沿微山湖地区神经毒素原性酪酸梭菌的土壤分布调查

为了解神经毒素原性酪酸梭菌在微山湖地区土壤的分布情况,我们采集了该地区的土壤样品进行调查。５０份土样培养上清中,有１８份（３６％）检出了肉毒毒素,经中和试验证实均为Ｅ型。从其中的７份阳性样品中分离到产毒菌株,对分离菌株进行毒性测定、生化特性检查及其神经毒素基因的ＰＣＲ检测,所有菌株均具有Ｅ型肉毒神经毒素基因并产生相应毒素,但其生化特性与Ｅ型肉毒梭菌不同,而与酪酸梭菌一致。结果说明沿微山湖地区土壤中确实存在神经毒素原性酪酸梭菌,而且阳性率很高。对神经毒素原性酪酸梭菌的分布进行流行病学调查并从土壤中分离到该病原菌,这在国际上尚属首次。     

Plasmid localization of a type E botulinal neurotoxin gene homologue in toxigenic Clostridium butyricum strains, and absence of this gene in non-toxigenic C. butyricum strains

It has been shown recently that two Clostridium butyricum strains (ATCC 43181 and ATCC 43755) contain a botulinal neurotoxin type E (BoNT/E) gene closely related to that of C. botulinum type E. In this study, we show that this gene is located on a large plasmid in the two toxigenic C. butyricum strains and is absent in 18 non-toxigenic C. butyricum and C. beijerinckii strains. Interestingly, the 230 bp upstream and the 1260 bp downstream of the neurotoxin coding sequence are not present in either the non-toxigenic C. butyricum or C. beijerinckii strains. Our data suggest a BoNT/E gene transfer from C. botulinum E to originally non-toxigenic C. butyricum strains.     

艰难梭菌相关性腹泻的治疗进展及对我国的启示

艰难梭菌相关性腹泻（Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea,CDAD）是艰难梭菌感染（Clostridium difficile Infection,CDI）引起的一种机体严重疾病。随着艰难梭菌感染率的增加及高毒力株027／NAP1／BI的出现,导致该病在全球特别是北美、及欧洲等地区爆发性流行,对于该病的控制引起全球研究者的高度重视。本文就其治疗进展进行综述,并结合我国实际分析该病防治中存在的问题并提出建议。     

神经毒素原性酪酸梭菌与E型肉毒梭菌毒素的精制及特性比较

对首次自Ｅ型肉毒中毒食品中分离到的一株神经毒素原性酪酸梭菌（ＬＣＬ１５５）所产生的神经毒素,同Ｅ型肉毒梭菌（Ｅ１５３）所产生的神经毒素进行了精制及特性比较,发现（１）两菌神经毒素的分子量,Ｎａｔｉｖｅ－ＰＡＧＥ测试均为３２０ｋＤａ;ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ测试则均为１４７ｋＤａ,非毒性非血凝素部分均为１２８ｋＤａ;用胰蛋白酶激活神经毒素后发现两菌神经毒素均由分子量为１０３ｋＤａ的Ｈ链和４８ｋＤａ的Ｌ链组成。（２）两菌神经毒素柱层析图像基本一致,但在菌体毒素提取效果及精制效果诸方面,分离的酪酸梭菌却都较差。（３）胰蛋白酶激活试验表明：两菌神经毒素达到最大毒力所需激活时间不等。在相同温度下,分离的酪酸梭菌毒素只需５ｍｉｎ,而Ｅ型肉毒梭菌毒素却需３０ｍｉｎ,提示两菌神经毒素激活动力学上存在差异。（４）琼脂双扩散试验结果表明两菌神经毒素的抗原性是一致的,没有发现沉淀线呈交叉或部分交叉现象。     

Characterization of immunogenic p230 as the toxin A of Clostridium difficile

Abstract For the identification of toxin A of Clostridium difficile , a 2-dimensional gel system was used. In its first dimension, samples were separated in the absence of reducing and dissociating agents, conditions which maintained the activity of the enterotoxin. This was followed by reduction and dissociation in the second dimension where a 230 kDa polypeptide was electroeluted. Rabbits were immunized with polyacrylamide gel slices containing entrapped native toxin A and the denatured 230 kDa protein. As revealed by immunoblotting, neutralizing antisera derived from native protein samples recognized the native toxin, the denatured 230 kDa protein and another polypeptide of about M _r 35 000. Using both types of antisera as probes the pI of the enterotoxin was about 5.9. Preliminary evidence suggests that the enterotoxin is a multimeric protein of 230 kDa and 35 kDa subunits.     

