军曹鱼血液指标及血细胞发生的观察

测定军曹鱼的血液指标,红细胞密度为2．69±0．86×106个/mm3,白细胞密度为1．50±0．09×104个/mm3;血 红蛋白含量为7．42±0．22g/L,红细胞渗透脆性为0．43±0．07g％,红细胞沉降速率为1．18±0．46mm/h。观察军曹鱼 外周血液涂片,可区分出红细胞、血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞,但没有发现嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱 性粒细胞。在外周血液涂片观察中还发现了较多未成熟的红细胞和嗜中性粒细胞以及少量正在分裂的红细胞。 血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞在白细胞中所占比例分别为61．20±6．30％,16．60±3．28％,16．00± 3．61％和6．20±3．90％。对肝脏、脾脏、头肾和中肾等四种造血组织进行了涂片观察,军曹鱼的血细胞主要在头肾 和肾脏产生;脾脏是军曹鱼粒细胞发生的另一个场所,而肝脏也具有产生粒细胞和淋巴细胞的作用。       

Blood and other possible inflammatory cells in the sparid Acanthopagrus australis (Günther)

The peripheral blood cells of Acanthopagrus australis include erythrocytes, elongated and rounded thrombocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes. The ultrastructure of lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes is described. Type 1 cells with characteristic elongated, eosinophilic granules and type 2 cells with rounded, apparently labile granules are common in the gill filaments and do not increase or decrease significantly in abundance in ectoparasite-infested gill filaments. Extravascular neutrophils tend to be more evident in pathologic tissue. Lymphocytes and the macrophage-like type 3 cells are the most abundant infiltrating cells in pathologic gill tissue. Apart from ultrastructural and histochemical data, granule length and width are sufficient criteria to distinguish between the neutrophil, type 1, type 2 and type 3 cells.     

Effect of radiotherapy on the neutrophil and the lymphocyte enzymatic equipment and serum immunoglobulins in patients with cancer of the larynx.

In 30 patients with cancer of the larynx, aged 40 to 70 years, treated by radiotherapy 6 to 9 years ago the decreased activity of neutrophil beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase accompanied by a decrease of absolute count of enzyme-positive cells was noted. Numbers of acid phosphatase-positive neutrophils were also decreased. Moderate increase of the neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity and of numbers of enzyme-positive cells was another observed feature. The main finding in lymphocytes of the patients consisted in the appearance of cells exhibiting diffusion of lysosomal enzymes, especially of beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and to a lesser degree of acid phosphatase into the cell cytoplasm. Moderate increase of immunoglobulin level, especially that of IgA, reflected probably the immunologic mobilization of patients.     

Chicken thrombocytes in culture: lymphocyte-conditioned medium delays apoptosis.

Chicken thrombocytes are nucleated cells, analogs to mammalian platelets. These cells are involved in hemostasis, phagocytosis and secretion of specific products. Most of the properties of avian thrombocytes have been established in experiments that employed recently isolated blood cells. Attempts to cultivate these cells for a long period of time under optimal culture conditions for peripheral blood cells were unsuccessful; thrombocytes died after 24 h of cultivation unlike macrophages cocultured with them. Here we investigate the reasons and type of thrombocyte death in culture. Thrombocytes were separated from peripheral blood of roosters and cultured for 48 h. The influence of different culture conditions on thrombocyte viability was studied. Cells were cultured as adherent cell monolayers or under agitation (preventing adherence), in the presence or lack of lymphocytes or their soluble factors, and various concentrations of fetal bovine serum. After 24 h in standard culture thrombocytes displayed cytoplasm and chromatin condensation, DNA cleaved into oligonucleosomal fragments and unaltered mitochondria. These results strongly suggest that thrombocytes suffer an apoptotic cell death in culture. Apoptosis could be delayed by culturing thrombocytes in the presence of lymphocytes or their soluble factors.     

Variations in leucocyte count during menstrual cycle.

The neutrophil counts of seven women, three tkaing oral contraceptives and four nottaking them, showed cyclical variations during the menstrual cycle, most consistentlya fall in the neutrophil count at menstuation. The neutrophil count in women not taking oral contraceptives rose to a peak twice during each cycle. One womennot taking oral contraceptives was studied in detail over eight consecutive menstrualcycles. She showed two neutrophil peaks per cycle and a similiar variation in themonocyte count. The eosinophil count showed a reciprocal relation with the neutrophil count and the basophil count fell in mid-cycle. The changes in her neutrophil count seemed to follow changes in oestrogen level with a delay of one to two days. Oestrogen probably promotes release of neutrophils from the bone marrow rather than from the marginated pool.     

The ultrastructure of the blood cells of the pike Esox lucius L.

