植物果聚糖的代谢途径及其在植物抗逆中的功能研究进展

植物果聚糖是一类重要的碳水化合物和渗透调节物质,可以提高植物的抗逆性。目前对植物果聚糖代谢酶基因的研究较多,主要包括相关基因的克隆、表达和利用基因工程技术将果聚糖相关代谢基因转入植物中。该文主要介绍了果聚糖的分布、种类、代谢途径及相关基因的克隆和表达,重点阐述了果聚糖在植物抗逆中的作用及其分子生物学研究进展。     

高等植物果聚糖研究进展

果聚糖是高等植物重要的贮藏碳水化合物,因植物种类和发育阶段而异,主要存在5种类型的结构：线型菊糖型果聚糖、菊糖型果聚糖新生系列、线型梯牧草糖型果聚糖、混合型梯牧草糖型果聚糖和梯牧草糖型果聚糖新生系列。果聚糖的代谢模型随着代谢酶—蔗糖：蔗糖果糖基转移酶、蔗糖：果聚糖_6_果糖基转移酶、果聚糖：果聚糖果糖基转移酶、果聚糖：果聚糖_6_果糖基转移酶、果聚糖外水解酶等的发现、纯化和克隆日趋清晰。此外,果聚糖分子生物学研究也取得了一定的进展。     

高等植物果聚糖研究进展

果聚糖是高等植物重要的贮藏碳水化合物 ,因植物种类和发育阶段而异 ,主要存在 5种类型的结构 :线型菊糖型果聚糖、菊糖型果聚糖新生系列、线型梯牧草糖型果聚糖、混合型梯牧草糖型果聚糖和梯牧草糖型果聚糖新生系列。果聚糖的代谢模型随着代谢酶—蔗糖 :蔗糖果糖基转移酶、蔗糖 :果聚糖_6_果糖基转移酶、果聚糖 :果聚糖果糖基转移酶、果聚糖 :果聚糖_6_果糖基转移酶、果聚糖外水解酶等的发现、纯化和克隆日趋清晰。此外 ,果聚糖分子生物学研究也取得了一定的进展     

植物果聚糖的代谢途径及其在植物抗逆中的功能研究进展北大核心CSCD

植物果聚糖是一类重要的碳水化合物和渗透调节物质,可以提高植物的抗逆性。目前对植物果聚糖代谢酶基因的研究较多,主要包括相关基因的克隆、表达和利用基因工程技术将果聚糖相关代谢基因转入植物中。该文主要介绍了果聚糖的分布、种类、代谢途径及相关基因的克隆和表达,重点阐述了果聚糖在植物抗逆中的作用及其分子生物学研究进展。     

提取小麦果聚糖(fructan)适宜乙醇浓度的选定

小麦(Trticum aestivum)植株体内主要的贮藏性碳水化合物是果聚糖(fructan)和某些其它糖类。要测定每一组成成分的含量首先必须把单糖、蔗糖与果聚糖分离开来。因此,在测定小麦不同生育期果聚糖及糖类含量的变化时,采用哪一种提取和分离的方     

小麦植株中可溶性糖纸层析定量方法

小麦、大麦、黑麦等作物以及某些单子叶和菊科植物的营养器官或貯藏器官中的可溶性糖类,除一般单糖(葡萄糖、果糖)双糖(蔗糖)外,还有大量果聚糖类存在,而且有时作为貯藏形式。它们的分子结构一端是蔗糖,蔗糖的果糖基通过2,1或2,6糖甙链连接着若干果糖基,形成一系列结构相似的寡糖或多糖,不具还原性。一般的分析方法不能分类测定。我们     

Levan蔗糖酶及其在Levan果聚糖合成中的应用

Levan果聚糖是一类分子中含有大量β-(2,6)果糖苷键主链和少量β-(2,1)果糖苷键支链的聚糖。部分微生物来源的Levan果聚糖具有抗肿瘤、抗糖尿病、免疫增强、降血脂等重要的生物活性,在医药和功能食品方面具有巨大的应用潜能。由于微生物发酵液提取法产量相对较低,而化学法合成过程繁琐,Levan果聚糖的酶法合成备受关注。Levan蔗糖酶(Levansucrase,EC 2.4.1.10)属于糖苷酶家族GH68,是一类β-螺旋桨家族蛋白,其催化糖类合成遵循non-Leloir糖基转移酶机制,以蔗糖为底物转果糖基合成Levan果聚糖。部分微生物Levan蔗糖酶的分子结构及基因的表达调控已经得到阐明,Levan果聚糖的酶法合成得到广泛研究。本文综述了Levan蔗糖酶的催化机制、酶分子结构、酶基因表达调控以及酶在合成Levan果聚糖中的应用,以促进微生物Levan蔗糖酶及Levan果聚糖的研究和应用。     

