海洋外来物种入侵生态学研究

海洋外来物种入侵已成为最为严重的全球性环境问题之一。海洋生态系统类型多样、环境复杂,其生物入侵的监测、控制与管理难度相对较大。我国对陆地外来生物的入侵已开展了较为深入的研究,但对于海洋外来生物的入侵研究仍处于起步阶段,对其入侵监测、入侵机制、入侵危害的程度以及防治等问题缺乏基础数据。本文在分析国内外海洋外来生物入侵现状的基础上,概述其入侵生态学研究形势及相关成果,包括海洋外来物种的入侵途径、入侵过程、入侵生态效应以及全球变化对入侵的影响等。海洋外来生物的入侵可能对海洋生态系统造成直接或间接的影响,如种间竞争破坏生态环境、与土著种杂交造成遗传污染、病原生物及有毒藻类导致海洋生态灾害加剧等。此外,从政策和法规、入侵风险评估、监测和公共宣传教育、生物信息系统和有效管理机制等方面提出对我国海洋外来物种入侵的防治策略。本研究为我国海洋外来物种的进一步研究提供了参考。     

外来入侵物种管理中的排序体系研究进展

外来物种入侵是继生境破坏之后的第二大世界性的环境问题, 如何实现外来入侵物种分级, 对其进行有效管理是一个世界性的难题。研究总结了国内外外来入侵物种的排序体系, 从三个方面归纳了目前的排序系统: 1)针对所有入侵以及潜在入侵物种开展综合风险评估, 以此为基础提出防控管理清单; 2)针对已建群的外来入侵物种, 围绕不同管理目标进行入侵物种的排序, 包括以降低外来入侵物种对生物多样性影响为目的的外来植物排序、以生物防治为控制手段的外来物种排序、基于土地利用的种群管理排序; 3)针对区域管理提出外来入侵物种分区管理。认为外来入侵物种的入侵性、生态危害、分布范围、潜在分布和控制技术是实现排序的关键因素, 指标的选择与确定依赖于管理目标的设定。我国亟需确定外来入侵物种的优先控制区域, 并针对不同优先控制区域内外来入侵物种开展排序工作。     

防控外来物种入侵生态道德教育的对象与内容探讨

防控外来物种入侵需要全社会的共同努力,而进行相应的生态道德教育是实现此目标的基石。应利用各种渠道,针对不同类群的公众,制定特定的生态道德教育战略,充分调动公众的积极性,增强全社会的防范意识,使不同部门、单位和个人都认识到所担负的防控外来物种入侵的责任。只有当政府工作人员、与外来物种接触较多的业务人员和普通公众都充分意识到外来入侵物种危害的严重性,自己的行为和活动与外来物种入侵有十分密切的联系,逐步做到遵守相应的生态道德规范,自觉维护生态系统的安全,才是防控外来物种入侵的最佳途径。     

维护我国生态安全,防范外来物种入侵的几点思考

随着全球经济一体化,国际贸易和旅游业的快速发展,外来物种入侵现象日益加剧,对我国生态安全和生物多样性保护构成了极大的威胁,加强外来入侵物种的防范和管理已迫在眉睫。本文分析了我国外来物种入侵的途径、入侵特征以及外来入侵物种对我国造成的危害,探讨了防范外来入侵物种的对策。     

外来入侵物种的风险评估定量模型及应用

预防生物入侵的一个重要手段是对外来物种进行风险评估,应用模型则是定量评估的必备方法。本文简述了常用的适生性风险评估模型,概述了诸如遗传算法、模糊包络模型、自组织特征映射网络等较新的理论方法,它们使用环境变量和物种实际分布数据,利用不同的机理模型预测物种潜在分布区。本文还综述了适用于研究物种扩散性的模型,积分差分方程模型可以模拟物种扩散行为,元胞自动机模型可以揭示种间竞争关系,景观中性模型大多用于种群动态等生态过程的研究。     

我国部分国家级自然保护区外来入侵物种的分布概况

基于我国53 个国家级自然保护区外来入侵植物调查与24 个国家级自然保护区外来入侵动物调查数据, 分析了外来入侵物种种类、分布状况等。调查共发现外来入侵物种201 种, 包括入侵植物176 种和入侵动物25 种。52.08%的外来入侵植物已入侵到我国国家级自然保护区, 30 个国家级自然保护区受外来入侵物种影响显著, 52 个国家级自然保护区分布有环保部公布的外来物种。云南纳板河流域国家级自然保护区外来入侵物种数目最多, 为61 种; 小蓬草(Erigeron canadwnsis)在国家级自然保护区中的出现频率最高, 为0.736。外来入侵物种已严重威胁我国自然保护区的生态安全, 亟需对保护区的外来入侵物种采取相应的防控措施, 推进外来入侵物种管理成为保护区管理工作的基本内容。     

