同胞侵犯对猞猁幼仔行为的影响

研究了非自由生活的4窝11只猞猁幼仔的玩耍行为、亲和及入侵关系的变化.观察到36-57日龄幼仔的同胞打斗行为,这些打斗减少了这些幼仔之间游戏性接触的频次.这个"打斗期"与游戏行为和食性的变化同步发生.打斗后,幼仔游戏性接触的非对称性以及同胞之间的偏爱更加清楚.这些打斗导致了不同窝的幼仔之间等级结构的建立.     

Genotyping success of historical Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx L.) samples

Historical samples, like tanned hides and trophy skulls, can be extremely important for genetic studies of endangered or elusive species. Selection of a sampling protocol that is likely to provide sufficient amount and quality of DNA with a minimum damage to the original specimen is often critical for a success of the study. We investigated microsatellite genotyping success of DNA isolated from three different types of Eurasian lynx historical samples. We analysed a total of 20 microsatellite loci in 106 historical samples from the endangered Dinaric lynx population, established from re-introduction of three pairs of lynx in 1973 from Slovakian Carpathians. Of the three tested sample types, turbinal bone and septum from the nasal cavity of the trophy skulls had the lowest percentage of samples successfully genotyped for all 20 microsatellite loci. Footpad samples, collected using a cork drill, exhibited better results in polymerase chain reaction amplification and genotyping than samples of footpad epidermis cut with a scalpel. We report simple and efficient sampling protocols, which could be widely applied for future studies utilizing historical samples.     

蚤消化系统的研究：14种蚤前胃的结构

蚤的前胃结构与其传病机制密切相关。 本文应用解剖、组织切片和扫描电镜研究14种蚤的前胃。前胃的外部形态可分为：球状、椭球状、管状和圆台状。前胃刺内部有原生质。 前胃刺的末端形态可分为：钩形、弯叉形、叶形、针形、矛形、喇叭口形、“W”形、大叉形、小叉形、马刀形、锥形和舌形。 前胃刺包括有齿刺和无齿刺两类,有齿刺上齿的分布茫固有：1/2、1/3、1/4、2/3和刺全长。未观察到花蠕形蚤 yermipsylla alakurt 和缓慢细蚤Leptopsylla sehnis的前胃刺上有齿。 前胃刺末端形态和齿的分布呈现出科的相似性。 前胃刺基部的形态有：四棱形、正方形、五边形、不规则五边形、六边形、卵形和圆形。致痒蚤Pulex irrirans和印鼠客蚤Xenopsylla cheopis的前胃刺较粗长、骨化强、在刺两侧具较密的齿且多分布于刺的一半以上,这些特征可能适宜于鼠疫杆菌的生存与大量聚集。没有观察到俊潜蚤Tunga callida的前胃和前胃刺。     

The allometry of CNS size and consequences of miniaturization in orb-weaving and cleptoparasitic spiders

Allometric studies of the gross neuroanatomy of adults from nine species of spiders from six web-weaving families (Orbicularia), and nymphs from six of these species, show that very small spiders resemble other small animals in having disproportionately larger central nervous systems (CNSs) relative to body mass when compared with large-bodied forms. Small spiderlings and minute adult spiders have similar relative CNS volumes. The relatively large CNS of a very small spider occupies up to 78% of the cephalothorax volume. The CNSs of very small spiders extend into their coxae, occupying as much as 26% of the profile area of the coxae of an Anapisona simoni spiderling (body mass < 0.005 mg). Such modifications occur both in species with minute adults, and in tiny spiderlings of species with large-bodied adults. In at least one such species, Leucauge mariana, the CNS of the spiderling extends into a prominent ventral bulge of the sternum. Tiny spiders also have reduced neuronal cell body diameters. The adults of nearly all orbicularian spiders weave prey capture webs, as do the spiderlings, beginning with second instar nymphs. Comparable allometric relations occur in adults of both orb-weaving and cleptoparasitic species, indicating that this behavioral difference is not reflected in differences in gross CNS allometry.     

COMMENTARY: How cryptic is the Scandinavian lynx?

A reanalysis of the existing genotypic data shows that they are compatible with the hypothesis that the present-day Scandinavian lynx represents a recent expansion from a single source. This contradicts earlier conclusions. The difference arises when it is assumed that the expansion and colonization have been stochastic processes and that the populations may not be at a drift-migration equilibrium.     

Phenotypic consequences of incubation temperature and feeding regimen in captive-bred tarantulas

Eighteen oothecae of the African selenocosmiine spider Pterinochilus murinus were incubated at 22.5, 27.0, or 31.5°C. Neonates were reared under high or low feeding regimens. Potential influences of incubation temperature on incubation period, secondary sex ratio, egg inviability, embryo mortality, and juvenile mass at eclosion were examined using chi-square analysis and analysis of covariance. Potential direct and interactive effects of the temperature of incubation and feeding regimen on juvenile mortality, mass at 35 weeks, and duration of immature/mature life span and body mass/size in males were tested using multivariate analysis of covariance. Secondary sex ratio did not depart from parity within any experimental treatment. The strikingly small mass of spiders reared under the low feeding regimen was unaffected by incubation temperature and was equivalent between the sexes. Under the high feeding regimen, females in the 22.5 and 31.5°C incubation treatments had surpassed the mass of their male counterparts by week 35, but male and female mass was equivalent at 27.0°C. The most massive high-fed females were produced from the 31.5°C incubation temperature, while high-fed males were largest from 27.0°C, which also produced mature males of the greatest mass and body size. Captive-management implications are discussed. Zoo Biol 17:405–414, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Changes in the mechanical properties of the extensible cuticle of Rhodnius through the fifth larval instar

The ultimate tensile strength (σ_UT) and the modulus of elasticity (E) of Rhodnius extensible cuticle are σ_UT = 2.20 × 10⁷ Nm^?2, E = 2.43 × 10⁸ Nm^?2 (unplasticised); σ_UT = 1.43 × 10⁷ Nm^?2, E = 9.45 × 10⁶ Nm^?2 (plasticised with 5HT) and σ_UT = 9.05 × 10⁶ Nm, E = 2.46 × 10⁶ Nm^?2 (plasticised in pH 5 buffer).The mechanical properties of cuticle from insects which have deposited additional layers of cuticle after they have been fed differ from those of cuticle from unfed insects. This is possibly due to the different composition of the additional cuticle: it is suggested that the post-feeding cuticle is providing protection and a template for the next instars cuticle.The maximum strain of extensible cuticle from starved insects is related to the amount of matrix protein present.     

猞猁在云南省野外分布的首例影像记录

<正>猞猁(Lynx lynx Linnaeus, 1758)为食肉目(CARNIVORA)猫科(Felidae)猞猁属(Lynx)的中等体型哺乳动物,主要分布于欧洲、北亚、西亚及中亚地区(蒋志刚等,2015)。猞猁分布较广,数量多,为IUCN红色名录的无危物种(Least Concern, LC)(Breitenmoser et al., 2015)。亚洲地区的猞猁主要栖息在山地森林、无林裸岩地带、密集灌木丛和草原,分布海拔可达4 500 m (汪松,1998)。在中国,猞猁分布于东北、华北、西北和西南地区(高耀亭等,1987;王应祥,2003),野外种群数量较少,属于国家二级重点保护野生动物,