High Efficiency Transgene Segregation in Co-Transformed Maize Plants using an Agrobacterium Tumefaciens 2 T-DNA Binary System

For regulatory issues and research purposes it would be desirable to have the ability to segregate transgenes in co-transformed maize. We have developed a highly efficient system to segregate transgenes in maize that was co-transformed using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens 2 T-DNA binary system. Three vector treatments were compared in this study; (1) a 2 T-DNA vector, where the selectable marker gene bar (confers resistance to bialaphos) and the -glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene are on two separate T-DNA's contained on a single binary vector; (2) a mixed strain treatment, where bar and GUS are contained on single T-DNA vectors in two separate Agrobacterium strains; (3) and a single T-DNA binary vector containing both bar and GUS as control treatment. Bialaphos resistant calli were generated from 52 to 59% of inoculated immature embryos depending on treatment. A total of 93.4% of the bialaphos selected calli from the 2 T-DNA vector treatment exhibited GUS activity compared to 11.7% for the mixed strain treatment and 98.2% for the cis control vector treatment. For the 2 T-DNA vector treatment, 86.7% of the bialaphos resistant/GUS active calli produced R₀ plants exhibiting both transgenic phenotypes compared to 10% for the mixed strain treatment and 99% for the single T-DNA control vector treatment. A total of 87 Liberty herbicide (contains bialaphos as the active ingredient) resistant/GUS active R₀ events from the 2 T-DNA binary vector treatment were evaluated for phenotypic segregation of these traits in the R₁ generation. Of these R₀ events, 71.4% exhibited segregation of Liberty resistance and GUS activity in the R₁ generation. A total of 64.4% of the R₀ 2 T-DNA vector events produced Liberty sensitive/GUS active (indicating selectable-marker-free) R₁ progeny. A high frequency of phenotypic segregation was also observed using the mixed strain approach, but a low frequency of calli producing R₀ plants displaying both transgenic phenotypes makes this method less efficient. Molecular analyses were then used to confirm that the observed segregation of R₁ phenotypes were highly correlated to genetic segregation of the bar and GUS genes. A high efficiency system to segregate transgenes in co-transformed maize plants has now been demonstrated.     

通过构建三段T-DNA载体高频率获得无标记转基因大豆植株的研究

高频率获得无选择标记转基因植株有利于转基因植物的环境释放和安全性生产,农杆菌介导的共转化法是获得无标记转基因植株的方法之一。含二段T-DNA载体的共转化法已被人们成功应用,而二段以上T-DNA载体的共转化法还未见报道。基于这一目的,通过几个中间质粒构建了含有三段T-DNA的双元表达载体pNB35SVIP1,其中包含1个拷贝bar基因选择标记基因表达盒和2个拷贝VIP1目的基因表达盒。利用EHA101农杆菌菌系介导法转化大豆子叶节,经过在含3～5mg/L glufosinate培养基上多次筛选,获得了一定数量抗性再生植株,然后对抗性再生植株进行叶片涂抹除草剂、Southern blot和Northern blot检测,共鉴定出51棵T₀代转基因植株,转化频率0.83%～3.16%,二个基因的共转化频率为86.4%。在对T₁代群体进行叶片涂抹除草剂检测的基础上,不抗除草剂植株进行PCR、Southern blot和Northern blot检测,共鉴定出41棵无选择标记转基因植株,无标记植株获得率为7.6%。检测结果还表明,T₁代群体中22.7%的株系发生了基因丢失现象,27.3%的株系发生了bar基因沉默现象,目的基因在37.1%的无标记植株中发生了沉默现象。三段T-DNA的双元表达载体是获得无标记转基因植株的理想途径     

Analysis of Arabidopsis PsbQ A Gene Expression in Transgenic Tobacco Reveals Differential Role of Its Promoter and Transcribed Region in Organ-specific and Light-mediated Regulation

Arabidopsis PsbQ, encoding a 16 kDa protein of the oxygen-evolving complex, is regulated by light and is expressed preferentially in leaf tissues. To analyze the components required for light-regulated and organ-specific expression of PsbQA, several promoter constructs were generated and expressed in tobacco. The 2.2 kb promoter could confer organ-specific expression of the reporter gene, whereas regulatory elements for light-dependent induction could not be located within this promoter and the transcribed region extending up to a second exon, represented by a genomic fragment encompassing the gene. The genomic fragment representing the transcribed region, however, could confer light regulation even on a constitutive promoter, as observed by steady-state mRNA analysis in T0 and T1 tobacco plants. The results obtained have led to the conclusion that regulatory elements for organ-specificity mainly reside in the promoter region whereas the transcribed region of the gene has an important role in light regulation.     

