中华虎凤蝶湖南种群栖息地特性及其生态保护策略

自2009年首次在湖南乌云界国家级自然保护区发现中华虎凤蝶种群以来,在该保护区持续开展了10余年的野外调查监测。通过对中华虎凤蝶湖南种群6个分布点的野外观测数据分析,结果表明中华虎凤蝶湖南种群栖息环境中的植被以禾本科、菊科、蔷薇科、百合科及豆科植物为主,共计有46科96属128种;不同栖息生境中种群数量差异较大,高山灌草丛为中华虎凤蝶湖南种群的主要生境,而梯田生境、乔木林生境中,其种群数量均很低,展现出与低矮芒草丛的保温遮阴特性以及寄主植物的分布密切相关。寄主植物的复壮和围栏的建设对中华虎凤蝶湖南种群的栖息环境起到了明显的保护作用、对其种群数量的增效作用显著。为深入研究中华虎凤蝶湖南种群的生物学和生态学特性提供了基础数据,为中华虎凤蝶湖南种群的保育工作开展奠定了理论基础,也为当地保护区的保护措施优化提供了科学依据。     

太白虎凤蝶的生物学与生境研究

太白虎凤蝶Luehdorfia taibai主要分布于太白山南坡的局部地点,是我国特有种,种群数量稀少,并且呈下降趋势。研究了野生状态下该种蝴蝶的生活史、习性、生命表、产卵地需求,并对部分栖息地要素进行了调查分析。分析了濒危原因,提出了保护建议。太白虎凤蝶1年1代,以蛹越冬,蛹期约300d。翌年4月中下旬为成虫羽化盛期,产卵于幼虫寄主植物马蹄香Saruma henryi叶片背面。1—2龄幼虫聚集生活,3龄即扩散,白天藏入枯叶层中躲避天敌,晚上出来取食。老熟虫于枯叶或石缝中化蛹。产卵地多位于海拔1000—1400 m之间,森林郁闭度低于60%,寄主植物密度低于2株/m2,并且伴有较厚的枯叶层,较多石块的环境中。成虫访花、交尾活动和产卵地环境有所不同,多在沟底较为开阔、多蜜源植物的地点。对太白虎凤蝶的保护建议采取适度干扰原则,对栖息地生境定期实施矮林作业、割灌等经营管理措施,保持1个栖息地斑块内有几块较为开阔的林间空地和寄主植物和寄主植物即可。对于人为干扰过重的秦岭南坡地区,需进行人工管理恢复生境,辅以人工繁殖恢复种群数量。此外,应严格限制对太白虎凤蝶卵、幼虫和成虫的大量采集活动。     

苏北地区丹顶鹤越冬种群数量及栖息地分布动态变化

利用资料追踪和历史时期土地利用变化数据深入研究了有资料记载以来苏北地区丹顶鹤越冬种群数量变化与栖息地分布的时空响应。结果显示,20世纪80年代之初,丹顶鹤越冬种群广泛分布于苏北地区,尤其是长江中下游的内陆湖泊、沼泽及江苏沿海滩涂湿地;20世纪90年代之后丹顶鹤分布区域逐渐向沿海滩涂湿地转移,主要分布于盐城市的射阳县境内;进入21世纪,丹顶鹤分布区域集中于盐城国家级珍禽保护区核心区。与此同时,丹顶鹤越冬种群数量也经历了十分明显的变化过程,与20世纪90年代相比,数量减少50%以上。丹顶鹤越冬种群数量及栖息地分布变化与栖息地分布点周围的土地利用方式及人为干扰有关,栖息地面积丧失和景观破碎化是丹顶鹤越冬种群数量减少的主要原因。     

城市鸟类对斑块状园林栖息地的选择性

园林因在城市中呈斑块状分布而具有许多岛屿栖息地的特性,其内部结构和景观水平的结构同时也受到城市化的影响。对杭州市20个园林中鸟类物种的选择性分布进行了调查和分析,重点探讨了鸟类物种与园林面积、内部结构、微栖息地类型的分布、景观水平的结构、人为干扰等栖息地因素的关系。结果表明,杭州城市鸟类对园林栖息地具有较强的选择性,这不仅与园林的面积有关,还与园林的形状、植被盖度、微栖息地类型、连通性、隔离度、周围用地以及人为干扰等多种因素密切相关。园林栖息地间的异质性以及鸟类物种与栖息地结构的密切关系是园林鸟类选择性分布的主要原因。     

