氨茶碱,环磷酸泉苷葡甲胺（MCA）对兔膈肌功能的影响

目的：观察氨茶碱、环磷酸腺苷葡甲胺对兔跨膈压及膈肌电活动的影响,以中肌疲劳的治疗效果提供实难依据。方法：刺激双侧膈神经４０ｍｉｎ复制膈肌疲劳（ＤｉＦ）动物模型,动物随机分三组（ｎ＝６）：氨茶碱组（１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）、ＭＣＡ组（１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）,合用组（氨茶碱１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ＋葡甲胺ｃＡＭＰ（１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）。于ＤｉＦ前、ＤｉＦ及给药后３０、６０ｍｉｎ记录中压（Ｐｄｉ）;记录膈肌肌电图（ＥＭＧｄｉ）并输     

兔膈肌力学模式对慢性电刺激的适应性改变和细胞外Ca …

目的：研究兔膈肌肌条力学对不同频率慢性电刺激（ＣＥＳ）的适应性变化特征和细胞外Ｃａ＾２＋变化夺其力学特征的影响。方法：测定正常对照组和ＣＥＳ组的颤搐收缩张力（Ｐｔ）、峰值张力时间（ＴＰＴ）、１／２松弛时间（１／２ＲＴ）、强直颤搐收缩张力（Ｐｏ）、疲劳指数（ＦＩ）和疲劳恢复指数（ＦＲＩ）;观察在无Ｃａ＾２＋Ｈａｎｋ’ｓ液和标准Ｈａｎｋ’ｓ液时肌条收缩张力消失和恢复的时间差异。结果：①同对照组作比较,     

刺激面神经核背内侧区及腹内侧区对颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动的影响

在４４只氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉、断双侧迷走神经的健康成年家兔上、观察电、化学刺激面神经核背内侧区和腹内侧区对颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动的影响。结果如下：（１）长串电脉冲刺激ｄＭＮＦ引起颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动明显增强;（２）短串电脉冲刺激ｄＭＦＮ,当刺激落用于吸气相时,引起颏舌肌和膈肌在呼气相的肌是有终止;（３）长串电脉冲刺激ｖＭＮＦ使颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动明显被抑制;（４）短中电脉冲刺激ｖＭＮＦ,当刺激落位有气相     

不同频率电刺激膈神经导致膈肌肌浆网Ca~(2 )-ATPase和Ca~(2 )释放-摄取动力学改变

研究不同频率慢性电刺激（ＣＥＳ）后兔膈肌肌浆网（ＳＲ）Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性以及ＳＲ Ｃａ２＋摄取－释放动力学对不同频率ＣＥＳ的适应性变化。建立不同频率ＣＥＳ组;用定磷法测定ＳＲ Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性;用Ｆｕｒａ－２荧光法测定ＳＲ　Ｃａ２＋摄取－释放动力学。与对照组比较,慢性低频电刺激１０ Ｈｚ和２０Ｈｚ组的ＳＲ　Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）,Ｃａ２＋释放－摄取动力学也显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）;慢性高频电刺激５０ Ｈｚ和１００Ｈｚ组的ＳＲ Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性则显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）,Ｃａ２＋释放－摄取动力学亦明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。实验提示,ＣＥＳ后不同频率ＣＥＳ导致膈肌ＳＲＣａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ、Ｃａ２＋摄取－释放动力学产生不同的适应性变化;对不同功能状态的膈肌应用不同频谱的慢性电刺激可能具有重要的临床意义。     

不同频率电刺激膈神经导致隔肌肌浆网Ca^2＋—ATPase和Ca^2＋释放—摄取动力学改变

研究不同频率慢性电刺激（CES）后兔膈肌肌浆网（SR）Ca^2 -ATPase活性以及SRC^2 摄取－释放动力学对不同频率CES的活应性变化,建立不同频率CES组,用定磷法测定SR Ca^2 -ATPaes活性,用Fura-2荧光法测定SR Ca^2 摄取－释放动力学,与对照组比较,慢性低频电刺激10Hz和20Hz组的SR Ca^2 －ATPase活性明显降低（P＜0．01）,Ca^2 释放－摄动力学也显著降低（P＜0．01）,慢性高频电刺激50Hz和100Hz组的SRCa^2 -ATPase活性则显著升高（P＜0．01）,Ca^2 释放－摄取动力学亦明显升高（P＜0．01）,实验提示,ECS后不同频率CES导致膈肌SRCa^2 -ATPase,Ca^2 摄取－释放动力学产生不同的适应性变化,对不同功能状态的膈应用不同频谱的慢性电刺激可能具有重要的临床意义。     