Transgenic carnations obtained byAgrobacterium tumefciens-mediated transformation of leaf explants

For the development of anAgrobacterium-mediated transformation procedure of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.), an intron-containing -glucuronidase (gus) gene was used to monitor the frequency of transformation events soon after infection of leaf explants. The efficiency of gene transfer was dependent on the carnation genotype, explant age and cocultivation time. Leaf explants from the youngest leaves showed the highest number of GUS-positive spots. After selection on a kanamycin-containing medium, transgenic shoots were generated among a relatively high number of untransformed shoots. The selection procedure was modified in such a way that the contact between explant and medium was more intense. This improved the selection and decreased the number of escapes. Kanamycin-resistant and GUS-positive plants were obtained from five cultivars after infection of leaf explants with the supervirulentAgrobacterium strain AGLO. A higher transformation frequency was observed with the binary vector pCGN7001 than with the p35SGUSint vector. Integration of the genes into the carnation genome was demonstrated by Southern blot hybridization. The number of incorporated T-DNA insertions varied between independent transformants from one to eight. Transformants were morphologically identical to untransformed plants. Segregation of the genes occurred in a Mendelian way.     

基质结合区与转基因动物的基因表达

基质结合区(MAR)在稳定转染的细胞系中的研究结果显示,能缓冲在其侧翼的染色质某些拮抗作用.这为外源基因在染色体中随机整合的转基因动物研究提供了新的方向.文章对其在转基因动物中的探索性研究及可能的机理进行综述.指出在转基因动物中,MAR的应用能导致建立独立的基因活性结构域.它对基因高效表达无疑具有重要作用.MAR可能是一种新的顺式作用元件,与增强子、启动子协同作用调节基因的表达.     

生境因子及理化因素对外源基因在植物体内表达的调节

外源基因在植物体内的表达除受植物体本身代谢及分子调节外,还受生境因子及理化因素等外界环境因子的调节.生境因子及理化因素可诱导植物某些基因的表达,同时调控这些基因的启动元件;利用营养及逆境胁迫条件改变植物的生长代谢也可实现对外源基因表达的调节.本综述了生境因子及理化因素对外源基因在转基因植物体内表达的调控机制.     

Induction of Expression Instability of the nptII Gene in Transgenic Tobacco Plants

A comparative analysis of the neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) gene expression was performed in two groups of transformed tobacco plants, one of which included plants with direct and inverted tandem uidA gene repeats in the T-DNA insertion. This insertion of inverted repeats was shown to reduce the level of stable nptII gene expression to 20%, as compared with 65% in the control transformants. The level of unstable expression of this gene substantially increased (up to 71.4% vs. 5.5% in the control group) when homologous sequences were brought together with direct tandem repeats in the genome of hybrid plants.     

转基因植物中筛选标记基因的利用及消除

在基因转移过程中,人们常常使用标记基因来筛选转化细胞或组织。常用的筛选标记基因尤其是抗生素抗性基因的使用往往对环境及植物体的生长发育产生不良影响,且影响基因多重转化。为了消除这些弊端,一种全新的发展策略即获取无选择标记的转基因植物应运而生。本文主要综述转基因植物中有关筛选标记基因及其消除方法。 Abstract:Selective marker gene is usually used to select transformed cells or tissue during gene transfer.However,the use of selective marker gene,especially antibiotic-resistant gene,is harmful to environment,plant development and affects multi-transformation.A new strategy that offers a approach for the elimination of those disadvantages caused by the selectable marker gene is developed.We summarized correlative marker genes used in transgenic plants and some methods of its removal.     

