Antifungal antibiotic of the basidiomyceteOudemansiella mucida

The developmental cycle of the fungus Oudemansiella mucida, the producer of a new antifungal antibiotic, was found to be controlled by the mechanism of homogenic tetrapolar incompatibility; under our conditions, the cycle took about 12 weeks to completion. Optimum conditions for a laboratory-scale fructification were investigated. Normal fruiting body formation required sufficient illumination, temperatures below 20 degrees C, and relative humidity in excess of 70%. Flask-grown fruiting bodies did not differ from the naturally occurring ones. The basidiospores of the produced fruiting bodies yielded the reference monokaryons necessary for physiological, cytological and genetical studies.     

Antifungal antibiotic of the basidiomyceteOudemansiella mucida

A pure culture of the basidiomyceteOudemansiella mucida, isolated by the explantation technique, produces an intracellular antifungal antibiotic. The relatively simple basic growth requirements of the producing strain permit its cultivation on agar and liquid nutrient media. During submerse cultivation in medium containing glucose and cornsteep on a shaker apparatus or in a fermentor, the fungus produces 300–600 μg antibiotic/ml. The main growth characteristics of a mycelial culture of the producing strain and details of its transfer to submerse conditions are described. Dedicated to Academician Ivan Málek on the occation of his 60th birthday     

Antifungal antibiotic of the basidiomyceteOudemansiella mucida

Nuclear ratios were studied in terminal and subterminal cells of various mycelia of the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida, the producer of the antifungal antibiotic mucidin (MuciderminR Spofa). The dikaryon, the monokaryon, and the mucidin-producing strain that had been cultivated for a long time under submerged conditions were compared. Dedikaryotization was found to have taken place in the producing strain. The originally dikaryotic culture with characteristic clamp connections on the mycelium and with two nuclei in every hyphal cell lost permanently the clamp connections, probably owing to continuous intense agitation. The hyphae contained solely mononuclear cells. Mating with a compatible monokaryon yielded a dikaryon capable of normal fructification.     

Soluble sugars in the mycelium of the basidiomyceteOudemansiella mucida

Quantitative gas chromatography was used to determine soluble neutral sugars in an extract of the fungusOudemansiella mucida grown on a synthetic glucose medium. Apart from the usual fungal sugar components,viz. trehalose,d-glucose,d-mannitol,d-arabinitol, glycerol and inositol, the 6-day-old mycelium containedd-arabino-2-hexosulose (d-glucosone). In the period of maximum growth, this aldoketose was the predominant monosaccharide (3.4 % mycelial dry weight).     

Metabolism of aromatic acids in the antibiotic-producing basidiomyceteOudemansiella mucida

Aromatic acids were determined in the mycelium and fermentation medium ofOudemansiella mucida. Coumaric acids (bothm- andp-),p-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) and benzoic acid were found to predominate in the mycelium. Phenylacetic acid represents the main component in the medium. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase catalyzing conversion of phenylalanine to cinnamie acid which is further metabolized to benzoic acid was detected in the mycelium. The results are discussed with respect to the synthesis of the antibiotic mucidin.     

Effect of tryptophan on the production of mucidin in cultures of basidiomyceteOudemansiella mucida

Addition ofL-tryptophan to cultures of the basidiomyceteOudemansiella mucida brought about a pronounced increase of production of the antibiotic mucidin. The highest increase was reached in the presence of 0.15–0.20 % tryptophan and after its addition to a 1-d culture. The methyl ester of tryptophan exhibited the same effect. Mycelium growing during the initial phases in the presence of tryptophan synthesized mucidin powerfully during later phases of the fermentation. Part VII of the series Antifungal antibiotic of the basidiomyceteOudemansiella mucida; part VI:Folia Microbiol. 27, 35 (1982).     

Composition of lipids and production of mucidin in a submerged culture of the basidiomyceteOudemansiella mucida

Mycelial lipids of the submerged culture ofOudemansiella mucida contain acylglycerols, free and esterified sterols. Free fatty acids are not present. Development of the culture is associated with an increased content of unsaturated fatty acids and, on the contrary, with a decreased content of saturated fatty acids. Content of total lipids depends on age of the culture and is inversely related with production of the antibiotic mucidin.     

