Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in human tooth enamel: Identifying breastfeeding and weaning in prehistory. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 106: 1–18.

ERRATUM: Wright LE and Schwarcz HP (1998) Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in Human Tooth Enamel: Identifying Breastfeeding and Weaning in Prehistory. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 106: 1–18. Isotopic ratios were incorrectly printed as percentages (%) rather than units permil (‰). Wherever “breast feeding” and “breast fed” occur, the words should be combined into “breastfeeding” and “breastfed” respectively. The correct information on isotopic ratios is the following: p. 1, Abstract: all % signs should be “‰”; p. 2, column two, last line: “… δ¹³C values¹, have been …”; p. 2, Footnote 1 should read: “Isotope ratios of carbon and oxygen are expressed in δ notation as follows, δ = [(R_sample/R_standard) − 1] × 1000, where R = ¹³C/¹²C for δ¹³C, and R = ¹⁸O/¹⁶O for δ¹⁸O, and are in units permil, ‰.”; p. 3, column two: all % signs should be “‰”, except for the 23rd line from the bottom, which reads: “… provided 95% of water intake by all infants …”; p. 5: all % signs should be “‰”; p. 6, column one: 8th and 9th line from bottom should be “… mean deviations were 0.029‰ for δ¹³C and 0.024‰ for δ¹⁸O …”; p. 6, column one: 2nd line from bottom should be “… only 0.208‰ for δ¹³C and only 0.091‰ for δ¹⁸O …”; p. 6, column two: top line: “… of 0.5‰ in δ¹³C and 0.2‰ in δ¹⁸O …”; p. 8, 9 and 10: all % signs should be “‰”; p. 11, column two: 7th line from top: “… the lipids are 4-6‰ lighter …”; p. 12, 13 and 14: all % signs should be “‰.”     

Effect of parasitism byAscogaster reticulatus [Hym.: Braconidae] on growth of the host,Adoxophyes sp. [Lep.: Tortricidae]

The developmental interaction between the egg/larval parasitoid,Ascogaster reticulatus Watanabe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its host,Adoxophyes sp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) was examined. Prior to the egress of a final-instar parasitoid larva from the 4^th-instar host larva, host weight decreased by 22% from the maximum weight. The final body weight of a host larva was 27% of the maximum weight of a healthy 5^th-instar host. Food consumption was significantly reduced in both 3^rd-and 4^th-instar parasitized larvae compared with healthy ones. In the 4^th instar, a parasitized larva consumed 28% less artificial diet and produced less frass than a healthy larva. The growth rate of the endoparasitoid larvae greatly increased after their host's molt to the 4^th instar. Parasitoid larval volume increased 40 fold in the 4^th-instar host.      

Codon:Anticodon and anticodon:Anticodon interaction. Evaluation of equilibrium and kinetic parameters of complexes involving a G:U wobble

In order to learn about the effect of the G:U wobble interaction we characterized the codon:anticodon binding between triplets: UUC, UUU and yeast tRNA^Phe (anticodon GmAA) as well as the anticodon:anticodon binding between Escherichia coli tRNA^Glu₂, E. coli tRNA^Lys (anticodons: mam⁵s²UUC, and mam⁵s²UUU, respectively) and tRNA^Phe from yeast and E. coli (anticodon GAA) using equilibrium fluorescence titrations and temperature jump measurements with fluorescence and absorption detection. The difference in stability constants between complexes involving a G:U pair rather than a usual G:C basepair is in the range of one order of magnitude and is mainly due to the shorter lifetime of the complex involving G:U in the wobble position. This difference is more pronounced when the codon triplet is structured, i.e., is built in the anticodon loop of a tRNA. The reaction enthalpies of the anticodon:anticodon complexes involving G:U mismatching were found to be about 4 kcal/mol smaller, and the melting temperatures more than 20°C lower, than those of the corresponding complexes with the G:C basepair. The results are discussed in terms of different strategies that might be used in the cell in order to minimize the effect of different lifetimes of codon-tRNA complexes. Differences in these lifetimes may be used for the modulation of the translation efficiency.     

Balanced regulation of microtubule dynamics during the cell cycle: a contemporary view. BioEssays 21:53–60.

Andersen Søren S.L. 1999. Balanced regulation of microtubule dynamics during the cell cycle: a contemporary view. BioEssays 21:53–60. The sentence in the last paragraph of the first column should read: “Interestingly, the concentration of chromosomes required to induce hyperphosphorylation of Stathmin/Op 18⁽²⁹⁾ corresponds to a situation in which each chromosome is surrounded by a uniform cube of extract with a sidelength of 20–60 μm³, . . .” not “. . . with a volume of 20–60 μm³, . . .” The author apologizes for this error.     

