北草蜥种群间生活史变异的成因分析:热环境、食物可利用性和体温的岛屿间差异

比较浙江温州北麂岛与洞头岛的热环境、食物可利用性以及动物体温,以辨析北草蜥岛屿种群间生活史特征差异中环境因子的作用。通过测定岛屿上北草蜥栖息地植被和环境温度,比较岛屿热环境的差异。野外测定活动蜥蜴的体温、环境温度和活动规律,实验室温梯板中测定动物喜好体温。用陷阱法测定无脊椎动物多样性和丰度,以比较岛屿蜥蜴种群的食物可利用性。岛屿植被存在差异导致热环境的差异。洞头岛植被高于北麂岛,地表层光线透入率则低于北麂岛。因而,洞头岛郁闭地表的平均温度和最高温度显著低于北麂岛,但两岛裸露地面的温度无显著差异。热环境的岛屿间差异进而影响北草蜥的野外体温。在春季,洞头岛的野外有效温度和基底温度显著大于北麂岛,而两岛北草蜥的体温无显著差异;在夏季,洞头岛的北草蜥体温、有效温度和基质温度均显著高于北麂岛;到秋季,北麂岛蜥蜴体温和环境温度高于洞头岛。地面无脊椎动物多样性和丰度的岛屿间差异表明北麂岛食物可利用性大于洞头岛。岛屿间北草蜥日活动规律和喜好体温无显著差异。本研究表明:(1)温度和食物可利用性存在岛屿间差异,岛屿种群间生活史特征差异可能与之有关;(2)两岛屿北草蜥主要采取行为调节对策来适应自然界的热环境变化,尚未发现热生理学特征的进化性漂移[动物学报51(5):797-805,2005]。     

南极菲尔德斯半岛南部植被类型,群落物种多样性及其保护

根据群落的种类组成、外貌和结构、生态因素将菲尔德斯半岛南部(包括阿德雷岛)的植被划分为冻原、草甸、沼泽、水生植被四大类型。对下属的群系和群丛进行了描述。这些群落的形成与分布主要依赖于水分状况和基质的稳定与否。论述了从海边到内陆的山顶群落的分布规律、植被特点,并对不同群系、生境进行了群落植物的丰富度(物种数)、均匀度和多样性对比。从对比结果提出对保护工作的建议。     

长山群岛植被景观健康评价

海岛植被是海岛生态系统的重要组成部分.本文将海岛生态系统健康的多重目标与景观生态学理论方法相结合,从景观活力、景观胁迫度与景观稳定性3方面探索构建了海岛植被景观健康评价指标体系,并以长山群岛为实例,开展了海岛植被景观健康评价实证研究.结果表明:长山群岛植被景观健康整体较好,但岛屿间差异大.海洋岛、獐子岛植被景观健康度都在0.80以上,属于第一健康等级区;大长山岛、小长山岛、大王家岛植被景观健康度在0.70~0.80,属于第二健康等级区;广鹿岛、石城岛植被景观健康度均小于0.70,属于第三健康等级区.海岛至大陆岸线距离、海岛面积、海岛产业结构等是造成海岛植被景观健康岛屿差异的主要成因.     

中国南海北部不同岛屿植被与土壤的耦合协调发展度

植被和土壤是陆地生态系统两个重要的组成部分,二者相互影响相互促进,探明两者的耦合协调关系是生态恢复与重建的顺利实施的关键。基于中国南海北部大庙墩岛、涠洲岛、大汉三墩岛、甘蔗岛和蜈支洲岛等个海岛的典型植被群落植被土壤的全面调查和取样分析,建立10个植被因子和14个土壤因子的2级层次指标体系,采用层析分析法确定各因子的权重,构建5个海岛植被土壤耦合度和耦合协调度模型。结果表明,不同岛屿的植被土壤耦合度和耦合协调度模型并不完全对应,植被与土壤的综合指数在不同岛屿中也不完全一致,甘蔗岛的植被效应和大汉三墩岛的土壤效应最佳。中国南海北部5个岛屿的植被土壤耦合协调状况较好,均处于初、中级协调发展状态,且除甘蔗岛外处于植被土壤同步型。总的来说,由于岛屿远离内陆,人类干扰相对较小,在植被土壤长期的演替过程中,中国南海北部岛屿植被土壤耦合协调较好,在其恢复与生态重建时要注重提高植物多样性、抚育水平和土壤管理水平。     