离体大鼠不均匀牵张膈肌标本上的神经肌肉传递

在离体大鼠不均匀牵张膈肌标木（ＩＮＳＭＰ）上选择合适终板,可用同一微电极记录同一终板的小终板电住（ＭＥＰＰ）和终板电位（ＥＰＰ）。膜电位为－６２±２ｍＶ,ＭＥＰＰ频率和幅度在正常值范围,ＥＰＰ幅度高于２０ｍＶ,用直接法计算的量子含量对细胞外Ｃａ２＋浓度双对数作图呈直线,斜率为４．０６。２、５０和１００Ｈ２串刺激诱发量子释放的统计学性质为二项分布。表明ＩＮＳＭＰ上合适终板可作为电生理学上接近正常生理状态的神经肌接头模型,并提示生理状态下神经肌接头突触前诱发量子释放的机率较高（５０Ｈｚ时ｐ＝０．９）,遵循二项分布规律,递质动员较快（５０ＨＺ时为２０５０ｓ－１）,以保证正常的神经肌肉传递。     

面神经核背内侧区和腹内侧我注射吗啡和纳络酮对颏舌肌和 …

目的和方法：静脉注射氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉,断双这走神经,在４８只成年健康家兔,观察面神经核背内侧区（ｄＭＮＦ）和腹内侧区（ｖＭＮＦ）注射微量吗啡和阿片受体拮抗剂－－纳络酮对颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动的影响。结果：在ｄＭＮＦ和ｖＭＮＦ内分别注射微量吗啡颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动明显被抑制,表现为肌电积分幅度降低。注射微量纳络酮,颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动明显增强,表现为肌电积分幅度升高,并且纳络酮对吗啡的抑制作用有反转效     

兔膈肌力学模式对慢性电刺激的适应性改变和细胞外Ca2+变化的影响研究

目的 :研究兔膈肌肌条力学对不同频率慢性电刺激 (CES)的适应性变化特征和细胞外Ca2 变化对其力学特征的影响。方法 :测定正常对照组和CES组的颤搐收缩张力 (Pt)、峰值张力时间 (TPT)、1/ 2松驰时间 (1/ 2RT)、强直颤搐收缩张力 (Po)、疲劳指数 (FI)和疲劳恢复指数 (FRI) ;观察在无Ca2 Hank’s液和标准Hank’s液时肌条收缩张力消失和恢复的时间差异。结果 :①同对照组作比较 ,10Hz和 2 0Hz组的Pt、Po、Pt/Po明显降低 (P <0 .0 1) ,TPT和 1/ 2Rt明显延长 (P <0 .0 1) ,FI和FRI明显下降 (P <0 .0 1)。 5 0Hz和 10 0Hz组出现完全相反的效应 (P<0 .0 1)。②细胞外Ca2 变化对CES各组肌条收缩张力的降低和恢复均有明显的影响 ,但以 10Hz和 2 0Hz组尤为显著 ,其收缩张力在较短的时间内明显降低 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :①膈肌肌条力学模式在不同频率CES后呈现出明显的频率依赖性 ;②细胞外Ca2 变化对慢性低频电刺激后的膈肌肌条力学的影响明显增加     

家兔膈神经呼气相电活动的观察

在52只麻醉兔和4只清醒兔上均观察到,自然呼吸时膈神经于呼气相有紧张性放电。同时引导膈肌肌电表明这种活动与膈肌紧张性的维持有关。这种电活动在切断引导电极外周段的膈神经后仍然存在。通气量不足、动脉血 PCO_2增加或 PO_2减少使其减少或消失;吸入纯氧或过度通气引起相反效应。切断窦神经或延髓腹外侧面化学敏感区局部贴敷浸有普鲁卡因的滤纸片,使膈神经呼气相放电增强;颈动脉窦区注入30—75μg NaCN 或将 pH=6的酸性人工脑脊液滤纸片贴于延髓化学敏感区,使膈神经呼气相放电减弱。本工作提示正常血气浓度及其变化经相同的外周和中枢化学感受机制同时发动两种调节过程:1.通过调节吸气肌位相性活动而调节肺通气量;2.通过调节吸气肌呼气相紧张性活动而调节肺机能余气量。     

钙蛋白酶抑制剂Calpeptin在脓毒症膈肌功能障碍中的作用研究

摘要 目的：探究钙蛋白酶抑制剂Calpeptin在脓毒症膈肌功能障碍中的保护作用及其分子机制。方法：通过腹腔内注射8 mg/kg LPS的方法构建大鼠脓毒症模型,将雄性SD大鼠分为3组（n=6/组）：正常对照组（Con组）、脓毒症组（Sepsis组）和钙蛋白酶抑制剂预处理组（Calpeptin组）。处死大鼠,快速分离大鼠膈肌组织,采用苏木精-伊红(HE)染色法检测膈肌组织病理学改变,通过实时荧光定量PCR法（qRT-PCR）分别检测膈肌组织中钙蛋白酶μ-Calpain、凋亡相关基因天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3（Caspase-3）、自噬相关蛋白Beclin-1、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和白介素-6（IL-6）mRNA表达水平。结果：与正常对照组相比,LPS处理24 h的脓毒症组大鼠膈肌组织HE染色未见明显膈肌萎缩改变,但膈肌收缩力下降,这与我们以往的研究结果一致。qRT-PCR法检测到脓毒症组大鼠膈肌组织中上述基因mRNA表达量明显增加（P<0.05）,而Calpeptin预处理后,上述基因mRNA表达水平显著下降（P<0.05）。结论：脓毒症时膈肌发生功能障碍,钙蛋白酶抑制剂Calpeptin可显著减轻LPS诱导的炎症、凋亡、自噬的激活。     