野生扬子鳄种群动态变化及致危因素

1998—2003年,采用问卷调查、走访居民、夜间灯光照射计数等方法,对可能有野生扬子鳄(Alligator sinensis)分布的安徽省、浙江省和江苏省的45个地点进行了调查。结果发现：目前野生扬子鳄呈点状分布在至少23个地点,个体总数约120条,主要集中分布在安徽扬子鳄国家级自然保护区内。通过连续调查和对比分析表明：自20世纪50年代扬子鳄数量急剧下降(从5000—6000条下降为120条),但1998年至今其数量保持相对稳定(120条),种群的致危因素主要是栖息地破坏、人为捕杀、环境污染、自然灾害、繁殖力低等。在不同时期导致数量下降的因素不同：1950—1990年问,主要是由于栖息地丧失、人为捕杀等;目前的主要致危因素是缺乏适宜的自然栖息地,环境污染和遗传多样性丧失是潜在的致危因素。旱灾对野生扬子鳄生存的影响并不明显。     

蓟马在芒果园田间的时空动态

蓟马是芒果的重要害虫,研究其在田间的时空分布旨在探讨成虫在栖息地的迁移规律。试验于2016年1月7日-8月9日在海南省儋州市中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所芒果种质圃进行。以黄色和蓝色粘虫板进行诱捕取样,点算粘虫板上蓟马个体数,以地学统计学方法研究蓟马的时空分布动态。试验期间蓟马种群在寄主植物集中开花期有一明显高峰;其半变异函数在种群密度高时多为高斯模型,密度低时为线性模型;在调查范围内,空间格局在密度高时为聚集分布、密度较低时为中度聚集分布、密度低时为均匀分布或随机分布;种群密度高时,空间异质性是由空间自相关引起。密度等值线图清楚地反映出蓟马分布随寄主植物花期的变化而变化,呈现出受寄主植物花吸引,当一种寄主谢花后迅速向其它开花寄主转移的变动特征。表明蓟马的空间分布受其种群密度影响,其种群密度及转移扩散在很大程度上受寄主植物花期的影响。     

首例长江江豚的野化及行为适应性研究

长江江豚的迁地保护目前已取得初步成功,野化放归是迁地保护的最后一环,也是实现迁地保护目标的必然要求。在此背景下,于2021年4月将来自天鹅洲故道迁地保护区的2头雄性长江江豚转移至与长江干流环境相似的老湾故道,尝试开展野化训练,探究其行为和发声的适应过程,评估其巡游、捕食和发声等行为能否适应较恶劣的环境,为将来规模化的野化,甚至放归自然栖息地提供技术支撑。经过为期1年的野化训练和持续监测,结果表明,老湾故道鱼类密度显著低于天鹅洲故道,丰水期鱼体密度分布不均,上游较中下游高。江豚在上游的每日平均停留时间显著高于中下游, Spearman相关性分析表明与鱼群的密度分布有显著相关性。在进入故道的前2月,江豚顺流巡游所需时间逐渐增加达到峰值,随后降低并趋于稳定。在船舶噪声适应性训练中,江豚的平均呼吸间隔在存在船只干扰时显著降低,随着干扰次数的增加,逐渐恢复至无干扰时的水平。由此认为, 2头江豚对老湾故道的低鱼类资源密度、季节性变化的流速环境及人工施加的船只噪声干扰有良好的适应性,具备放归长江的条件。这是首次实施完全自然环境中江豚的野化训练,将为规模化的野化放归提供技术支撑,促进江豚自然种群的恢复...     