Characterization of two novel pentose-fermenting and GABA-producing species: Levilactobacillus tujiorum sp. nov. and Secundilactobacillus angelensis sp. nov. Isolated from a solid-state fermented zha-chili

Lactobacilli are dominant in zha-chili. This study provides a taxonomic characterization of five bacterial strains isolated from zha-chili in China. The cells were Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, non-spore-forming, flagella-free, catalase-negative, heterofermentative, pentose-fermenting, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-producing rods. For HBUAS51241^T, HBUAS51329, and HBUAS51416, C_16:0, C_18:1 ω9c and C_19:0 iso were the predominant cellular fatty acids; diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (DP), glycolipids (GL), and glycolipids (AL) were the major phospholipids. While for HBUAS51383^T and HBUAS58055, C_16:0, C_18:1 ω9c, C_19:0 cyclo ω8c were the predominant cellular fatty acids; DPG, DP, GL, and AL were the major phospholipids. Strains HBUAS51241^T, HBUAS51329, and HBUAS51416 showed 98.1–99.1% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, 80.2–81.4% ANI, 87.7–90.0% AAI, and 23.8–32.8% digital DDH to their closest related type strains Levilactobacillus hammesii DSM 16381^T, Levilactobacillus parabrevis ATCC 53295^T, and Levilactobacillus fuyuanensis 244-4^T. Strains HBUAS51383^T and HBUAS58055 showed 98.7–99.5% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, 75.4–81.4% ANI, 75.5–89.1% AAI, and 19.7–24.0% digital DDH to their closest related type strains Secundilactobacillus silagincola IWT5^T, Secundilactobacillus silagei JCM 19001^T, Secundilactobacillus pentosiphilus IWT25^T, Secundilactobacillus mixtipabuli IWT30^T, Secundilactobacillus odoratitofui DSM 19909^T, and Secundilactobacillus similis DSM 23365^T. The central carbon metabolism pathways for the five strains were summarizeded. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genomic data, we propose two novel species Levilactobacillus tujiorum sp. nov. whose type strain is HBUAS51241^T (=GDMCC 1.3022^T = JCM 35241^T), and Secundilactobacillus angelensis sp. nov. whose type strain is HBUAS51383^T (=GDMCC 1.3021^T = JCM 35209^T).     

Human phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP) E.C.3.1.3.18: Linkage analysis

Summary Linkage data on phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP) E.C.3.1.3.18 and 26 other human genetic markers are presented. One hundred and one families from the southwestern area of Germany were tested. Close linkage between PGP and the following markers could be ruled out: AB0, acP, ADA, GPT, PGM₁, GLO, HLA, and PGM₃. There is some evidence for possible linkage with MNSs, Rh, Gm and EsD. Family segregation data confirm the hypothesis formerly established by Barker and Hopkinson: three common alleles PGP¹, PGP² and PGP³ at an autosomal locus PGP.Supported by the Deutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftSupported by DAAD and Portuguese Inst. for Scientific Research (INIC)     

Purification of reticulocyte ribosomes using polyuridylic acid: sepharose chromatography.

Deoxycholate-KCl washed reticulocyte ribosomes are purified by affinity chromatography using Sepharose columns to which polyuridylic acid has been covalently bound. Upon passage through the column under nonenzymic conditions (high Mg²⁺:K⁺ ratio) approximately 10% of the ribosomes are retained. These ribosomes are then eluted with a buffer containing a high K⁺:Mg²⁺ ratio and are assayed for activity in various steps of the elongation process of protein synthesis. Approximately a 3- to 4-fold increase in the various activities compared with control ribosomes is obtained.     

Polaribacter reichenbachii sp. nov.: A New Marine Bacterium Associated with the Green Alga Ulva fenestrata

A Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, motile by gliding and yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated strain 6Alg 8^T, was isolated from the common Pacific green alga Ulva fenestrata. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence placed the novel strain within the genus Polaribacter, a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae, the phylum Bacteroidetes, with sequence similarities of 97.6 % to Polaribacter dokdonensis DSW-5^T and 92.8–96.1 % to other recognized Polaribacter species. The prevalent fatty acids of strain 6Alg 8^T were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:1, iso-C_15:0 2-OH, C_15:0 and C_15:1ω6. The polar lipid profile consisted of the major lipids phosphatidylethanolamine, two unknown aminolipids and one unknown lipid. The DNA G+C content of the type strain is 31.6 mol%. The new isolate and the type strains of recognized species of the genus Polaribacter were readily distinguished based on a number of phenotypic characteristics. A combination of the genotypic and phenotypic data showed that the algal isolate represents a novel species of the genus Polaribacter, for which the name Polaribacter reichenbachii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 6Alg 8^T (= KCTC 23969^T = KMM 6386^T = LMG 26443^T).     