Glucose-2-oxidase activity and accumulation of D-arabino-2-hexosulose in cultures of the basidiomyceteOudemansiella mucida

Submerged cultures of the basidiomyceteOudemansiella mucidd, strain III, accumulate D-arabino-2-hexosulose. The maximum yields during cultivations in shaker flasks or in a laboratory fermentor are 6–12 and 15 mg/ml, respectively (20–50 % conversion of substrate glucose). The accumulation is transient, the aldoketose being again utilized after glucose exhaustion. Its production is stimulated by fluoride ions. The enzyme responsible for the C₍₂₎-specific oxidation ofd-glucose acts as an intracellular oxidase with a maximum activity in the exponential phase of growth.d-arabino-2-Hexosulose was also detected in the cultivation medium of the wood-rotting fungiPleurotus ostreatus, Laetiporus sulphureus, andPhellinus abietis. Part III of the series Enzymatic activity of Basidiomycetes; part II:Folia Microbiol. 13, 334 (1968).     

Functional-food constituents in the fruiting bodies of Stropharia rugosoannulata

Nine compounds (1-9) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Stropharia rugosoannulata. Compounds 1-5, 8, and 9 suppressed the formation of osteoclast. Compounds 2 and 5 showed anti-fungal activity, and their MIC were 250 μM and 500 μM respectively. Compounds 2-6 showed inhibitory effects on thapsigargin toxicity.     

椭圆嗜蓝孢孔菌子实体的化学成分

从椭圆嗜蓝孢孔菌Fomitiporia ellipsoidea子实体的石油醚提取物中分离得到6个化合物,分别是麦角甾-7,22,25-三烯-3-酮,21-羟基羊毛甾-7,9(11),24-三烯-3-酮,麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-棕榈酸酯,麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3-酮,麦角甾醇和过氧化麦角甾醇;从其脱脂后的氯仿提取中分离得到了3个化合物,分别是：苯并(1,2-b;5,4-b′)二呋喃-3,5-二酮-8-甲酸甲酯,麦角甾-7,22-烯-3b-醇和b-谷甾醇。其中苯并(1,2-b;5,4-b′)二呋喃-3     

Morphogenesis of Stigmatella aurantiaca fruiting bodies.

Scanning electron micrographs of intermediate stages of fruiting body formation in the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca suggest that fruiting body formation can be divided into several stages distinguishable on the basis of the motile behavior of the cells. Aggregates formed at sites where cells glide as groups in circles or spirals. Thus, each aggregate was surrounded by a wide band of cells. Several streams of cells were pointed toward and connected to the wide band of cells at the base of the aggregate, suggesting directed cell movement toward the aggregate. The pattern of cells at the base of taller, more mature aggregates suggested that groups of cells enter the aggregate from the surrounding band of cells by changing the pitch of their movement, thus creating an ascending spiral. Stalk formation was characterized by a distinctly different pattern, which suggested that single cells emerge from the band of cells and move toward the aggregate, under it, and then vertically to create the stalk. At this stage, the aggregate appeared to be torn from the substrate as it was lifted off the surface. The cells in the completed stalks were well separated, and most had their long axes pointed in a vertical direction. A great deal of the stalk material appeared to be slime in which the cells were embedded and through which they were presumably moving in the live material. Some suggestions regarding factors that may direct the observed morphogenetic movements are discussed.     

灵芝子实体中的羊毛脂烷型灵芝酸酯类成分研究

目的系统研究灵芝子实体中的羊毛脂烷型灵芝酸酯类成分。方法通过氯仿对盐酸酸化的灵芝子实体提取物中的羊毛脂烷型三萜酸类成分进行萃取,结合硅胶柱层析、中压柱层析(RP C18色谱柱)、制备型HPLC(RP C18色谱柱)对提取物中的三萜酸酯类化学成分进行系统的分离、纯化。通过UV、ESIMS、HRESI-MS、1 H-NMR、13C-NMR、HSQC、HMBC、NOESY等波谱学手段结合文献数据对制备得到的三萜类单体成分进行准确的结构测定。结果从灵芝子实体的氯仿提取物中共分离鉴定了10个羊毛脂烷型灵芝酸酯类成分,分别为:(1)Ganoderic acid AP,(2)Methyl Ganoderate G,(3)Ganoderic acid H,(4)12β-Hydroxy-3,7,11,15,23-pentaoxo-5α-lanost-8-en-26-oic acid,(5)Ganoderic acid K,(6)Ganoderenic acid B,(7)Lucienic acid A,(8)Lucidenic acid B,(9)20(21)-Dehydrolucidenic acid A,(10)Lucidone D。结论灵芝子实体中极性较小的化学成分主要为羊毛脂烷型三萜及其降碳衍生物,该类成分多具有羧基或羧酸酯官能团,既而也称灵芝酸类,本文共分离鉴定了10个该系列成分,其中化合物1为新化合物。     