广西黑叶猴栖息地景观格局破碎化分析及其对种群的影响

黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)是仅分布于喀斯特石山生境的珍稀濒危灵长类动物。由于非法捕杀和人类活动干扰,其种群数量正在急剧减少。同时,随着森林砍伐和土地开垦的加速,其栖息地严重破碎化。因此,了解栖息地破碎化对黑叶猴种群的影响对于保护这一珍稀濒危物种具有重要意义。基于遥感影像、土地利用数据以及黑叶猴种群调查数据,通过Fragstats软件开展广西黑叶猴栖息地景观破碎化分析,并通过相关性和多元逐步回归分析,探讨了景观格局对广西黑叶猴种群数量的影响。结果表明：(1)广西黑叶猴栖息地呈现破碎化严峻、斑块形状复杂化、斑块团聚程度较弱且分散化的现象;栖息地以林地景观占据重要优势,但人为景观的干扰十分强烈;在不同地区中,生境破碎化程度、人为干扰强度以及景观配置均呈现不同的特征,其中扶绥地区人为干扰最为强烈,德保地区的景观块数破碎化程度较为严重,而龙州地区的人为干扰程度最小,其森林景观最为聚集。(2)蔓延度指数、平均斑块分维指数、林地面积、林地斑块大小、裸岩面积和裸岩面积比重等景观指数与黑叶猴种群数量有显著正向关系,Shannon多样性指数则是显著负向关系;而耕地面积、耕地...     

放牧对甘肃多儿保护区大熊猫小种群形成的驱动探讨

小种群是在自然因素或人为活动影响下,形成具有生存风险的隔离或异质种群,认识其形成原因并制定保护对策是开展救护行动的基础。野生大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)具有许多相互隔离的小种群,各小种群的生存状况决定该物种的整体保护成效。本文以甘肃多儿保护区大熊猫种群为例,在对保护区内大熊猫进行种群分布、空间利用、干扰状况调查的基础上,开展栖息地适宜性评价,分析了保护区大熊猫有效利用空间及其时空格局与环境容纳量。结果显示：(1)保护区适宜栖息地面积5 789.2 hm²,次适宜栖息地面积18 165.6 hm²,共占保护区总面积43.9%。优质栖息地主要分布在工布龙区域,该区域森林和生态系统保持原生状态,也是保护区大熊猫的主要分布区;(2)工布龙区域总面积9 949.7 hm²,其中适宜和次适宜栖息地共5 129.4 hm²,牧场是大熊猫栖息地的主要干扰因子,放牧干扰下工布龙区域适宜和次适宜栖息地面积共减少12.9%,破碎化水平加剧;(3)牧场与大熊猫栖息地镶嵌分布,导致适宜栖息地隔离,放...     

动物的易绝灭特征与保护优先性

各种人为干扰和自然因素促使大量物种走向濒危和绝灭。物种濒危和绝灭不是随机的。具有某些特征的物种容易濒危和绝灭 ,即易绝灭特征。易绝灭特征包括个体大 ,繁殖力低 ,扩散能力弱 ,营养级高 ,家域大 ,种群小 ,种群波动大 ,分布范围窄 ,种群密度低 ,栖息地特化程度高和特殊栖息地类型等。研究物种的易绝灭特征可以为生物多样性提供预防性 (proac tive)的优先保护措施。尽管物种的易绝灭特征已经用于实际的物种保护中 ,然而由于物种的各种特征对物种濒危和绝灭的影响十分复杂 ,各个易绝灭特征还有待于进一步深入的、准确的研究。探讨适合不同类群和不同地区物种的易绝灭特征是十分必要的。由于特殊地史发育、中医药传统和边境频繁的非法野生动物贸易 ,我国动物的濒危模式可能与国外有所不同。     

The scale of resource specialization and the distribution and abundance of lycaenid butterflies

Numerous hypotheses have been proposed for the commonly observed, positive relationship between local abundance and geographic distribution in groups of closely related species. Here I consider how hostplant specialization and abundance affect the relative abundance and distribution of lycaenid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). I first discuss three components of specialization: local specialization, turnover of specialization across a species’ range, and the minimum number of resources (or habitats) required by a species. Within this framework, I then consider one dimension of a lycaenid species’ niche, larval hostplant specialization. In a subalpine region of Colorado, I surveyed 11 lycaenid species and their hostplants at 17 sites. I compare this local information to continental hostplant use and large-scale distributions of the lycaenids and their hostplants. Local abundance of a lycaenid species is positively correlated with its local distribution (the number of sites occupied), but not with its regional or continental distribution. Neither local specialization (the number of hostplants used within one habitat) nor continental specialization (the number of hostplants used across many habitats) is correlated with local lycaenid abundance. Continental specialization is positively correlated with a species’ continental distribution, however. Finally, while generalist butterflies tend to have more hostplant available to them, differences in resource availability do not explain the differences in butterfly abundance. Although local abundance is correlated only with local distribution, I suggest that abundance-distribution relationships might emerge at regional and continental scales if local abundance were averaged across many habitat types. Consideration of the scale of a species’ resource specialization (within or among habitats) appears to be key to understanding the relationships between resource specialization, resource availability, and a species’ abundance and distribution. Received: 1 September 1999 / Accepted: 12 December 1999     