The ultrastructure of pike peripheral blood cells, lymphocytes, thrombocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes is described. At present there are no reliable criteria for differentiating between round thrombocytes and small lymphocytes of fish on a routine basis. At the ultrastructural level thrombocytes could be clearly differentiated from lymphocytes by cytoplasmic canals and vesicles, marginal microtubules, and large glycogen deposits. Electron microscopic identification of thrombocytes was confirmed by examining the ultrastructural features of a purified thrombocyte fraction. In addition, a preliminary investigation of the structure of the haemopoietic cells in the thymus, anterior kidney, and spleen was carried out.     

Effect of reaferon on the functional activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes and neutrophils of volunteers

The administration of Reaferon, the analog of human alpha 2-interferon obtained by means of gene engineering technigues, to 25 volunteers revealed the ability of small doses of this preparation to produce a stimulating effect on the capacity of lymphocytes and neutrophils for rosette formation. When introduced in large doses, the preparation sharply suppressed this capacity. A significant decrease in the T- and B-lymphocyte count, as well as in the neutrophil count, was noted. These changes persisted for 7 days after the course of Reaferon injections had been over. The intravenous injection of the preparation produced more pronounced effect than its intramuscular injection in the same doses. No essential changes in the count of the precursor cells of both T- and B-lymphocytes were registered.     

Immunomorphologic characterization of chicken thrombocytes

Summary Chicken thrombocytes were enriched for immunization by utilizing their strong capacity to adhere to plastic surfaces. The produced rabbit anti-thrombocyte serum ATS 3 reacted by means of the unlabeled antibody enzyme method (PAP) specifically with thrombocytes of fixed chicken-blood smears, but not with lymphocytes or other blood cells. When ATS 3 (substrate diaminobencidinetetrahydrochloride = DAB) and a 11 mixture of an anti-bursa serum and anti-thymus serum (ABS/ATS; substrate 4-chloro-1-naphthol = 4-Cl-1-N) were used simultaneously, thrombocytes revealed the brown color typical for DAB, whereas lymphocytes showed the blue stain of 4-Cl-1-N. The finding of a thrombocyte surface antigen not shared by lymphocytes is regarded as a further proof of the diversity of both cell systems, i.e., for the existence of a genuine thrombocyte system in chickens.     

Differential spontaneous killing of human and murine tumour cell lines by leucocyte subpopulations from carp peripheral blood leucocytes

Cell populations from carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) were examined for nonspecific cytotoxicities. By using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against carp thrombocytes (TCL-HB8) and both neutrophils and monocytes (TCL-BE8), PBLs with a density of 1.08 g ml-1 were separated into three fractions: thrombocytes, a mixture of neutrophils and monocytes, and other cells (mainly lymphocytes), and the separated cells were tested for cytotoxic activities against mammalian tumour cell lines (K562, HeLa, P815 and Yac-1 cell). Consequently, the mixture of neutrophils and monocytes exhibited cytolysis against these target cells, whereas the lymphocyte-rich and thrombocyte fractions did not show any cytolysis. To isolate only neutrophils, which do not contain monocytes, the MAb (TCL-BE8) positive cells from PBLs with a density of 1.08-1.09 g ml-1 were separated. Pure isolated neutrophils showed cytotoxic activities against K562 cells, but not P815 cells. Furthermore, analysis of the cytolytic mechanisms indicated that killing of these cells depended on H2O2 or HOCl. These results suggest that both neutrophils and monocytes are effectors for nonspecific cytotoxicity in carp PBLs, and neutrophils may be distinct from monocytes in their reactivity in cytolysis, including target cell selectivity and/or target cell sensitivity, and the cytolytic pathway. In carp, cytotoxicity of target cells can be mediated by several populations of their leucocytes which have cytotoxic capacities with various recognition and cytolytic mechanisms.     

长薄鳅外周血细胞的显微结构和细胞化学特征研究

长薄鳅外周血细胞可分为红细胞、中性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞和血栓细胞.在数量上,中性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞和血栓细胞占白细胞总数的百分比分别是17.06%、5.83%、28.16%和48.94%.细胞化学染色显示所有白细胞均含有糖原物质,所有红细胞均不含酸性磷酸酶,中性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞和血栓细胞均含有酸性磷酸酶.非特异件酯酶染色显示单核细胞呈阳性反应,中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞和血栓细胞均为部分呈阳性反应.所有细胞的碱性磷酸酶、过氧化物酶、苏丹黑显色反应均呈阴性.     