半干旱区沙地蒿类植被建成对土壤细菌的影响

半干旱区沙地土壤发育早期依赖固沙植被建成,油蒿和差巴嘎蒿作为我国北方半干旱区沙地半灌木植物群落的主要先锋种和建群种,研究其建成对土壤细菌群落变化的影响对沙质草原生态系统稳定性有重要意义。因此,围绕两个典型的半干旱区(科尔沁沙地和毛乌素沙地),通过高通量测序的方法探讨了蒿类群落生长前后两个阶段(流动沙丘和藓类结皮)的土壤细菌多样性和群落组成变化规律,结果表明:(1)植被建成前后,土壤总碳、总氮、全磷、电导率和含水率均有显著差异,而pH值在不同阶段变化不显著;(2)植被建成前后,土壤细菌多样性变化不显著,但是细菌群落组成在不同阶段具有较大差异。在门类水平上,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌(Actinobacteria)均是两个阶段的优势菌,但随着蒿类植被建成和土壤养分的积累,厚壁菌门的相对丰度降低,变形菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度增加;(3)两个阶段,不同深度土壤理化性质和优势菌的相对丰度均存在变化;(4)两种典型沙地土壤理化特性和细菌群落在植被建成前后的变化规律存在共性。通过空间代替时间序列的方法,阐明了土壤细菌群落随着半干旱沙地同类型植被建成的变化模式,可为总结半干旱区植被恢复与成土过程的关系提供参考和思路。     

珠海市淇澳岛红树林湿地的研究进展与展望

至上世纪末,淇澳岛红树林湿地遭到严重的破坏,互花米草入侵滩涂,相关人士对淇澳岛红树林的恢复做了许多工作.通过对相关文献的查阅与实地调查,总结了淇澳岛红树林湿地的植被群落类型、红树和半红树植物的引种与栽培、互花米草的防治、引进种无瓣海桑在淇澳岛的扩散与入侵性、红树林湿地的生态服务功能以及08年寒害对淇澳岛红树林的影响等方面的研究成果,对华南其他地区红树林湿地的恢复具有一定的指导作用.     

广东南澳岛植被恢复过程中的群落动态研究

 以广东南澳岛的1个草坡、4个人工林和3个次生林群落为对象,采用时空互代的方法,将这8个群落当作植被恢复中的不同阶段,研究各群落的群落结构、生物量、叶面积指数和土壤养分等,进而研究了南澳岛退化生态系统植被恢复的过程和机理。随着植被的恢复进程,群落的阳性种类逐渐减少,中生性种类逐渐增加。物种多样性、均匀度、生态优势度和β多样性指数分析表明南澳岛植被恢复过程群落组成结构的复杂性依退化草坡→人工林→次生林逐渐增加。南澳岛退化草坡、10年生人工林、15年生人工林和次生林的生物量分别为4.81t·hm-2、45.18t·hm-2、100.39t·hm-2和88.34t·hm-2,叶面积指数分别为1.04、3.81、5.89和6.52,凋落物贮量分别为0.42t·hm-2、3.20t·hm-2、3.70t·hm-2和4.90t·hm-2。南澳岛植被恢复过程中土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷和交换性K含量逐渐增加。由于海岛的生境、大风和暴雨的影响,海岛植被恢复的格局不同于大陆,而其恢复速度也较慢。根据本研究结果,提出了人工促进海岛植被恢复的途径。     