转WMV-2 CP基因黄瓜植株的再生

以黄瓜无菌苗子叶切段为外植体 ,通过叶盘转化法与根瘤农杆菌进行共培养建立了黄瓜的转基因系统。农杆菌菌株为LBA44 0 4,内含双元载体pBPMWMV。该质粒载体带有一个npt Ⅱ基因 (筛选具有卡那霉素抗性的植株 )和一个WMV 2CP基因。抗卡那霉素 (Kanr)的黄瓜植株经DNA分子点杂交、PCR检测以及Southernblot证实 ,外源的WMV 2CP基因确实已导入黄瓜细胞且能稳定地遗传到子一代。对WMV 2CP基因在子一代的分离进行了统计。获得的转基因子一代植株对WMV 2表现出较强的抗性 ,可以延迟发病时间 ,减轻发病程度     

c—Ha-ras在转基因小鼠模型C57-ras各组织中的表达谱分析

目的：分析转基因c-Ha-ras在C57-ras癌症小鼠模型中的组织表达谱及时空表达差异。方法：利用半定量及荧光定量RT-PCR法,分析不同首建鼠系、不同周龄小鼠各脏器中转基因c-Ha-ras的表达。结果：转基因c-Ha-ras在心、肝等13种组织器官中均有表达,在肺脏中表达最高,在肝脏中表达最低,No.2、No.3和No.5等3个首建鼠均呈现相似的变化规律;转基因在No.5首建鼠中表达水平最高,而在同一个首建鼠系中,12周龄时表达高于8周龄和24周龄。结论：转基因c-Ha-ras在各脏器中能高效表达,并间接表明该转基因能稳定遗传,为C57-ras癌症小鼠模型用于新药临床前致癌性评价提了供理论支持。     

PttGA20ox1基因在转化烟草植株中的表达

构建了P ttGA 20ox 1基因的植物表达载体并在烟草植株中进行了表达.结果表明:转化烟草与对照烟草之间以及转化烟草之间的形态特征出现很大差异;所有转P ttGA 20ox 1基因烟草的顶端优势得到明显促进,其生长速度明显高于对照烟草.实验结果为今后利用P ttGA 20ox 1基因促进木本植物的顶端优势奠定了基础.     

The sequence of a pea vicilin gene and its expression in transgenic tobacco plants

A 5.5 kb Eco RI fragment containing a vicilin gene was selected from a Pisum sativum genomic library, and the protein-coding region and adjacent 5 and 3 regions were sequenced. A DNA construction comprising this 5.5 kb fragment together with a gene for neomycin phosphotransferase II was stably introduced into tobacco using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens binary vector, and the fidelity of expression of the pea vicilin gene in its new host was studied. The seeds of eight transgenic tobacco plants showed a sixteen-fold range in the level of accumulated pea vicilin. The level of accumulation of vicilin protein and mRNA correlated with the number of integrated copies of the vicilin gene. Pea vicilin was confined to the seeds of transgenic tobacco. Using immunogold labelling, vicilin was detected in protein bodies of eight out of ten embryos (axes plus cotyledons) and, at a much lower level, in two out of eleven endosperms. Pea vicilin was synthesized early in tobacco seed development; some molecules were cleaved as is the case in pea seeds, yielding a major parental component of M _r50000 together with a range of smaller polypeptides.     

cry3A和vhb基因在转基因马铃薯中的表达

分别构建了含cry3A和cry3A+vhb基因的植物表达载体pBCry3A和pBC₃Vhb,并通过根癌农杆菌介导转化了马铃薯. 对转化再生植株进行PCR和DNA印迹分析表明,外源基因已整合到马铃薯基因组中, 且连续三代无性繁殖后转基因仍存在. ELISA分析表明cry3A基因在转基因植株中得到了高效表达, 在单转cry3A植株中最高表达量达0.1%, 转cry3A与vhb双基因株系中为0.065%. 水涝试验显示,转双基因且vhb mRNA的RT-PCR呈阳性的马铃薯植株,对低氧胁迫有较好的耐受性, 表明获得的上述转双基因马铃薯株系可能会具有很好的抗虫和耐涝性能.     