Ichthyophthiriasis in the mirror carp

Changes in leukocyte counts in mirror carp infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis were recorded during the disease. Leukocytes were classified according to their appearance and stage of development. The overall white blood cell count in infected carp remained within the range found in normal carp under similar conditions. The first recognizable event in leukocyte dynamics was a sharp but temporary drop in lymphocytes with a concurrent rise in neutrophil percentages early in the infection. A similar trend also appeared towards the end of the infection. A significant shift towards younger cell populations was evident among the neutrophils. Blast cells with morphological characteristics of neutrophils appear in the circulation. The percentage of these cells and of other blast cells rose progressively during the infection. The number of cells termed fine reticular cells, also rose during infection. White blood cell changes in the mirror carp infected with I. multifiliis were similar to changes observed for other diseases and also in response to certain stress conditions.     

濒危鱼类稀有白甲鱼外周血细胞特征

为了研究濒危鱼类稀有白甲鱼（Onychostoma rara）外周血细胞的特征,以采自长江中游沅江水系清水江共计21尾稀有白甲鱼的血液为材料,采用常规方法对稀有白甲鱼外周血细胞的组成、形态、大小和数量进行了观测。结果显示,稀有白甲鱼红细胞数量为（1.75±0.44）×106 个/ L,白细胞数量为（4.91±1.95）×105 个/ L。在血涂片上共计观察到了5种白细胞,包括淋巴细胞、血栓细胞、单核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞,没有发现嗜碱性粒细胞。其5种白细胞数量比例差异较大,其数量比例关系为：淋巴细胞>血栓细胞>嗜中性粒细胞>单核细胞>嗜酸性粒细胞。这5种白细胞的大小也有所不同,其大小关系为：单核细胞>嗜中性粒细胞>嗜酸性粒细胞>淋巴细胞>血栓细胞。与已报道的鱼类相比,稀有白甲鱼白细胞的数量明显较高,红细胞数量较多、体积相对较小,可能与其适应流水生活相关。     

Automated cerebrospinal fluid cytology

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the Abbott CELL-DYN Sapphire cytometer for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell count and differentiation. METHODS: One hundred three analyses of CSF cells by the CELL-DYN Sapphire were compared with routine cell count and microscopic differentiation and correlation coefficients calculated. RESULTS: The total cell count of both methods correlated well. The detection of erythrocytes was good (0.898), and a higher content of erythrocytes >100/microL had little effect on total leukocyte count. The correlation between both methods was best with higher leukocyte counts >25/microL (r=0.987), whereas at cell counts <25/microL, the correlation was considerably less precise (r=0.613). For the differentiation of cells, lymphocytes and neutrophils showed moderate correlation. The results for monocytes and eosinophils did not correlate. CONCLUSION: The results for the total cell count in this study are comparable with those achieved with the Bayer Advia 120. While the Abbott CELL-DYN Sapphire yielded slightly better results for erythrocytes and total cell count with a higher erythrocyte content, the Advia 120 achieved slightly better results of lymphocyte and neutrophil count in a previous study.     

Autoradiographic study of the renewal rate of neutrophils and thrombocytes in summer and winter frogs

In early August frogs were injected with 3H-thymidine and observed during 10 months under conditions close to natural. Individual changes of neutrophil and thrombocyte contents in the blood, those of the number of labeled cells among them, and the density of labeling were studied. The life span of neutrophils in the active frogs was found as long as 2-3 weeks, while that of thrombocytes lasted for several months. In September the hibernating cell populations are formed and cell proliferation ceases. This process is suggested to be regulated by some complex centralized mechanisms rather than by a direct action of temperature. The size of circulating populations of both the cell types decreases during hibernation, part of the cells is deposited outside of circulation. The life span of cells rises considerably, their renewal begins only in spring. The ability of cells of the neutrophilic lineage to proliferate is preserved at low temperatures and is realized in pathological conditions. The similarities in seasonal adaptations are stated between amphibians and hibernating mammals at the level of cellular populations.     

Ethological and haematological response of catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis,exposed to exogenous urea

Exposure of the airbreathing catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis to a sublethal concentration (200 mg/l) of urea resulted in blanching of skin, increased mucus secretion, hyperexcitability and higher rate of surfacing and gill ventilation. These changes were more pronounced during the first eight days of exposure as compared to the later period. A progressive increase in haematocrit, erythrocyte count, percentage of immature erythrocytes, mean corpuscular volume and erythrocyte sedimentation rate was observed during the 20 day exposure period. White blood cell-thrombocyte count registered a sharp decline initially upto 6 days but steadily increased afterwards. Initial decrease in the total leucocyte count was found to be mainly due to the decline in the number of lymphocytes and thrombocytes while the percentage of granulocytes (neutrophils and eosinophils) and monocytes showed a reverse trend.     