Nectar and hostplant scarcity limit populations of an endangered Oregon butterfly

As grassland habitats become degraded, declines in juvenile and adult food resources may limit populations of rare insects. Fender's blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi), a species proposed for listing as endangered under the US Endangered Species Act, survives in remnants of upland prairie in western Oregon. We investigated the effects of limited larval hostplants and adult nectar sources on butterfly population size at four sites that encompass a range of resource densities. We used coarse and detailed estimates of resource abundance to test hypotheses relating resource quantity to population size. Coarse estimates of resources (percent cover of hostplant and density of nectar flowers) suggest that butterfly population size is not associated with resource availability. However, more detailed estimates of resources (density of hostplant leaves and quantity of nectar from native nectar sources) suggest that butterfly population size is strongly associated with resource availability. The results of this study suggest that restoring degraded habitat by augmenting adult and larval resources will play an important role in managing populations of this rare butterfly. Received: 20 June 1998 / Accepted: 25 November 1998     

Butterfly community composition and conservation in and around a primary woodland of Mount Fuji, central Japan

A study was conducted in and around the Aokigahara primary woodland of Mount Fuji, central Japan, to clarify butterfly community structure along the environmental gradients of human disturbance, shade, and plant species richness, with a view to formulating conservation strategies for the community. The composition and abundance of butterfly species were recorded during 1999 along transects in three habitats: woodland, woodland edge and open land. Two sites were selected for each habitat. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that community structure was correlated with both disturbance and shade. However, neither relationship was significant when disturbance and shade were analyzed as covariables (partial CCA), suggesting that the combined effect of the two variables played an important role in determining community structure. In contrast, CCA showed no significant relationships between butterfly community structure and plant or hostplant species richness. Correlation analyses between species characteristics and the CCA scores showed that species occurring in more disturbed habitats were more voltine, had a wider hostplant range and were associated with lower shade tolerance than those occurring in less disturbed habitats, and species occurring in darker habitats with higher shade tolerance. Generally, the structure and characteristics of the butterfly community could be understood well in terms of the habitat templet theory. To conserve endangered species on the Red List of Japan, and to maintain butterfly diversity in and around the woodland, this study suggests a need not only to conserve the primary woodland area, but most importantly to maintain the surrounding forest edge including areas of semi-natural grassland.     

新疆东部天山蝶类多样性及其垂直分布

2006-2008年研究了新疆东部天山蝶类多样性和垂直分布.结果表明:研究区域内共记录蝴蝶7科43属63种,占新疆已记录蝶类种数的24.80％,区系组成主要是古北种,占73％;其次是广布种,占27％,没有发现东洋种.其中蛱蝶科的物种数最多,为11属19种,蚬蝶科的物种数最少,只有1属1种.按海拔将生境分为5个垂直自然带,包括低山灌木草原带、山地森林草原带、亚高山草甸带、高山草甸带、垫状植被带.蝶类物种数和个体数排序为亚高山草甸带＞山地森林草原带＞低山灌木草原带＞高山草甸带＞垫状植被带.采用Shannon-Wiener指数和G-F指数对蝶类物种和科、属的多样性进行了分析评价,结果显示亚高山草甸带的蝶类多样性最为丰富,其次是山地森林草原带和低山灌木草原带,而高山草甸带和垫状植被带的蝶类多样性相对较低,物种和科、属多样性分析结果均一致.蝶类垂直分布明显,物种数和个体数随海拔变化的趋势类似,均为先增加后下降.蝶类区系成分随着海拔升高发生改变,广布种的比例逐渐降低,高山草甸带和垫状植被带只有古北种分布.研究结果显示,生境改变对蝴蝶群落影响明显,保护生境是保护蝴蝶生存的最主要措施.     