Probiotic Potential of Clostridium spp.—Advantages and Doubts

Clostridium spp. is a large genus of obligate anaerobes and is an extremely heterogeneous group of bacteria that can be classified into 19 clusters. Genetic analyses based on the next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and metagenome analyses conducted on human feces, mucosal biopsies, and luminal content have shown that the three main groups of strict extremophile anaerobes present in the intestines are Clostridium cluster IV (also known as the Clostridium leptum group), Clostridium cluster XIVa (also known as the Clostridium coccoides group) and Bacteroides. In addition to the mentioned clusters, some C. butyricum strains are also considered beneficial for human health. Moreover, this bacterium has been widely used as a probiotic in Asia (particularly in Japan, Korea, and China). The mentioned commensal Clostridia are involved in the regulation and maintenance of all intestinal functions. In the literature, the development processes of new therapies are described based on commensal Clostridia activity. In addition, some Clostridia are associated with pathogenic processes. Some C. butyricum strains detected in stool samples are involved in botulism cases and have also been implicated in severe diseases such as infant botulism and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates. The aim of this study is to review reports on the possibility of using Clostridium strains as probiotics, consider their positive impact on human health, and identify the risks associated with the expression of their pathogenic properties.     

酪酸梭菌与婴双歧杆菌对艰难梭菌体外生物拮抗作用的作用

用酪酸梭菌（Clostridium butyricum)和婴双歧杆菌（Bifidobacterium infantis)单独或联合艰难菌（Clostridium difficile)进行试管内的生物拮抗作用,将酪酸梭菌、婴儿双歧杆菌单独或酪酸梭菌和婴儿双歧杆菌联合分别与艰难梭菌以一定的比例等量混合后,接种于GAM液体培养基中进行厌氧培养。证明酪酸梭菌和婴儿双歧杆菌能明显抑制艰难梭菌的生长,并且两菌联合比各自单独培养时显示出更强的生物拮抗作用。     

酪酸梭菌与婴儿型双歧杆菌对产气荚膜梭菌试管内生物拮抗作用的研究

用酪酸权菌（Clostridium butyricum）和婴儿型双歧杆菌（Bifidobacterium Infantis）对产气荚膜梭菌（Clostriduim perfringens）进行试管内的生物拮抗试验。将酪酸梭菌、婴儿型双歧杆菌及酪酸梭菌和婴儿型双歧杆菌分别对产气荚膜酸菌以一定的比例等量混合接种于GAM液体培养基中进行厌氧培养。实验证明酪酸梭菌和婴儿型双歧能明显抑制产气荚膜梭菌的生长,并且比各自单独培养时显示了较强的生物拮抗作用。     

Unusual binding properties of the dockerin module of Clostridium thermocellum endoglucanase CelJ (Cel9D-Cel44A)

Cellulosomes are cellulolytic complexes produced by anaerobic bacteria, and are composed of a scaffolding protein and several catalytic components. The complexes are formed by highly specific interactions of one of the reiterated cohesin modules of the scaffolding protein with a dockerin module of the catalytic components. The affinities of a dockerin module of Clostridium thermocellum CelJ (Cel9D-Cel44A) for several cohesin modules from C. thermocellum and Clostridium josui scaffolding proteins were quantitatively measured by surface plasmon resonance analysis. The recombinant CelJ dockerin-containing protein interacted with three recombinant C. josui cohesin proteins as well as recombinant C. thermocellum cohesin proteins beyond the so-called 'species specificity' of the dockerin and cohesin interactions. However, this protein did not recognize a second cohesin module from the C. josui scaffolding protein, suggesting that the catalytic components are not necessarily arranged randomly on a scaffolding protein in native cellulosomes.     

Genetic systems development in the clostridia

Abstract: This review describes recent developments in the genetic manipulation of the solventogenic clostridia, Clostridium acetobutylicum and C. beijerinckii . It is to be noted that our laboratory stock of C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824, which was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, has recently been re-identified as C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 based on DNA similarity studies using the S1 nuclease method (personal communication, Dr. Jiann-Shin Chen, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University). Reference to our laboratory 824 culture has been changed to C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 throughout this paper in order to be consistent with this finding. The focus of this review specifically involves the characterization of an M13-like genetic system for the clostridia based on the pCAK1 phagemid, as well as preliminary work on development of a plasmid-based vector based on the indigenous pDM11 plasmid recovered from C. acetobutylicum NCIB 6443. The construction of a C. beijerinckii strain with amplified endoglucanase activity was achieved by inserting the engB gene from C. cellulovorans into C. beijerinckii . The successful expression of a heterologous engB gene from C. cellulovorans in C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 has important industrial significance for the eventual utilization of cellulose by this acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation microorganism.     