乌鲁木齐城市半自然植被群落类型及特征分析

根据前人的研究结果,结合典型样地调查,对乌鲁木齐城市半自然植被的群落类型进行了划分,并对群落结构、物种组成和植物生长型谱等特征进行了分析。结果表明:乌鲁木齐城市半自然植类型可划分为4个植被类33个植被型38个群丛组,其中,阔叶林植被类包含8个植被型11个群丛组;灌丛植被类包含12个植被型12个群丛组;草本植被类包含10个植被型11个群丛组;伴人植被类包含3个植被型4个群丛组。属于灌丛植被类的植被型和群丛组均最多,而属于伴人植被类的植被型和群丛组则最少。在该城市半自然植被群落中,阔叶林植被类为二层和三层层片结构,灌丛植被类以二层层片结构为主,草本植被类和伴人植被类为一层层片结构;层片结构类型主要为单一草本型、乔木-灌木型和灌木-草本型。该城市半自然植被群落中共有种子植物24科74属88种,优势科为禾本科(Gramineae)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、豆科(Leguminosae)、菊科(Compositae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)和十字花科(Cruciferae),共包含47属57种,分别占该群落中种子植物总属数和总种数的63.51%和64.77%。该群落中一年生和多年生草本以及多年生半灌木种类居多,分别占总种数的29.55%、34.10%和17.04%。根据相关研究结果,对乌鲁木齐城市半自然植被与该区域自然植被及人工绿地的差异进行了比较分析。     

干旱和半干旱地区灌木下土壤“肥岛”研究进展

世界许多干旱、半干旱地区草地生态系统逐渐被灌木生态系统取代,这种取代过程的发展是由灌木冠幅下土壤中“肥岛”的形成和灌木的扩散相互作用直接造成的,这种“肥岛”的形成和灌木的扩散之间的反馈作用能够改变该系统中的植被组成、结构和土壤养分分布格局,从而改变该生态系统的结构和功能,文中从“肥岛”的概念和形成机制出发,对“肥岛”现象形成的原因、“肥岛”现象的研究意义、研究方法、灌木扩散与“肥岛”之间的相互关系及生物对“肥岛”的响应进行了总结,并分析了“肥岛”研究中应注意的问题,希望为中国干旱、半干旱区域土地退化的成因和过程以及植被恢复的研究提供一些参考。     

广西沿海西部山心、巫头和澫尾岛植被类型初步研究

本文概述了在广西沿海西部山心、巫头和尾岛特殊环境条件下植被的性质及主要类型,初步分析了岛屿上主要森林植被群落的基本特点,并根据岛屿上主要植被类型组合、分布及与环境之间的关系,从植物生态学的角度上提出了森林植被恢复的途径。     

Reconstruction of local vegetation in ad 915 at an oligotrophic mire in northern Japan from pollen, present-day vegetation and tephra data

The use of data for present-day vegetation, modern and pretephra pollen have, together, allowed reconstruction of the spatial pattern of the vegetation of an oligotrophic mire, Shimo-kenashi Mire, in ad 915. The modern pollen data were compared with the surrounding vegetation, showing that pollen of Ericaceae, Rosaceae (excluding Sanguisorba), Sphagnum and Liliaceae, together with trees and shrubs, which form scrub or thicket, indicate the limits of the mires. Shimo-kenashi Mire was narrower in ad 915 and had more islands and peninsulas of scrub. Subsequently, the mire margin has advanced and the scrub islands and peninsulas have disappeared at some sites. The fact that the mire is spreading implies that conditions are wetter since ad 915, caused by changes in local hydrology. This history of vegetation at the site will contribute to the conservation and management of the mire as trends in vegetational change provide the basic information for conservation strategy.     