Population change and immature mortality process of Luehdorfia japonica (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) feeding on an unusual host plant, Asarum caulescens Maxim. (Aristolochiaceae)

A population of the butterfly Luehdorfia japonica dependent on a small stand of an unusual host plant, Asarum caulescens, was found and observed for 5 years. The plant was growing in patchy clumps in a forest and in an adjoining clearing, but the number of leaves in the clearing decreased during the 5 year study period. Butterflies laid eggs mostly in or near the clearing, and the number of eggs steadily decreased year by year, along with the decrease in the number of leaves. The survival rate of the larvae was similar to that of the same species feeding on the usual host plant, Asarum takaoi, in an adjacent habitat. It is considered that A. caulescens is rarely a host of L. japonica because the plant grows in shady conditions and the butterfly prefers a host plant growing in a sunny locations for oviposition.     

赛罕乌拉自然保护区蝶类多样性及其影响因素

为了解赛罕乌拉自然保护区蝶类多样性及其影响因素, 我们于2017年5-9月分别对保护区的典型草原、湿地、山地沟谷草甸、退化草原、农田、山地旱生灌丛、山地中生灌丛等7种生境中的蝴蝶进行观测调查。共记录和采集蝴蝶2,290只, 隶属5科42属63种。蛱蝶科的种类数(34种)和个体数(991只)最多。柑橘凤蝶(Papilio xuthus)、云粉蝶(Pontia daplidice)、绢粉蝶(Aporia crataegi)、荨麻蛱蝶(Aglais urticae)、银斑豹蛱蝶(Speyeria aglaja)等5种为保护区的优势种。保护区蝶类群落的种-多度曲线呈正态分布模式, 表明保护区生态环境良好, 生境相互重叠, 蝶类活动范围在不同生境中可以延伸。不同生境中蝶类群落种类及数量存在一定差异, 其中山地中生灌丛蝶类群落的多样性指数最高, 优势度指数最低; 退化草原的多样性指数和物种丰富度指数均为最低, 优势度指数最高; 山地沟谷草甸的科、属、种、个体数最多; 退化草原的科、属、种、个体数都是最少。区系组成分析表明广布种占63.49%, 古北种占36.51%。保护区不同生境中蝶类群落多样性特征指数在各月份间有明显差异, 蝴蝶种类及个体数与温度之间呈显著正相关, 与降雨量无显著相关性。综上, 我们认为适当的干扰有利于蝶类多样性发展, 而强烈的人为干扰会严重破坏草场环境, 影响蝶类生存和繁衍, 降低蝶类多样性。     

Just how important are structural elements as habitat components? Indications from a declining lycaenid butterfly with priority conservation status

Recently, it has been suggested that habitats for insect herbivores have been too narrowly defined, often on the basis of larval hostplants; in particular, non-consumable resources (called utilities; structural elements) have been ignored. Here, the importance of utility resources for roosting and mate location has been examined in the silver-studded blue butterfly Plebejus argus (L.) (Lycaenidae) on the Great Ormes Head, North Wales, UK. The methods included using dedicated surveys and correspondence analysis applied to behavioural observations in relation to vegetation structure on a transect through a key patch for this metapopulation model species. A substantial and significant bias in roosting (97%) and mating (75%) is found to occur outside hostplant areas on shrubs and rank bunched grasses and forbs. Population density is higher in shrubby areas and shrubs are increasingly occupied during the afternoons and night, during the late flight season and in cloudy, cool and windy weather. These findings suggest that shrubs are a valuable habitat component for this butterfly, at least at this coastal location, and important for their conservation. As scrub growth is inimical to calcicolous grassland, population status will depend on a fine balance between shrub and hostplant cover dependent on grazing and browsing by the indigenous goat, sheep and rabbit populations as well as on controlled cutting and burning. Opportunities exist for increasing population size and distribution on the headland but this will need to be managed carefully. There are also implications for metapopulation dynamics studies; the status of shrubs neighbouring host plant areas switches from that of barriers to resources and refuges.     