中国大陆新发现一种外来入侵物种——首花蓟马

记述了中国大陆新发现的一种能传播番茄斑萎病毒的外来物种首花蓟马Frankliniella cephalica(Crawford)。该新纪录种的触角第2节端部有一对明显的粗鬃可与花蓟马属Frankliniella的其它种类相区别。本文还讨论了该种的寄主植物、地理分布和经济重要性。     

入侵害虫蔗扁蛾在我国的潜在分布区

【目的】蔗扁蛾是危害巴西木、甘蔗等园林植物和经济作物的重要入侵害虫。该虫于20世纪90年代初在我国被发现,现已分布在海南、广东和上海等19个省市,并有迅速扩散蔓延的趋势。对入侵害虫的潜在分布区进行预测,可为实施害虫监测和管理提供参考。【方法】根据蔗扁蛾已有分布点的记录,分别在4种地理区域构建Maxent生态位模型,并采用加权平均值法对其进行整合,进而分析蔗扁蛾在我国的潜在分布区。【结果】基于4种地理区域构建的Maxent模型对我国南部地区的预测结果基本一致,4种模型的预测差异主要在新疆北部和西南部、黑龙江东部和西部、吉林西部、山西中部等地区。整合模型显示,华东和华南地区以及东部沿海地区具有较大的分布可能性。【结论】蔗扁蛾在我国尤其是南方具有较大的潜在分布空间。这些地区应警惕蔗扁蛾的入侵,同时采取应对措施防止其进一步扩散。     

喜旱莲子草在中国的入侵和扩散动态及其潜在分布区预测

喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)是苋科莲子草属的一种多年生草本植物, 原产于南美洲, 19世纪末侵入我国以后, 经过50年左右的停滞期, 在我国中部和南部的广大区域迅速蔓延传播, 已成为我国分布最广、危害最为严重的杂草之一, 目前分布范围仍在扩大。本研究基于大量的标本分布数据, 使用生态位模型(GARP)对其在中国的潜在扩散区域进行了预测。结果表明: 喜旱莲子草抗逆性较强, 坡度、汇流累积量、年均温、年降雨量对其分布影响较大; 而海拔、日照等对其分布影响较小。目前, 喜旱莲子草的潜在入侵区仍大于实际分布区, 因此, 预测该物种还将会继续扩散。容易被入侵的地区包括了除青海、西藏、四川西部、新疆南部、甘肃西部、吉林、黑龙江、内蒙古北部以及海南以外的中国大部分地区, 其中陕西、山西以及甘肃东南部不仅属于最易被入侵的地区, 且邻近地区已被入侵, 因此应采取紧急措施防止喜旱莲子草侵入和扩散。     

天然林和人工林外来入侵和本地植物对比研究: 以弄岗国家级自然保护区为例

外来植物的入侵严重威胁了自然保护区的生物多样性。为探讨自然保护区内天然林和人工林林下外来植物入侵状况及其与本地优势植物的种间关系, 本研究以弄岗国家级自然保护区为研究区域, 结合保护区内4种生境72个样方的野外调查数据, 利用生态位宽度、生态位重叠和种间联结指数比较了不同生境中外来入侵草本植物的多样性和生态位宽度以及外来入侵草本植物与本土优势草本植物的生态位重叠和种间联结。结果表明: 弄岗国家级自然保护区4种生境共记录6种外来入侵草本植物, 隶属于3科6属, 其中菊科物种数量最多。外来入侵植物多样性呈现出秋枫(Bischofia javanica)人工林 > 麻竹(Dendrocalamus latiflorus)次生林 > 人面子(Dracontomelon duperreanum)人工林 > 广西澄广花(Orophea polycarpa)次生林的特征。除广西澄广花次生林生境的外来入侵草本植物丰富度与本土草本植物丰富度呈显著正相关外, 其余生境均无显著的相关关系。三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)的生态位宽度最大, 为4种生境均有分布的外来入侵植物。4种生境的外来入侵植物与本土优势植物生态位重叠和种间联结程度均较低, 种间竞争较弱。本研究明确了弄岗国家级自然保护区天然林和人工林中外来入侵草本植物的分布及其与本土草本植物的种间关系。     