Phytogeography of bryophyte and lichen vegetation in the Windmill Islands,Wilkes Land,Continental Antarctica

The distribution and frequency of bryophyte and lichen vegetation on ice-free regions of the Windmill Islands are presented using data derived from aerial photography and ground surveying. The qualitative and quantitative plant cover of sites are listed and related to the topography and major soil characteristics of each site. The richest associations of macrolichens and bryophytes occurred on the metamorphic northern peninsulas. Species richness and frequency was generally reduced on the charnockitic southern peninsula and the islands which have been deglaciated longer. Salinity varied significantly throughout the region with the highest levels in the northern islands reflecting the presence of penguin colonies. In such sites bryophytes and lichens were virtually absent. Wind blown sea-spray contributed far less salts than direct excretion from penguins. On the peninsulas snow cover and site exposure appeared to delimit plant distribution. Higher salt levels from sea-spray on the northern aspects of the peninsulas seemed to have negligible impact on vegetation patterns with the possible exception ofBiatorella cerebriformis which was encountered only inland. The total phosphorus and nitrogen levels of the skeletal soils were generally low except in eutrophic sites adjacent to penguin colonies. The vegetation patterns are discussed in terms of the climate, topography and species autecology.     

The peninsula effect on bird species in native eucalypt forests in a wood production landscape in Australia

The peninsula effect – a decrease in species richness from the base to the tip of a peninsula – has been tested for a diverse range of taxa at continental and regional scales. We investigated the peninsula effect at a local scale by examining bird species occurrence in riparian strips (peninsulas) of native eucalypt forest within a radiata pine plantation in the Tumut region, south-eastern Australia. Peninsulas were elongated but 'blind' extensions of a core area of native eucalypt forest. Birds were surveyed by the area search method, within 1.0-ha quadrats established along peninsulas ( n =14), in October and November 2002. Data were analysed using generalized linear mixed models. A significant decrease in bird species richness from the base towards the tip of the peninsulas was observed. The proportion of large bird species recorded per quadrat showed a significant decrease from the base towards the tip of the peninsulas. This pattern was not observed for small birds. Several species were more abundant at the base of the peninsulas than away from the core area of eucalypt forest. The peninsula effect can occur locally in landscape mosaics. Factors leading to the observed patterns of species occurrence may be distinct from those proposed in investigations of the peninsula effect with a biogeographical (macroscale) context. In our microscale study, foraging incursions of individual birds from the core area of native forest through peninsulas were a major factor giving rise to higher bird species richness in the more basal portions of peninsulas.     

The occurrence of former heathland vegetation in the coastal areas of the south-east Baltic sea,in particular Lithuania: a review

Previously published pollen diagrams from the coastal area of the south-east Baltic Sea including parts of the Polish and Lithuanian peninsulas, Mierzeja Wilana (Frische Nehrung) and Kuri Nerija (Courland Spit) respectively, document the former presence of heathland vegetation and an associated burning practice. This type of human influence can be dated back to ca. 1200 B.P. at the latest, and was maintained until the 18th century. It is suggested that this former Calluna-dominated vegetation belonged to the known west to north-west European heathland vegetation. Several dwarf shrub taxa, such as Genista spp. and Erica tetralix, normally connected to heathland vegetation, may have had a former wider distribution.     

Peninsula effect and species richness gradient in terrestrial mammals on the Korean Peninsula and other peninsulas

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Microsatellite genetic structure and cytonuclear discordance in naturally fragmented populations of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)

The Great Lakes impose high levels of natural fragmentation on local populations of terrestrial animals in a way rarely found within continental ecosystems. Although separated by major water barriers, woodland deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis) populations on the islands and on the Upper Peninsula (UP) and Lower Peninsula (LP) of Michigan have previously been shown to have a mitochondrial DNA contact zone that is incongruent with the regional landscape. We analyzed 11 microsatellite loci for 16 populations of P. m. gracilis distributed across 2 peninsulas and 6 islands in northern Michigan to address the relative importance of geographical structure and inferred postglacial colonization patterns in determining the nuclear genetic structure of this species. Results showed relatively high levels of genetic structure for this species and a significant correlation between interpopulation differentiation and separation by water but little genetic structure and no isolation-by-distance within each of the 2 peninsulas. Genetic diversity was generally high on both peninsulas but lower and correlated to island size in the Beaver Island Archipelago. These results are consistent with the genetic and demographic isolation of Lower Peninsula populations, which is a matter of concern given the dramatic decline in P. m. gracilis abundance on the Lower Peninsula in recent years.     