宁夏贺兰山自然保护区蝴蝶群落多样性及其环境影响因子

宁夏贺兰山自然保护区蝴蝶群落多样性及其与环境因素的关系,2017年5-9月采用样线法对贺兰山东麓6类生境和不同干扰类型10条样线的蝴蝶群落结构及其多样性季节动态进行调查。共记录蝴蝶5科36属45种,蛱蝶科Nymphalidae的属和物种数最多,为17属19种;凤蝶科Papilionidae最少,仅1属1种。菜粉蝶Pieris rapae、云粉蝶Pontia daplidice、斑缘豆粉蝶Colias erate和小檗绢粉蝶Aporia hippia是该地区的优势种,个体数量分别占总个体数的11.76%、11.63%、11.21%和10.17%。不同生境样线优势类群和常见类群不同。蝴蝶的栖息地偏好与寄主植物有关,蝴蝶的生境分布类型可分为生境广布型、湿润平原型、荒漠半荒漠草原型和山地森林型。蝴蝶群落Shannon-Wiener多样性和丰富度指数以灰榆疏林草地生境最高,优势度最低。各物种在生境内的季节变化趋势与不同生境植被生长季节相关,高峰期为7-8月。不同调查时间蝴蝶的优势种和常见种不同。物种数以7月份调查最多,有33种,占全年调查总物种数的73.33%;5月份调查最少,有20种。蝴蝶群落Shannon-Wiener多样性和丰富度指数以8月份最大,5月份最小。蝴蝶成虫发生类型分为全年发生型、春季型、夏季型和夏秋季型。不同生境和季节发生的优势种可以作为对生境状况进行评估的指示类群。采用CCA分析物种分布与微环境因子的关系,海拔对蝴蝶物种多样性分布格局有显著影响。蝴蝶丰富度与海拔、温度、风速显著正相关。适度干扰有利于蝶类多样性增加,较强的人为干扰会影响蝶类栖息环境,降低蝶类多样性。因此,生境差异性和干扰与蝴蝶群落的物种多样性密切相关,维持贺兰山垂直植被带的生境异质性和保持适度干扰是保护蝴蝶多样性的关键。     

Climate‐based empirical models show biased predictions of butterfly communities along environmental gradients

A better understanding of the factors that mould ecological community structure is required to accurately predict community composition and to anticipate threats to ecosystems due to global changes. We tested how well stacked climate‐based species distribution models (S‐SDMs) could predict butterfly communities in a mountain region. It has been suggested that climate is the main force driving butterfly distribution and community structure in mountain environments, and that, as a consequence, climate‐based S‐SDMs should yield unbiased predictions. In contrast to this expectation, at lower altitudes, climate‐based S‐SDMs overpredicted butterfly species richness at sites with low plant species richness and underpredicted species richness at sites with high plant species richness. According to two indices of composition accuracy, the Sorensen index and a matching coefficient considering both absences and presences, S‐SDMs were more accurate in plant‐rich grasslands. Butterflies display strong and often specialised trophic interactions with plants. At lower altitudes, where land use is more intense, considering climate alone without accounting for land use influences on grassland plant richness leads to erroneous predictions of butterfly presences and absences. In contrast, at higher altitudes, where climate is the main force filtering communities, there were fewer differences between observed and predicted butterfly richness. At high altitudes, even if stochastic processes decrease the accuracy of predictions of presence, climate‐based S‐SDMs are able to better filter out butterfly species that are unable to cope with severe climatic conditions, providing more accurate predictions of absences. Our results suggest that predictions should account for plants in disturbed habitats at lower altitudes but that stochastic processes and heterogeneity at high altitudes may limit prediction success of climate‐based S‐SDMs.     

On the origin of the recent fauna of butterflies (Lepidoptera,Rhopalocera) of Vietnam

The following types of ranges of the Vietnamese butterflies are considered: 1) narrow ranges of endemic taxa, 2) continuous and mosaic ranges, 3) disjunct ranges, and 4) vicariant ranges. The endemic butterfly taxa mostly concentrate in isolated mountain areas of central Vietnam and show relationships with the Sino- Himalayan, Malayan, and local Indo-Burmese faunas. The ranges of most Vietnamese butterflies, both eury- and stenobiont species, combine the traits of continuous and mosaic distribution. Disjunctions in the ranges of Vietnamese butterflies vary from dozens to thousands kilometers. Similar habitats in different parts of Vietnam may have different though allied butterfly species. The origin of the recent butterfly fauna is hypothesized.