In vivo receptor binding: attempts to improve specific/non-specific ratios.

$\text{In vivo}$ receptor binding was examined using ³H-spiperone and ³H-pimozide for dopamine receptors and ³H-LSD for serotonin receptors. Two strategies for improving total: nonspecific binding ratios were tested. The first was to deplete endogenous ligands by various pharmacological treatments prior to ³H-ligand administration in an attempt to increase specific receptor binding; the second was to perfuse the brain with ice-cold saline after ³H-ligand administration in an attempt to reduce nonspecific binding. Alteration of dopamine and serotonin by administering d-amphetamine, reserpine, alpha-methyl-paratyrosine or parachlorophenylalanine did not significantly elevate striatal: cerebellar or cortical: cerebellar (measures of total: nonspecific) bonding ratios. However, perfusion with ice-cold saline significantly improved the ratios for both dopamine and serotonin receptors. Thus, cold saline perfusion may be of value in reducing blank values in autoradiographic and other studies requiring $\text{in}$$\text{vivo}$ labelling of receptors.     

Erratum to: Two novel species Enterococcus lemanii sp. nov. and Enterococcus eurekensis sp. nov., isolated from a swine-manure storage pit

A polyphasic taxonomic study using morphological, biochemical, chemotaxonomic and molecular genetic methods was performed on six strains of an unknown Gram-positive, nonspore-forming, facultative anaerobic coccus-shaped bacterium isolated from a swine-manure storage pit. On the basis of 16S rRNA, RNA polymerase-subunit (rpoA), and the 60-kilodalton chaperonin (cpn60) gene sequence analyses, it was shown that all the isolates were enterococci but formed two separate lines of descent. Pairwise 16S rRNA sequence comparisons demonstrated that the two novel organisms were most closely related to each other (97.9 %) and to Enterococcus aquimarinus (97.8 %). Both organisms contained major amounts of C_16:0, C_16:1 ω7c, and C_18:1 ω7c/12t/9t as the major cellular fatty acids. Based on biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic evidence, the names Enterococcus lemanii sp. nov. (type strain PC32^T = CCUG 61260^T = NRRL B-59661^T) and Enterococcus eurekensis sp. nov. (type strain PC4B^T = CCUG 61259^T = NRRL B-59662^T) are proposed for the hitherto undescribed species.     

Heterogeneity of twoBeauveria bassiana strains revealed by biochemical tests,protein profiles and bio-assays ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Col.: Chrysomelidae) andColeomegilla macultata lengi (Col.: Coccinellidae) larvae

Biochemical profiles on API Rapid CH^* strips and protein profiles on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate were used to distinguish two strains of the entomopathogenic fungusBeauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, ARSEF 2991 and ATCC 44860. Next, the toxicity of these two strains was determined at concentrations of 10², 10⁴, 10⁶ and 10⁸ blastospores/ml on larvae of the Colorado potato beetleLeptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and of its predator, the spotted ladybird beetle,Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Both strains were highly toxic toL. decemlineata larvae. However, the two strains exhibited different levels of toxicity forC. maculata larvae: ARSEF 2991 was toxic, whereas ATCC 44860 caused little coccinellid larval mortality.

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Résumé Les profils biochimiques sur galeries API Rapid CH^* et les profils protéiques sur gels de polyacrylamide ont été utilisés pour distinguer deux souches du champignon entomopathogèneBeauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. La toxicité de ces deux souches a été déterminée à des concentrations de 10², 10⁴, 10⁶ et 10⁸ blastospores/ml sur des larves du doryphore,Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) et de la coccinelle maculéeColeomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Les deux souches deB. bassiana se sont avérées actives à l'égard des larves deL. decemlineata. Toutefois la souche ARSEF 2991 s'est avérée pathogène pour les larves deC. maculata, alors que la souche ATCC 44860 a provoqué une faible mortalité des larves.