Preferences of the Ponto-Caspian amphipod Dikerogammarus haemobaphes for living zebra mussels

A Ponto-Caspian amphipod Dikerogammarus haemobaphes has recently invaded European waters. In the recipient area, it encountered Dreissena polymorpha , a habitat-forming bivalve, co-occurring with the gammarids in their native range. We assumed that interspecific interactions between these two species, which could develop during their long-term co-evolution, may affect the gammarid behaviour in novel areas. We examined the gammarid ability to select a habitat containing living mussels and searched for cues used in that selection. We hypothesized that they may respond to such traits of a living mussel as byssal threads, activity (e.g. valve movements, filtration) and/or shell surface properties. We conducted the pairwise habitat-choice experiments in which we offered various objects to single gammarids in the following combinations: (1) living mussels versus empty shells (the general effect of living Dreissena ); (2) living mussels versus shells with added byssal threads and shells with byssus versus shells without it (the effect of byssus); (3) living mussels versus shells, both coated with nail varnish to neutralize the shell surface (the effect of mussel activity); (4) varnished versus clean living mussels (the effect of shell surface); (5) varnished versus clean stones (the effect of varnish). We checked the gammarid positions in the experimental tanks after 24 h. The gammarids preferred clean living mussels over clean shells, regardless of the presence of byssal threads under the latter. They responded to the shell surface, exhibiting preferences for clean mussels over varnished individuals. They were neither affected by the presence of byssus nor by mussel activity. The ability to detect and actively select zebra mussel habitats may be beneficial for D. haemobaphes and help it establish stable populations in newly invaded areas.     

Zebra mussels mediate benthic–pelagic coupling by biodeposition and changing detrital stoichiometry

1. The zebra mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha ) is one of the most successful invasive species; it has colonised many aquatic systems in Europe and North America with strong impacts on various ecosystem processes. The effect of D. polymorpha filtration on pelagic seston concentrations has been quantified in several studies, but the magnitude and stoichiometry of the transfer of sestonic biomass into benthic detritus by D. polymorpha and the accompanying enrichment of the benthic habitat is still under-investigated.
2. We studied biodeposition by zebra mussels in two series of laboratory experiments with the food algae Cryptomonas erosa and Scenedesmus obliquus . We also measured the year-round biodeposition rate under natural conditions in the oligotrophic Lake Constance.
3. In all experiments, zebra mussel biodeposition was linearly related to seston concentration. In the field, the relationship changed with a seasonal shift in algal composition and lower biodeposition rates during the spring algal bloom.
4. For both algal species in laboratory experiments, biodeposited material was depleted in phosphorous at an algal concentration ≤0.6 mg ash-free dry mass L⁻¹, but not at higher concentrations. This effect was not observed in the field, probably because of high variation in C : N : P stoichiometry.
5. By mediating the transfer of pelagic resources into the benthos zebra mussels provide a sufficient amount of detritus for benthic invertebrates, especially during summer. Thus, material biodeposited by the mussels might increase benthic secondary production from pelagic resources, and zebra mussels are important mediators of this flux of organic matter from the pelagic zone into the benthos.     

Genetic variability in Irish populations of the invasive zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha: discordant estimates of population differentiation from allozymes and microsatellites

1. The recent arrival and explosive spread of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas), in Ireland provided a rare opportunity to study the population genetics of an invasive species.
2. Eight polymorphic allozyme loci ( ACO-1, ACO-2 , EST-D, GPI, IDH-2, MDH, OPDH and PGM ) were used to investigate genetic diversity and population structure in five Irish populations, and the results were compared with those from a previous microsatellite study on the same samples.
3. The mean number of alleles per locus (2.7 ± 0.1) was similar to the mean for the same loci in European populations, suggesting that Irish founder populations were large and/or multiple colonization events took place after foundation. A deficiency of heterozygotes was observed in all populations, but was uneven across loci.
4. Pairwise comparisons, using Fisher's exact tests and F _ST values, revealed significant genetic differentiation among populations. The overall multilocus F _ST estimate was 0.118 ± 0.045, which contrasted with an estimate of 0.015 ± 0.007 from five microsatellite loci on the same samples in a previous study.
5. Assuming that microsatellites can be used as a neutral baseline, the discordant results from allozymes and microsatellites suggest that selection may be acting on some allozyme loci, specifically ACO-1, ACO-2 , IDH-2 and MDH, which contributed most to the significant differentiation between samples.