A complex scenario of glacial survival in Mediterranean and continental refugia of a temperate continental vole species (Microtus arvalis) in Europe

The role of glacial refugia in shaping contemporary species distribution is a long-standing question in phylogeography and evolutionary ecology. Recent studies are questioning previous paradigms on glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization pathways in Europe, and more flexible phylogeographic scenarios have been proposed. We used the widespread common vole Microtus arvalis as a model to investigate the origin, locations of glacial refugia, and dispersal pathways, in the group of “Continental” species in Europe. We used a Bayesian spatiotemporal diffusion analysis (relaxed random walk model) of cytochrome b sequences across the species range, including newly collected individuals from 10 Iberian localities and published sequences from 68 localities across 22 European countries. Our data suggest that the species originated in Central Europe, and we revealed the location of multiple refugia (in both southern peninsulas and continental regions) for this continental model species. Our results confirm the monophyly of Iberian voles and the pre-LGM divergence between Iberian and European voles. We found evidence of restricted postglacial dispersal from refugia in Mediterranean peninsulas. We inferred a complex evolutionary and demographic history of M. arvalis in Europe over the last 50,000 years that does not adequately fit previous glacial refugial scenarios. The phylogeography of M. arvalis provides a paradigm of ice-age survival of a temperate continental species in western and eastern Mediterranean peninsulas (sources of endemism) and multiple continental regions (sources of postglacial spread). Our findings also provide support for a major role of large European river systems in shaping geographic boundaries of M. arvalis in Europe.     

Imprints of glacial refugia in the modern genetic diversity of Pinus sylvestris

Aim To understand the impact of glacial refugia and migration pathways on the modern genetic diversity of Pinus sylvestris. Location The study was carried out throughout Europe. Methods An extended set of data of pollen and macrofossil remains was used to locate the glacial refugia and reconstruct the migrating routes of P. sylvestris throughout Europe. A vegetation model was used to simulate the extent of the potential refugia during the last glacial period. At the same time a genetic survey was carried out on this species. Results The simulated distribution of P. sylvestris during the last glacial period is coherent with the observed fossil data, which showed a patchy distribution of the refugia between c. 40° N and 50° N. Several migrational fronts were detected within the Iberian and the Italian peninsulas, and outside the Hungarian plain and around the Alps. The modern mitochondrial DNA depicted three different haplotypes for P. sylvestris. Two distinct haplotypes were restricted to northern Spain and Italy, and the third haplotype dominated most of the present‐day remaining distribution range of P. sylvestris in Europe. Main conclusions During the last glacial period P. sylvestris was constrained under severe climatic conditions to survive in scattered and restricted refugial areas. Combining palaeoenvironmental data, vegetation modelling and the genetic data, we have shown that the long‐term isolation in the glacial refugia and the migrational process during the Holocene have played a major role in shaping the modern genetic diversity of P. sylvestris in Europe.     

Species richness, rarity and endemicity of European mammals: a biogeographical approach

This paper investigates the distribution of species richness, rarity and endemicity of European land mammals (bats and introduced species excluded). The highest level of species richness was in Central Europe, while Southern areas had the highest rarity and endemicity scores. The distribution of richness was affected by the location of sampling points in islands and peninsulas. After excluding these sampling points, richness continued to decrease Westward suggesting the existence of a large-scale peninsular effect on mammal distribution. These patterns of continental distribution of richness, rarity and endemicity could be the result of the distribution of refuge areas in the southern Mediterranean peninsulas, and the Pleistocene advances and retreats of mammals throughout the Western Palearctic. Thus, European mammal distribution can be interpreted on the basis of two different patterns of abundance distribution in which Palearctic species reduce their abundance from central-Europe outwards, while endemic, rare species show a similar depletion in the North. It should be useful to evaluate the role of the different regions in Europe in conserving the demographic interactions between central and peripheral populations of mammal species. Given the restricted distribution and potential small size of population, these endemic species are most likely to be susceptible to anthropogenic environmental degradation.