植物甜菜碱合成途径及基因工程研究进展

甜菜碱是公认的在细胞中起着无毒渗透保护作用的细胞相溶性物质 ,广泛存在于植物、动物、细菌等多种生物体中。植物中甜菜碱因其结构不同 ,其生物合成途径和催化合成所需要的酶也各不相同。综述了近年来甜菜碱生物合成途径、相关基因的克隆及基因工程研究进展 ,包括从不同生物体中克隆、鉴定的甜菜碱合成的相关基因及其定位、作用机理、同源性比较及表达差异、在转基因植物中的遗传稳定性以及转基因植物的抗盐耐旱、抗寒性等。     

植物多药和有毒化合物排出转运蛋白研究进展

植物在生长及适应环境的过程中会吸收很多有益或有害的物质,自身也会产生大量代谢物,植物对这些物质的转运是植物生长发育及适应环境的重要环节,有多种转运蛋白家族参与其中。多药和有毒化合物排出转运蛋白(MATEs)是生物体中重要的转运蛋白家族之一,而植物中MATE基因的丰富程度要远远高于其他生物。根据植物MATEs的蛋白结构,这些基因被分为4个主要的亚家族,即MATE I,MATEⅡ,MATEⅢ和MATE IV。同一亚家族或同一MATE基因簇的基因还具有相同或相似的功能。植物MATEs定位于细胞的各种生物膜上,如细胞质膜、液泡膜、高尔基膜及囊泡膜等。此外,一些MATEs的表达还具有组织特异性,它们转运的底物也具有多样性和特异性,使得MATEs呈现出多种生物学功能。它们在外源性物质的排出、次生代谢产物的转运和累积、铁转运、铝脱毒和植物激素信号传递及植物的抗病性等方面都起着重要作用。该文对MATEs的发现、基因分类、亚细胞定位及生理功能等方面进行了概述,对深入研究该基因家族提供了思路,对该基因家族的应用进行了展望。     

脱水素研究进展

脱水素(dehydrin)是植物体内的一种LEA蛋白,能够在植物胚胎发育后期以及逆境下大量表达,广泛存在于植物界。它是具有高度热稳定性的亲水性蛋白,有三类非常保守的区域,即K,Y和S片段。依据这三类片段的组成情况,可将脱水素分为5个基本类别。脱水素可通过多种转运方式定位于植物细胞的不同部位,以行使其功能。其基因的表达存在依赖ABA和不依赖ABA两种途径,并且受到多种环境因素的影响,能稳定细胞膜和许多大分子的结构以避免脱水对细胞造成的伤害。近年来,脱水素的结构和组成、在细胞中的定位及转运、基因的表达与调控、功能与作用机理等方面的研究已取得了很大的进展。     

Fructan as a New Carbohydrate Sink in Transgenic Potato Plants

Fructans are polyfructose molecules that function as nonstructural storage carbohydrates in several plant species that are important crops. We have been studying plants for their ability to synthesize and degrade fructans to determine if this ability is advantageous. We have also been analyzing the ability to synthesize fructan in relation to other nonstructural carbohydrate storage forms like starch. To study this, we induced fructan accumulation in normally non-fructan-storing plants and analyzed the metabolic and physiological properties of such plants. The normally non-fructan-storing potato plant was modified by introducing the microbial fructosyltransferase genes so that it could accumulate fructans. Constructs were created so that the fructosyltransferase genes of either Bacillus subtilis (sacB) or Streptococcus mutans (ftf) were fused to the vacuolar targeting sequence of the yeast carboxypeptidase Y (cpy) gene. These constructs were placed under the control of the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and introduced into potato tissue. The regenerated potato plants accumulated high molecular mass (>5 [times] 106 D) fructan molecules in which the degree of polymerization of fructose units exceeded 25,000. Fructan accumulation was detected in every plant tissue tested. The fructan content in the transgenic potato plants tested varied between 1 and 30% of dry weight in leaves and 1 and 7% of dry weight in microtubers. Total nonstructural neutral carbohydrate content in leaves of soil-grown plants increased dramatically from 7% in the wild type to 35% in transgenic plants. Our results demonstrated that potato plants can be manipulated to store a foreign carbohydrate by introducing bacterial fructosyltransferase genes. This modification affected photosynthate partitioning in microtubers and leaves and increased nonstructural carbohydrate content in leaves.     

Plant fructan exohydrolases: a role in signaling and defense?

Fructans are fructose oligomers and polymers synthesized by a small number of plant and bacterial species and mainly function as reserve carbohydrates. The terminal fructosyl-fructose linkages can be degraded by fructan exohydrolases (FEHs), occurring in bacteria, fungi and fructan plants. Unexpectedly, it was found that FEHs also occur in non-fructan plants such as Beta vulgaris and Arabidopsis thaliana that apparently lack endogenous fructan substrates. FEHs might have defense-related roles acting on bacterial fructan-containing slimes or might act on minute (up to now undetected) amounts of fructans acting as signals in plants.     