酪酸梭菌二联活菌制剂治疗儿科不同类型腹泻的疗效观察

目的评估酪酸梭菌、婴儿型双歧杆菌二联活菌制剂治疗儿科最常见3种不同类型腹泻的疗效。方法选择2008年至2010年3年间合肥市第一人民医院儿科有腹泻症状的住院患者224例,采用随机数表法分为酪酸梭菌、婴儿型双歧杆菌二联活菌制剂治疗组110例,未加用或用加其他微生态制剂的对照组114例。2组的性别、年龄、病情相比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结果酪酸梭菌、婴儿型双歧杆菌二联活菌制剂治疗组总有效率为95.5%,对照组为80.7%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。2组治疗后的平均止泻时间为(2±1.45)d和(3.9±1.11)d,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论酪酸梭菌、婴儿型双歧杆菌二联活菌制剂治疗婴幼儿腹泻优于未加用或加用其他微生态制剂,且未见明显不良反应。     

Growth of thermophilic acetogenic bacteria on methoxylated aromatic acids

Abstract The methoxylated aromatic acids vanillate and syringate supported the growth of Clostridium thermoaceticum and Clostridium thermoautotrophicum in an undefined culture medium (U); p -hydroxybenzoate or U did not support growth. Growth was proportional to the number of O -methyl residues on the aromatic ring and to the concentration of the methoxylated aromatic acid in U. Protein profiles, obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (SDS-PAGE) analysis of cell extracts from vanillate, syringate, methanol, and glucose cultures of C. thermoaceticum , indicated differential gene expression between O -methyl aromatic-, methanol- and glucose-grown cells.     

Production of an enterotoxin different from toxin A by Clostridium difficile

Abstract Clostridium difficile has been demonstrated to produce at least two toxins: an enterotoxin (toxin A) which elicits haemorrhagoc fluid accumulation in the rabbit ileal loop (RIL) test and a potent cytotoxin (toxin B). We report the isolation of an enterotoxic factor inducing a positive response in the RIL test without haemorrhage. This factor was separated by ion-exchange chromatography and its molecular weight, as estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was about 45 000.     

Comparative assessment of inorganic pyrophosphate and pyrophosphatase levels of Escherichia coli, Clostridium pasteurianum, and Clostridium thermoaceticum

Abstract Pyrophosphatase (PP_iase) specific activities were much higher in anaerobic cultures of Escherichia coli (0.54 units) than in Clostridium pasteurianum (0.067 units) and Clostridium thermoaceticum (0.017 units) (1 unit = 1 μ mole PP_i hydrolyzed/min per mg cell dry wt.), and were fairly constant throughout the growth of all three organisms. Conversely, intracellular levels of pyrophosphate (PP_i) were very low and constant in E. coli throughout growth (0.3 mM), while those of C. pasteurianum and C. thermoaceticum were higher (1.44 and 0.8 mM, respectively) and peaked sharply during mid log-phase of growth. PP_iase and intracellular PP_i remained relatively constant in E. coli when grown aerobically or anaerobically, and when growth was in medium containing PP_i as the sole source of supplemental phosphorus.     

兰州地区腹泻患者艰难梭菌的感染状况调查

目的调查兰州地区腹泻患者中艰难梭菌的流行特点,揭示国内艰难梭菌感染的现况。方法通过细胞毒检测试验和酶联免疫吸附试验对206份临床粪便样品进行毒素检测。结果 206份粪便滤液经细胞毒检测有26份样品使非洲绿猴肾细胞（vero细胞）圆缩化,确认含有艰难梭菌毒素;经酶联免疫吸附试验有28份为阳性,其中23份与细胞毒检测结果一致,与细胞毒试验的符合率为88.5%。结论兰州地区住院腹泻患者中艰难梭菌感染率约为12.62%。     

Metabolism and energy generation in homoacetogenic clostridia

Abstract Clostridium thermoautotrophicum and C. thermoaceticum contain an anaerobic electron transport chain. It involves hydrogen and carbon monoxide as electron donors and, presumably methylenetetrahydrofolate as physiological electron acceptor. Cytochrome b ₅₅₄, cytochrome b ₅₅₉, menaquinone, a flavoprotein, ferredoxin and rubredoxin are parts of the electron transport chain. The electron transport results in the generation of a proton motive force which drives the synthesis of ATP or the uptake of amino acids.     