影响苏云金芽孢杆菌基因在转基因植物中表达的因素

苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）杀虫晶体蛋白基因是植物抗虫基因工程中应用最广泛的基因资源。影响Bt基因在转基因植物中表达的因素繁多,阐明这些因素的效应对于获得Bt基因在受体植物中的稳定高效表达具有重要意义。现对Bt基因表达的主要影响因子,如Bt基因表达单元、植物发育、外部环境条件、受体植物遗传背景、整合位点及Bt基因沉默现象等进行了综述。     

NaCl胁迫对转基因杨树外源基因表达的影响

以具高抗虫性的转抗虫基因‘741杨’及在此基础上转入了发根农杆菌Ri质粒T-DNA株系的组培苗为材料,研究了转基因株系BtCrylAc抗虫基因和发根基因的表达及其对NaCl胁迫的反应。结果表明,转入Ri质粒T- DNA上的rol基因后,导致苗木根系数目增加,根系长度减小,IAA和GA含量显著提高,抗虫BtCrylAc基因编码的毒蛋白的表达量降低;随着NaCl胁迫强度的增加,苗高、根系数量、叶绿素含量及IAA、GA含量逐步降低,而根系的长度加大,Bt毒蛋白含量显著提高,表明NaCl胁迫使转基因杨外源Bt毒蛋白基因的表达增强,而发根农杆菌Ri质粒T-DNA的表达下降。     

Etr1-1 Gene Expression Alters Regeneration Patterns in Transgenic Lettuce Stimulating Root Formation

We have evaluated the transformation efficiency of two lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars, LE126 and Seagreen, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. Six-day-old cotyledons were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium cultures carrying binary vectors with two different genetic constructs. The first construct contained the β-glucuronidase gene (GUS) under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (CaMV 35S), while the second construct contained the ethylene mutant receptor etr1-1, which confers ethylene insensitivity, under the control of a leaf senescence-specific promoter (sag12). Tissues co-cultivated with the GUS construct showed strong regeneration potential with over 90% of explants developing callus masses and 85% of the calli developing shoots. Histochemical GUS assays showed that 85.7% of the plants recovered were transgenic. Very different results were observed when cotyledon explants were co-cultivated with Agrobacteria carrying the etr1-1 gene. There was a dramatic effect on the regeneration properties of the cultured explants with root formation taking place directly from the cotyledon tissue in 34% of the explants and no callus or shoots observed initially. Eventually callus formed in 10% of cotyledons and some organogenic shoots were obtained (2.86%). These results indicate that the ethylene insensitivity conferred by the etr1-1 gene alters the normal pattern of regeneration in lettuce cotyledons, inhibiting the formation of shoots and stimulating root formation during regeneration.     

NaCI胁迫对转基因杨树外源基因表达的影响

以具高抗虫性的转抗虫基因‘74l杨’及在此基础上转入了发根农杆菌融质粒T-DNA株系的组培苗为材料,研究了转基因株系BtCrylAc抗虫基因和发根基因的表达及其对NaCI胁迫的反应。结果表明,转入Ri质粒T-DNA上的rol基因后,导致苗木根系数目增加,根系长度减小,IAA和GA含量显著提高,抗虫BtCrylAc基因编码的毒蛋白的表达量降低;随着NaCI胁迫强度的增加,苗高、根系数量、叶绿素含量及IAA、GA含量逐步降低,而根系的长度加大,Bt毒蛋白含量显著提高,表明NaCI胁迫使转基因杨外源Bt毒蛋白基因的表达增强,而发根农杆菌．Ri质粒T-DNA的表达下降。     

植物蛋白酶抑制剂基因结构、调控及其控制害虫的策略

各种不同类型的植物蛋白酶抑制剂基因已被分离,它们的特异产物(单基因或多基因组合),对昆虫体内各种生化和生理过程会产生不同程度的影响,在对昆虫和病原体防御体系中起重要作用。多种蛋白酶抑制剂重组,协同保护植物的方法,已成为害虫综合防治计划的一部分。尽管它们近期内尚不能代替化学杀虫剂,但可作为有效的替补。目前,大多数抑制剂的作用和机理正在详尽地研究中,该文综述了植物蛋白酶抑制剂的基因结构、调控与表达并讨论了培育转基因作物控制害虫的策略。