     

Cohnella soli sp. nov. and Cohnella suwonensis sp. nov. Isolated from soil samples in Korea

Two bacterial isolates from soil samples taken in Korea, strains YM2-7^T and WD2-19^T, were characterized using a polyphasic approach. The cells were strictly aerobic, Gram-positive, motile with peritrichous flagella, and rod-shaped. Both strains formed ellipsoidal bulging positioned subterminal spores. Phylogenetic analysis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed a clear affiliation with the Firmicutes. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between YM2-7^T and WD2-19^T was 96.5%. Strains YM2-7^T and WD2-19^T showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 93.0–96.5% to type strains of recognized Cohnella species. The G+C contents of the DNA of strains YM2-7^T and WD2-19^T were 52.2 and 55.6 mol%, respectively. The major fatty acids of strains YM2-7^T and WD2-19^T were anteiso-C15:0 (44.4%), C16:0 (19.2%), and iso-C16:0 (16.8%) and anteiso-C15:0 (46.5%), iso-C16:0 (21.8%), and C16:0 (11.2%), respectively. Both strains contained menaquinone with seven isoprene units (MK-7) as the predominant quinone. Both strains had diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylglycerol as the major polar lipids. Comparative analysis of phenotypic and phylogenetic traits indicated that strains YM2-7^T and WD2-19^T represented two novel species of the genus Cohnella. The names Cohnella soli sp. nov. (type strain YM2-7^T =KACC 13346^T =NBRC 106486^T), and Cohnella suwonensis sp. nov. (type strain WD2-19T =KACC 13347^T =NBRC 106485^T) are proposed for these organisms.     

Studies on polyribonucleotides. Synthesis of a polyinosinic: 6-thioinosinic acid copolymer

The enzymatic synthesis of a high molecular weight (s_20,w ～10) copolymer of inosinic and 6-thioinosinic acids [poly(I:s⁶I)] has been achieved. Poly (I:s⁶I) forms a double stranded complex with poly C which has a Tm significantly lower than a poly I · ply C complex of equivalent molecular weight.     

The effect of parasitism byHyposoter didymator [Hym.: Ichneumonidae] on food consumption and utilization bySpodoptera litura [Lep.: Noctuidae]

The effect of parasitism byHyposoter didymator (Thunb.) [Hym.: Ichneumonidae] on food consumption and utilization bySpodoptera litura (Fb.) [Lep.: Noctuidae] was studied for seven days, during which the parasitoid completed its larval development. Food consumption, weight gained and faeces produced were significantly less in parasitized larvae than in unparasitized larvae after the 4^th day following parasitization. Approximate digestibility was higher in parasitized larvae after the 2^nd day following parasitization. Efficiency of conversion of ingested and digested food into body weight was greater in unparasitized larvae after the 2^nd day of parasitization. There seems to be a definite immediate advantage to the crop on releasing the parasitoid due to the reduced consumption of food. Contribution No. 46004 of Biological Control Centre (NCIPM), Bangalore 560 024.     

Polymorphism of alanine aminotransferase (E.C.2.7.6.1): Common and rare alleles

Summary Gene frequencies of common and rare GPT alleles derived from an investigation of 1139 unrelated, healthy individuals from southwestern Germany are given. GPT typing was performed by means of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis in a Tris-histidinexHCl buffer system. In addition, a new electrophoretic variant, GPT ⁹, is described.The frequencies of the GPT alleles observed were calculated as: GPT ¹ 0.4987; GPT ², 0.4686; GPT ^1M, 0.022; GPT ⁰, 0.005; GPT ³, 0.0022; GPT ⁴, 0.0025; GPT ⁸, 0.0005; GPT ⁹, 0.0005.     

N.M.R. spectroscopy and calcium binding of sialic acids: N-glycolylneuraminic acid and periodate-oxidized N-acetylneuraminic acid

N.m.r. spectroscopy (¹H- and ¹³C-) of N-glycolylneuraminic acid, and of its interaction product with Ca²⁺ at pH 7, indicated that a 1:1 complex is formed, with a formation constant of 193 M^?1 [compared to 121 M^?1 for N-acetylneuraminic acid (1)]. From analysis of electric-field shifts, an approximate position of the Ca²⁺ ion in the complex is inferred, with the hydroxyl group of the N-glycolyl group providing the additional binding. Compound 1 was oxidized with sodium periodate, and ¹³C-n.m.r. spectroscopy was applied in an attempt to identify the aldehyde formed, and to demonstrate that the loss of the glycerol-1-yl side-chain (carbon atoms 8 and 9) decreases its Ca²⁺ ion-binding capacity.     