硬孔灵芝的化学成分研究

采用硅胶柱层析法进行分离纯化,从硬孔灵芝Ganoderma duropora的氯仿萃取物中分离得到甾类化合物8种。根据波谱数据,化合物1-8结构分别被鉴定为:麦角甾醇、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3-酮、6,9-环氧麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇、过氧麦角甾醇、3,5-二羟基麦角甾-7,22-二烯-6-酮、β-谷甾醇和胡萝卜苷。     

荷叶离褶伞子实体化学成分

本文对祁连山野生荷叶离褶伞Lyophyllum decastes子实体的化学成分和生物活性进行研究。采用硅胶色谱、高效液相色谱等多种方法进行分离纯化得到8个化合物,通过MS、NMR和电子圆二色谱 （ECD）等方法确定了化学结构,其中有4个为聚炔类化合物。化合物1作为天然产物系首次报道,其相绝对构型是通过比较ECD的方法确定。对所得聚炔类化合物应用细胞模型进行抗氧化活性（CAA）指标检测,化合物1-4均呈现一定抗氧化活性,其中化合物1的抗氧化活性最强,其EC₅₀为(24.73±6.12)μmol/L。聚炔类化合物1-4为荷叶离褶伞首次报道成分,可作为祁连山野生荷叶离褶伞HPLC-DAD化学表征参考化合物。     

Meroterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of higher fungus Ganoderma resinaceum

Phytochemical investigation on the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma resinaceum led to the isolation of five new meroterpenoids, namely ganoresinains A–E (1–5), and four known analogues (6–9). The new compounds were identified by extensive analyses of spectroscopic data (NMR, MS, UV, and IR) and comparison with the literature data. Compound 1 and 6 were isolated as enantiomeric mixture, which were separated over analytical chiral HPLC chromatography. Compounds 6–9 were isolated from G. resinaceum for the first time.     

Two new nortriterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma daqingshanense

Two new nortriterpenoids named daqingshones A (1) and B (2), along with two known ganderic acids (3 and 4), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma daqingshanense. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data including MS, 1D and 2D NMR. Compound 2 exhibited weak anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity with IC₅₀ value of 39.2 μM.     

A new nortriterpenoid from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma tropicum

Ganoderma tropicum has been widely used by the local folks for coronary heart disease treatment, liver protection, and sleep aid. In order to discover natural active components and tap the medical potential of G. tropicum, the chemical investigation of its fruiting bodies was carried out. This study led to the isolation of a new nortriterpenoid named 26-nor-11,23-dioxo-5α-lanost-8-en-3β,7β,15α,25-tetrol (1) and a known nortriterpenoid lucidone D (2). The structure of the new nortriterpenoid was elucidated by spectroscopic techniques including UV, IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.     

Plant growth regulators from the fruiting bodies of Tricholoma flavovirens

A novel indole derivative (1) and three known compounds (2–4) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Tricholoma flavovirens. Their structures were determined or identified by the interpretation of spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 promoted root growth of lettuce and inhibited hypocotyl growth at 1 μmol/paper. Compound 3 inhibited hypocotyl and root growth at 100 nmol/paper.     

Isolation of the chitin-glucan complex from the fruiting bodies of mycothallus

A four-stage procedure for the isolation of the ChGC from the biomass of natural fungi—the honey mushroom (Armillariella mellea) and the yellow morel (Morchella esculenta), belonging to the classes Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes, respectively, has been developed. The isolation procedure included deproteinization (2% NaOH + 0.1% sodium stearate, 83–85°C, 2 h), demineralization (1% HCl, 55–60°C, 2 h), depigmentation (5% H₂O₂ in ammonia (30–35°C, 4 h)), and deglucanization (2% NaOH, 83–85°C, 2 h). The original raw material and the chitin-containing materials were characterized on the basis of results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray analysis, and pyrolytic gas chromatography using crustacean chitin as a reference compound. The content of chitin in the final products was 70% for A. mellea and 50% for M. esculenta. The possibility of obtaining chitin-containing materials with the required properties by selecting the fungal species and treatment conditions (the succession and repetition of certain stages) is demonstrated.     

Bacterial complexes of the fruiting bodies and hyphosphere of certain basidiomycetes

The surface and internal tissues of the fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes were shown to be specific bacterial habitats characterized by varying diversity and structure of bacterial complexes. On the surface of fruiting bodies, gram-negative bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, and Myxococcus prevailed, while in the internal tissues gram-positive bacteria of the genera Streptomyces, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, and Micrococcus were identified in addition. Bacterial complexes from the surface and inner tissues of the fruiting bodies of the studied basidiomycetes showed significant similarity to each other and differed from those from the hyphosphere and the reference soil. On the surface and in the internal tissues of the fruiting bodies, representatives of the genus Myxococcus were identified for the first time, which could indicate initial decay of the fruiting body.