae) in China and Vietnam

The seed morphology of 47 species in Begonia in China and Vietnam were examined under Light Microscope (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), respectively. Seed varied from ellipsoidal to obovoid, sometimes broadly obovoid shape with large variation in size. The shape of operculum could be classified into three types: short claviform, broadly nipple shaped and obtuse. There are four types of epidermal ornamentations: straight striae, undulated striae, rounded punctum and herringbone shaped punctum. The principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that the classification of Begonia based on the seed micromorphology was incompletely consistent with the traditional classification on the section level based on the placenta; the ornamentation of seeds showed stability in different populations of a species; the operculum shape shows a considerable difference among morphologically similar species. Seed morphological characters may relate to the dispersal patterns which showed an adaptation to the living environment.     

中国秋海棠属植物的传统利用

秋海棠属植物除了具有较高的观赏价值外,在中国还作为药用、食用、饮料和饲料等被利用。本文应用民族植物学研究方法,通过野外调查、文献和标本收集整理和研究,共记载了中国产26种秋海棠属植物被作为药用、食用、饮料和饲料加以利用。在所记载的26种国产秋海棠属植物中,有24种作药用,8种作食用(蔬菜)或饮料,5种作饲料。3种作饮料的种类在其自然分布地被广泛利用。9种秋海棠作为多种用途加以利用,其中8种既被作为药用、食用和饮料,也被作为饲料加以利用。本研究还表明,国产秋海棠属植物中,有些种类由于过度采集利用或其它因素已变得稀有或濒危。由此提出,合理开发利用和有效保护应成为今后中国秋海棠属植物研究的重要内容。     

云南秋海棠属植物叶片横切面比较解剖研究

报道30种主产于云南的秋海棠属植物叶片的横切面解剖构造特征。采用常规石蜡切片法切片观察,结果表明:云南秋海棠属植物叶片薄、横切面均为异面叶、呈典型的阴叶结构,叶肉组织虽有栅栏组织和海绵组织的分化,但栅栏组织不发达,占叶肉组织的比例较小。表皮多为单表皮,极稀复表皮,表皮毛均由多细胞组成。气孔集中于下表皮,孔下室或下陷气孔特大、通气组织极发达;角质层形状多样,呈均匀增厚、瘤状和片状突起;叶绿体椭球形、数多、个体大,主要分布于叶肉组织,集中于栅栏组织。解剖构造特征在各分类组内呈现不完全一致性,而在相同茎的形态类型中有些较一致的特征,在不同种间解剖特征各有差别;根状茎和直立茎类型种类的横切面组织结构表现为表皮细胞壁外的角质层薄、栅栏组织与叶肉组织厚度比例较小等弱光照、湿生等适应性较弱的特征。球茎类型的种类表现为角质层较厚、栅栏叶肉组织厚度比例较大等适应略为干燥和较强光照的特征。     

Diversity and conservation of Chinese wild begonias

Begonia, one of the most diverse plant taxa and the fifth or sixth largest angiosperm genus, consists of over 1800 accepted species. The number of species recognized within this genus has greatly increased over the past 20 years, rising from 80 to 200 species in China alone. Based on recent field surveys, the number of begonia species in China is predicted to be between 250 and 300. Given the large number of begonia species that still remain to be described, further taxonomical work is urgently required. This is especially true for Chinese Begonia, in which there is a huge diversity of habitat, habit, plant size, leaf type, flower and fruit morphology, and most species are narrowly distributed in isolated habitats that are subject to negative disturbances from climate change, as well as agricultural and industrial activities. Although the conservation status for the majority of species has been evaluated using the standards of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the results don't represent the truth in many species, and also about 11.5% of which are data-absent. In addition, illegal collection and over-harvesting of wild begonias for ornamental or medicinal use has increased due to the rapid development of internet commerce. Far more often than predicted, these species should be categorized as rare and endangered and require immediate protection. Ex situ conservation of Chinese begonias started in 1995 and over 60% of the total species have been so far introduced into cultivation by several major botanical gardens in China. However, only few research institutions, limited funds and human resources have been involved in Begonia conservation; moreover, no project has conducted reintroduction. Therefore, more conservation-based work remains to be done. Improved conservation of Chinese begonias in the future depends on further field survey, an improved understanding of population diversity, and integrative approaches, including in situ and ex situ conservation, seed banking, and plant reintroduction. Speciestargeted conservation zones should be established for endangered species excluded from the existing nature reserves. Additionally, laws pertaining to plant protection should be extended to prevent the illegal collection and transaction of wild plants, particularly for those species with unique habitats and small populations.     

中国秋海棠属（秋海棠科）植物的DNA条形码评价

秋海棠属植物种类繁多,形态变异多样,导致种类的系统放置混乱,近缘种类鉴定困难。利用DNA条形码实现物种快速准确的鉴定技术具有不受形态特征约束的优势,为秋海棠属植物的分类鉴定提供了新的方法。本研究选择4个DNA条形码候选片段（rbcL,matK,trnH-psbA,ITS）对中国秋海棠属26种136个个体进行了分析。结果显示：叶绿体基因rbcL,matK和trnH-psbA种内和种间变异小,对秋海棠属植物的鉴别能力有限：ITS／ITS2种内和种间变异大,在本研究中物种正确鉴定率达到100％／96％,可考虑作为秋海棠属DNA条形码鉴定的候选片段。研究结果支持中国植物条形码研究组建议将核基因ITS／ITS2纳人种子植物DNA条形码核心片段中的观点。     