Molecular genetics of fructan metabolism in perennial ryegrass

Fructans are the main storage carbohydrates of temperate grasses, sustaining regrowth immediately after defoliation, as well as contributing to the nutritive value of feed. Fructan metabolism is based on the substrate sucrose and involves fructosyltransferases (FTs) for biosynthesis and fructan exohydrolases (FEHs) for degradation. Sucrose is also utilized by invertases (INVs), which hydrolyse it into its constituent monosaccharides for use in metabolism. The isolation, molecular characterization, functional analysis, and phylogenetic relationships of genes encoding FTs, FEHs, and INVs from temperate grasses are reviewed, with an emphasis on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The roles these enzymes play in fructan accumulation and remobilization, and future biotechnological applications in molecular plant breeding are discussed.     

Fructans insert between the headgroups of phospholipids

Fructans are polysaccharides consisting of one glucose unit and two or more fructose units. It was hypothesized that fructans play a role in drought tolerance in plants by interacting directly with the membrane. In this paper we investigated this hypothesis by studying fructan-membrane interactions in hydrated mono- and bilayer systems. It was found that fructans inserted between the headgroups of different kinds of phospholipids with some preference for phosphatidylethanolamine. Insertion occurred even under conditions of very tight lipid packing. The presence of a surface associated layer of fructan was observed in both model systems. This layer was able to reduce the ability of a surface-active protein to interact with the lipids. Fructans showed a much stronger effect on the different lipid systems than other (poly)saccharides, which appears to be related to their hydrophobic properties. Fructans were able to stabilize the liquid-crystalline lamellar phase, which is consistent with a drought protecting role in plants.     

Engineering fructan metabolism in plants

Fructans, or polyfructosylsucroses, are storage carbohydrates present in many higher plants. They are also considered healthy food ingredients. Engineering crops into high level production of specific fructan molecules is one of the mayor strategic research goals. Understanding the properties of fructosyltransferases is important, in order to direct the synthesis of fructans. In plants at least two fructosyltransferases are needed to synthesise fructans. One enzyme synthesises the fructan trisaccharide 1-kestose, the next enzyme uses 1-kestose for elongation and/or modification, producing longer fructans. The specificity of fructosyltransferases determines the type of glycosidic bond formed and the donor and acceptor substrates used. This enables the synthesis of many structurally diverse fructans. The production of these molecules in crops such as sugar beet and potato makes the commercial use of fructans feasible.     

The fructan syndrome: Evolutionary aspects and common themes among plants and microbes

Fructans are multifunctional fructose‐based water soluble carbohydrates found in all biological kingdoms but not in animals. Most research has focused on plant and microbial fructans and has received a growing interest because of their practical applications. Nevertheless, the origin of fructan production, the so‐called “fructan syndrome,” is still unknown. Why fructans only occur in a limited number of plant and microbial species remains unclear. In this review, we provide an overview of plant and microbial fructan research with a focus on fructans as an adaptation to the environment and their role in (a)biotic stress tolerance. The taxonomical and biogeographical distribution of fructans in both kingdoms is discussed and linked (where possible) to environmental factors. Overall, the fructan syndrome may be related to water scarcity and differences in physicochemical properties, for instance, water retaining characteristics, at least partially explain why different fructan types with different branching levels are found in different species. Although a close correlation between environmental stresses and fructan production is quite clear in plants, this link seems to be missing in microbes. We hypothesize that this can be at least partially explained by differential evolutionary timeframes for plants and microbes, combined with potential redundancy effects.     

Exogenous nitric oxide effect on fructan accumulation and FBEs expression in chilling-sensitive and chilling-resistant wheat

This study was to investigate the effect of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on fructan accumulation and fructan biosynthesic enzymes (FBEs) expression in seedlings leaves of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, winter wheat (Zhoumai18, ZM) and spring wheat (Yanzhan4110, YZ), under 4 °C. The seedlings of two wheat cultivars were subjected to different concentrations of sodium nitroprussiate (SNP) for 0, 24, 48, and 96 h. Relative water content (RWC) was increased by exogenous NO in YZ, but decreased in ZM. Except for glucose, fructose and fructans of degree of polymerization (DP) 3 in YZ, other soluble carbohydrates contents in the two wheat cultivars all increased to different degrees. The activities of FS (including sucrose: sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST, EC: 2.4.1.99) and sucrose: fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-SFT, EC: 2.4.1.10)) were significantly higher than fructan: fructan 1-fructosyltransferase (1-FFT, EC: 2.4.1.100) in the seedlings of two wheat cultivars. The same phenomenon occurred to FBEs expression. In addition, sucrose content decreased while fructans content increased under low temperature, which was in accordance with the improved 1-FFT activity in ZM. Moreover, fructans content increased to a high level under high concentration of NO in ZM while kept at a constant low level in YZ. The expression levels of FBEs were universally higher in ZM than in YZ, which identified with the high frost resistance of the winter cultivar. It is concluded that exogenous NO treatment on wheat may be a good option to reduce chilling injury by regulating fructan accumulation in leaves. This is the first report owing that exogenous NO alleviated the negative effects of chilling stress by accumulating fructans in wheat.