难辨梭菌在地鼠肠粘膜中粘附定植的研究

我们对难辨梭菌(C.d.)在地鼠肠粘膜中的定植进行了细菌分离和超微结构的研究,以探索C.d.的定植及C.d.性肠炎的发病机理。结果表明,用抗生素处理再接种C.d.的地鼠肠粘膜和盲肠内容物均分离到C.d.并证明正常菌群对C.d.定植有拮抗作用。不同肠段内C.d.的定植量有较明显的差别。无毒株与毒力株定值量亦稍有不同。接种C.d.自第5天起逐渐减少。接种C.d后24小时扫描电镜可见肠粘膜粘液层内和上皮细胞表面有大量C.d.定植。透射电镜亦观察到在上皮细胞表面有C.d.定植。毒力株定植12小时可引起上皮细胞线粒体和细胞基质肿胀。     

丙酮丁醇发酵菌的分子遗传改造

丙酮丁醇梭菌及拜氏梭菌是重要的ABE（丙酮、丁醇和乙醇）工业生产菌株,其发酵产物中的丙酮和丁醇均为重要的化工原料,汽车发动机试验证明丁醇还是一种性能优于乙醇的极具潜力的生物燃料和燃料添加剂。随着新生物技术的不断发展及工业生产的需求,遗传工程改造不断应用于丙酮丁醇生产菌株。在前人研究及工业实践的基础上,对丙酮丁醇生产菌株的遗传特性及其分子遗传改造取得的进展进行了详细概述。     

Comparative genomic and phenomic analysis of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium sordellii,two related pathogens with differing host tissue preference

Background

Clostridium difficile and C. sordellii are two anaerobic, spore forming, gram positive pathogens with a broad host range and the ability to cause lethal infections. Despite strong similarities between the two Clostridial strains, differences in their host tissue preference place C. difficile infections in the gastrointestinal tract and C. sordellii infections in soft tissues.

Results

In this study, to improve our understanding of C. sordellii and C. difficile virulence and pathogenesis, we have performed a comparative genomic and phenomic analysis of the two. The global phenomes of C. difficile and C. sordellii were compared using Biolog Phenotype microarrays. When compared to C. difficile, C. sordellii was found to better utilize more complex sources of carbon and nitrogen, including peptides. Phenotype microarray comparison also revealed that C. sordellii was better able to grow in acidic pH conditions. Using next generation sequencing technology, we determined the draft genome of C. sordellii strain 8483 and performed comparative genome analysis with C. difficile and other Clostridial genomes. Comparative genome analysis revealed the presence of several enzymes, including the urease gene cluster, specific to the C. sordellii genome that confer the ability of expanded peptide utilization and survival in acidic pH.

Conclusions

The identified phenotypes of C. sordellii might be important in causing wound and vaginal infections respectively. Proteins involved in the metabolic differences between C. sordellii and C. difficile should be targets for further studies aimed at understanding C. difficile and C. sordellii infection site specificity and pathogenesis.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1663-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

An investigation into the ecological niches and seasonal nature of Clostridium estertheticum and Clostridium gasigenes in the Irish beef farm environment

Blown pack spoilage (BPS) of vacuum packaged beef is caused by psychrotolerant and psychrophilic Clostridium species, primarily Clostridium estertheticum and Clostridium gasigenes. The aim of this study was to investigate the environmental niches and impact of season on these BPS Clostridium spp. on Irish beef farms. On each of five different beef farms, faecal (10), soil (5), silage (5), air (5), bedding straw (5), drinking water (5) and puddle/ditch water (5) samples were collected during Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter and tested for C. estertheticum and C. gasigenes using culture (direct plating and enrichment) and molecular (conventional PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR)) based techniques. C. estertheticum and C. gasigenes were detected in all sample types, with qPCR detection rates ranging from 4% to 50% and at concentrations of up to 1·5 log₁₀ CFU per g and 3·5 log₁₀ CFU per g, respectively. The impact of season was not clear as the results were mixed depending on the detection method used. It was concluded that BPS-causing C. estertheticum and C. gasigenes are widely distributed in the beef farm environment.