中国秋海棠属植物的叶表皮特征及其分类学意义

在光学显微镜下,对中国秋海棠属(Begonia)植物7组52种2变种的叶表皮进行观察。结果表明秋海棠属植物叶表皮形态在属内组间具有较大的相似性,表皮细胞为多边形或近多边形,垂周壁平直或弓形,大多数种类表皮细胞内具有晶体,气孔器仅分布于下表皮,且以不等型为主。叶表皮综合特征,例如表皮细胞形状,表皮毛类型,表皮细胞内晶体的类型和形态,气孔器形态以及与一些种类独有特征的组合,在种间,尤其在近缘种之间具有明显的差异。     

世界秋海棠属侧膜组植物新资料

记述了秋海棠属侧膜组11新种,即星果草叶秋海棠(BegoniaasteropyrifoliaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、耳托秋海棠(B.auritistipulaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、桂南秋海棠(B.austroguangxiensisY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、水晶秋海棠(B.crystallinaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、须苞秋海棠(B.fimbribracteataY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、巨叶秋海棠(B.gigaphyllaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、黄氏秋海棠(B.huangiiY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、长柱秋海棠(B.longistylaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、扁果秋海棠(B.platycarpaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、喙果秋海棠(B.rhynchocarpaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、多变秋海棠(B.variifoliaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen);并报道了3新变种及1新名称,即疏毛越南秋海棠(B.boniiGagnep.var.remotisetulosaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、密毛龙州秋海棠(B.morseiIrmsch.var.myriotrichaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)、簇毛伞叶秋海棠(B.umbr-aculifoliaY.WanetB.N.Changvar.flocculosaY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)及彩纹秋海棠(B.variegataY.M.ShuietW.H.Chen)。     

Physiological dormancy in seeds of two endemic species of Begonia from Yunnan Province,China: diagnosis and classification

With the purpose of assessing the status of dormancy in seeds of two Begonia species (Begonia lithophila and Begonia guishanensis), freshly matured seeds were given gibberellic acid and moist chilling and allowed to dry after ripening. The seeds were then germinated on media with or without KNO₃ at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 18/25°C. All three treatments significantly increased germination percentages. Examination by X‐ray revealed that seeds of both species have a fully developed embryo and thus have no morphological component of dormancy; seeds readily imbibed water and KNO₃ solution. Therefore, we conclude that seeds of the two Begonia species have non‐deep physiological dormancy. Although KNO₃ significantly increased germination in both species, alternating temperatures did not, suggesting that the most favorable microhabitat for germination is small‐scale disturbances under the forest canopy.     

Population genetic divergence corresponds with species-level biodiversity patterns in the large genus Begonia

Begonia is one of the largest angiosperm genera, containing over 1500 species. Some aspects of the distribution of biodiversity in the genus, such as the geographical restrictions of monophyletic groups, the rarity and morphological variability of widespread species, and a preponderance of narrow endemics, suggest that restricted gene flow may have been a factor in the formation of so many species. In order to investigate whether this inference based on large-scale patterns is supported by data at the population level, we examined the distribution of genetic variation within Begonia sutherlandii in the indigenous forests of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, using microsatellite markers. Despite the species being predominantly outbreeding, we found high and significant levels of population structure (standardized      = 0.896). Even within individual populations, there was evidence for clear differentiation of subpopulations. There is thus congruence in evolutionary patterns ranging from interspecific phylogeny, the distribution of individual species, to the levels of population differentiation. Despite this species-rich genus showing a pan-tropical distribution, these combined observations suggest that differentiation occurs over very local scales. Although strongly selected allelic variants can maintain species cohesion with only low levels of gene flow, we hypothesize that in Begonia , gene flow levels are often so low, that divergence in allopatry is likely to be a frequent occurrence, and the lack of widespread species may in part be attributable to a lack of a mechanism for holding them together.     

中国被子植物2新记录种——团花密花藤和珠芽秋海棠

该文首次报道了发现于云南德宏州的2个中国新记录种—团花密花藤(Pycnarrhena pleniflora Miers ex Hook.f. Thomson)和珠芽秋海棠(Begonia gemmipara Hook.f. Thomson)。结合原始文献、模式标本及其野外调查对其形态特征进行补充描述,凭证标本保存在中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园标本馆(HITBC)。     

Begonia baik and B. padawanensis spp. nov. (Begoniaceae) from sandstone areas in Sarawak,Malaysia

Two new species of Begonia (Begoniaceae), B. baik and B. padawanensis, from Sarawak are described and illustrated. Begonia baik, a member of sect. Petermannia, resembles B. conipila, but is distinguishable by having glabrous ovary (vs sparsely hispid) and margins of bracts dentate and glandular hairy (vs entire). Begonia padawanensis (sect. Reichenheimia) is similar to B. andersonii, differing in the leaves being obtriangular‐spatulate (vs orbicular) and having 5 pistillate flower tepals (vs 4). Both new species were discovered in a sandstone area in Padawan, Sarawak.     

Plate 407. Begonia goudotii

The taxonomic history, relationships, distribution, ecology and cultural requirements of Begonia goudotii A.DC., are reviewed. This species, which is endemic to Madagascar and especially notable for its large basal leaves (usually solitary in the wild), is described and floral diagnoses are presented.     

Polymorphic microsatellite markers for the Socotran endemic herb Begonia socotrana

Six polymorphic microsatellite markers have been developed to examine population structure and outcrossing rates in the narrow‐range endemic Begonia socotrana. Only two of the markers amplify products in its recently discovered sister species B. samhaensis. All of the loci amplify in winter‐flowering Begonia hybrids derived from B. socotrana, revealing little polymorphism and demonstrating the narrow genetic base of the material used in their production.