Effect of music-assisted imagery on neutrophils and lymphocytes

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cell-specific mental imagery on neutrophil and lymphocyte cell counts. Subjects (N = 30) were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups that underwent a 6-week training program focusing on images of morphology, location, and movement of either neutrophils or lymphocytes. Music was used to enhance the imagery of the subjects. Peripheral white blood cell and differential counts were determined before and after the final 20-minute imagery session. Results indicated that neutrophils decreased significantly (p less than .04) in the neutrophil-change group while lymphocytes did not. The reverse occurred in the lymphocyte-change group, with only the lymphocytes decreasing significantly (p less than .03). The authors concluded that under the conditions of the present study, cell-specific imagery was associated with decreases in peripheral blood cell counts of lymphocytes and neutrophils.     

Composition of main haematopoietic compartments in normal and bled channel catfish

Differential cell counts showed that the head and trunk kidney of control and bled channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus had myeloid characteristics. They contained lymphoid and granuloid cells, thrombocytes, erythroid and agranular cells in decreasing order of abundance (%). Among the blast and precursor cells, the most numerous erythroid ones were followed by granuloid, lymphoid and agranular ones. The main changes after blood withdrawal were the decrease of thrombocytes and the increase of precursor cells in both kidney parts. In the group examined 7 days after bleeding the head kidney had a higher percentage of erythroid cells and lymphocyte precursors than the trunk kidney while the latter had more granuloid cells and their precursors. Basophils were present ( c . 1%) in both regions of the kidney of all groups. The spleen was predominantly a lymphatic organ. It contained c . 80% lymphoid cells, a higher incidence of granulated lymphocytes than in kidneys, 15% thrombocytes and 1.4% agranular cells. Blood withdrawal caused an increase of thrombocytes, a decrease of lymphoid cells and an increase of erythroid precursors in the spleen. The last probably stemmed from the circulation. While haematocrit values failed to indicate the anaemic state in the bled groups, the differential red blood cell count showed dramatic differences between the control and bled groups as well as between the two groups in different stages of recuperation from the blood loss.     

Hyperventilation-induced changes of the blood picture

In a controlled study of 11 male volunteers the following changes (means +/- SD) were observed in venous blood during (D) and 75 min after (A) a period of 20 min of voluntary hyperventilation in comparison with before (B) hyperventilation (P values referring to the difference between D and B) erythrocyte count 5.18 +/- 0.17 X 10(6) (B), 5.70 +/- 0.21 X 10(6) (D) (P less than 0.001), and 5.18 +/- 0.16 X 10(6)/microliter (A); hemoglobin 15.7 +/- 0.6 (B), 17.2 +/- 0.7 (D) (P less than 0.001), and 15.8 +/- 0.6 g/dl (A); centrifuged hematocrit 46.6 +/- 1.0 (B), 50.4 +/- 1.7 (D) (P less than 0.001), and 47.0 +/- 1.8% (A). The platelets increased from 159 +/- 30 X 10(3) (B) to 205 +/- 40 X 10(3) (D) (P less than 0.001) and returned to 157 +/- 26 X 10(3)/microliter (A). The leukocytes (WBC) were 4,210 +/- 630 (B), 6,220 +/- 1,660 (D) (P less than 0.001), and 6,190 +/- 1,870/microliter (A) (P less than 0.002, as compared with B). The rise of WBC during hyperventilation was mainly due to a 83% increase of lymphocytes, whereas a 93% increase of neutrophil leukocytes accounted for the increased WBC 75 min posthyperventilation. The increase of the ratio of band forms to segmented neutrophils from 9 (B) to 19% (A) (P less than 0.01) indicates that band forms were released from the bone marrow. The results show that WBC and platelets can be mobilized by hyperventilation by as yet unidentified mechanisms.     

beta-Endorphin modulation of pressor response to hyperventilation in hypertensive patients

After hyperventilation, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) significantly decreased in 14 hypertensive patients (group 1), did not change in 9 (group 2) and increased in 8 (group 3). Basal BP, norepinephrine and dynorphin B levels were higher in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3. The decrease in BP after hyperventilation was associated with a decrease in plasma norepinephrine, Met-enkephalin and dynorphin B and an increase in beta-endorphin. Naloxone abolished the hyperventilation-induced BP and norepinephrine decreases. Our findings indicate that hyperventilation may select hypertensive patients with different sympatho-adrenergic activity and that the increase in beta-endorphin reduces BP response to hyperventilation in patients with high sympatho-adrenergic tone.     

White blood count in patients on regular haemodialysis

Total white cell, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts were compared in patients with chronic renal failure treated successively by conservative means (low-protein diet), regular haemodialysis, and renal allotransplantation. The lowest total white cell and neutrophil counts and the highest lymphocyte counts were found in patients on regular haemodialysis. A rapid fall in neutrophil count during the first half-hour of dialysis and a more gradual fall between the first and sixth hours were observed. Adherence of neutrophils and mononuclear cells to the cuprophane (PT 150) dialysis membrane has been shown.