The effect of divalent cations on Na+ tolerance in Charophytes. I: Char a buckellii

Abstract The comparative Na⁺ tolerance of Chora buckellii cultured in freshwater (FW) or artificial Waldsea water (AWW, which contains about 110 mol m^?3 each Na ⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^? and SO^2-₄ was tested with respect to the external Na⁺ to Ca²⁺ ratio (Na: Ca). Fifty per cent of FW cells subjected to 70 mol m^?3 NaCl, which raised Na:Ca from 10: 1 to 700: 1 and the external osmotic pressure from 0.024 to 0.402 MPa, died within 6 d. Death was associated with the loss of Na/K selectivity, H⁺ -pump activity and turgor. Restoration of Na:Ca to 10:1 in high Na⁺ medium with CaCl₂ ensured 100% survival and maintained H⁺-pump activity and Na/K selectivity of FW cells. Turgor was regulated within 3 d with net uptake of Na ⁺, K⁺ and Cl^? in the vacuolc. Mg²⁺ was not as effective as Ca²⁺ in enhancing survival or maintaining H⁺ -pump activity and Na/K selectivity of FW cells in the presence of elevated Na⁺. However, turgor was regulated within 3 d by accumulation of Cl^? and an unknown cation in the vacuole. All AWW cells subjected to an increase of 70 mol m ^?3 NaCl, which raised Na: Ca from 16:1 to 25: 1 and the external osmotic pressure from 0.915 to 1.22 MPa, survived and maintained H ⁺ -pump activity. Turgor was regulated within 6d by accumulating Na ⁺, K⁺ and Cl^? in the vacuole. All AWW cells subjected to 70molm^?3 NaCl in a medium in which Na:Ca was equal to 700:1 survived and maintained H ⁺ -pump activity, but showed loss of Na/K selectivity. Turgor was regulated with an unknown osmoticum(a) within 6 d.     

Polyphasic characterization of two novel Lactobacillus spp. isolated from blown salami packages: Description of Lactobacillus halodurans sp. nov. and Lactobacillus salsicarnum sp. nov.

Microbiota analysis of blown pack spoiled salami revealed five distinguishable Lactobacillus isolates we could not assign to a known species. Two of the isolates (TMW 1.2172^T and TMW 1.1920) are rod-shaped, whilst three isolates (TMW 1.2098^T, TMW 1.2118 and TMW 1.2188) appear coccus shaped or as short rods. All isolates are Gram-stain positive, facultative anaerobic, catalase and oxidase negative, non-motile and non-sporulating. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA, dnaK, pheS and rpoA gene sequences revealed two distinct lineages within the genus Lactobacillus (L.). The isolates are members of the Lactobacillus alimentarius group with Lactobacillus ginsenosidimutans DSM 24154^T (99.4% 16S similarity), Lactobacillus versmoldensis DSM 14857^T (97.9%) and Lactobacillus furfuricola DSM 27174^T (97.7%) as phylogenetic closest related species and L. alimentarius DSM 20249^T (97.7%) and Lactobacillus paralimentarius DSM 13961^T (97.5%) as closest relatives, respectively. Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the isolates and their close related type strains are lower than 80% and 25%, respectively. For both designated type strains, the peptidoglycan type is A4α l-Lys-d-Asp and the major fatty acids are C_16:0, C_18:1ω9c and summed feature 7. Based on phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analysis we demonstrated that the investigated isolates belong to two novel Lactobacillus species for which we propose the names Lactobacillus salsicarnum with the type strain TMW 1.2098^T = DSM 109451^T = LMG 31401^T and Lactobacillus halodurans with the type strain TMW 1.2172^T = DSM 109452^T = LMG 31402^T.     

Metal Ion-Biomolecule Interactions. VIII: Methylmercury(II) Complexes of 8-Thioguanosine. Synthesis and Spectroscopic Investigations

The reaction of 8-thioguanosine (8-thioGuo^H₂ with methylmercury(II) has been shown to give rise to 1:1 (neutral and cationic), 1:2 (neutral and cationic), and 1:3 (cationic) complexes of the type [CH₃Hg(8-thioGuoH)], [(CH₃Hg(8-thioGuoH₂)]NO₃, [(CH₃Hg)₂(8-thioGuo)], [(CH₃Hg)₂(8-thioGuoH)]NO₃ and [(CH₃Hg)₃(8-thioGuo)]NO₃, depending upon the reactant stoichiometry and pH. ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and IR, as well as analytical data were used to characterize the complexes. Coupling of methylmercury(II)-protons to mercury-199 has been observed in all compounds. The magnitude of the coupling, ²J(¹H-¹⁹⁹Hg), is strongly dependent on the nature of the ligand bonded to the methylmercury(II) group and correlates with the ¹³C chemical shifts of coordinated CH₃Hg(II) at the different binding sites.