Effects and mechanism of action of terbutaline on diaphragmatic contractility and fatigue

We studied the effects of intravenously administered terbutaline on diaphragmatic force and fatigue during electrical stimulation of the diaphragm in 17 anesthetized dogs. The diaphragm was stimulated indirectly through the phrenic nerves with electrodes placed around the fifth roots and directly with electrodes surgically implanted in the abdominal side of each hemidiaphragm. Transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) during direct or indirect supramaximal 2-s stimulation applied over a frequency range of 10-100 Hz was measured with balloon catheters during tracheal occlusion at functional residual capacity. In seven dogs the administration of terbutaline (0.5 mg) had no effect on Pdi at any stimulation frequency applied directly or indirectly. The effect of terbutaline (0.5 mg) on diaphragmatic fatigue was then tested in 10 other dogs. Diaphragmatic fatigue was produced by continuous 20-Hz electrical supramaxial stimulation of the phrenic nerves during 30 min. At the end of the fatigue procedure Pdi decreased by 50 +/- 5 and 30 +/- 8% of control values at 10 and 100 Hz, respectively, for either direct or indirect stimulation. The decrease in Pdi for low frequencies of stimulation (10 and 20 Hz) lasted 100 +/- 18 min, whereas it lasted only 40 +/- 10 min for the high frequencies (50 and 100 Hz). When terbutaline (0.5 mg) was administered after the fatiguing procedure, Pdi increased within 15 min by 20 +/- 4% at 10 Hz and by 12 +/- 3% at 100 Hz for either direct or indirect stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Bilateral phrenic stimulation: a simple technique to assess diaphragmatic fatigue in humans

Transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) and the rate of relaxation of the diaphragm (tau) were measured at functional residual capacity (FRC) in six normal seated subjects during single-twitch stimulation of both phrenic nerves. The latter were stimulated supramaximally with needle electrodes with square-wave impulses of 0.1-ms duration at 1 Hz before and after diaphragmatic fatigue produced by resistive loaded breathing. Constancy of chest wall configuration was achieved by monitoring the diameter of the abdomen and the rib cage with a respiratory inductive plethysmograph system. During control the peak Pdi generated during the phrenic stimulation amounted to 34.4 +/- 4.2 (SE) cmH2O and represented in each subject a fixed fraction (17%) of its maximal transdiaphragmatic pressure. After diaphragmatic fatigue the peak Pdi decreased by an average of 45%, amounting to 18.1 +/- 2.7 cmH2O 5 min after the fatigue run, and tau increased from 55.2 +/- 9 ms during control to 77 +/- 8 ms 5 min after the fatigue run. The decrease in peak Pdi and the increase in tau observed after the fatigue run persisted throughout the 30 min of the recovery period studied, the peak Pdi amounting to 18.4 +/- 2.8 and 18.9 +/- 3.3 cmH2O and tau to 81.3 +/- 5.7 and 88.7 +/- 10 ms at 15 and 30 min after the end of the fatigue run, respectively. It is concluded that diaphragmatic fatigue can be detected in man by bilateral phrenic stimulation with needle electrodes without any discomfort for the subject and that the decrease in diaphragmatic strength after fatigue is long lasting.     

Arterial CO2 partial pressure affects diaphragmatic function

The purpose of this study was to examine in an in vivo preparation acute variations of PCO2 on diaphragmatic contractility. Plaster casts were snugly fit around the abdomen of six open-chested dogs, moving the abdominal contents rostrally. Diaphragmatic contractions against this very fixed load in response to phrenic nerve stimulation (supramaximal voltage at 1, 20, 50, and 80 Hz) or during spontaneous inspiratory efforts were virtually isometric (quasi-isometric). Transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) measured by an abdominal balloon was used as an index of diaphragmatic contractility. Arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) was reduced by hyperventilation and raised by increasing PICO2. Pdi values in response to stimulation at 1, 20, 50, and 80 Hz in ranges I (PaCO2 = 0-19 Torr) and II (PaCO2 = 20-34 Torr) did not differ statistically from the control Pdi values (range III; PaCO2 = 35-45 Torr). In range IV (PaCO2 = 46-70 Torr) Pdi values for stimulations of 20, 50, and 80 Hz were significantly lower than control. In range V (PaCO2 = 71-90 Torr), VI (PaCO2 = 91-101 Torr), and VII (PaCO2 greater than or equal to 102 Torr) Pdi values were significantly less than those in range IV at all frequencies of stimulation. In the four dogs measured during spontaneous inspiratory efforts the integrated diaphragmatic electromyogram (Edi) was correlated with the Pdi. As PaCO2 rose (range III to VII), the Pdi values observed at 25, 50, 75, 100% of the maximum Edi (of range III) were significantly lower than the Pdi value of range III.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Relationship among EMG and contractile responses of the diaphragm elicited by hypotension

In a canine model, we investigated the effects of severe hypotension on the indexes of diaphragmatic failure. We measured 1) the transdiaphragmatic pressure obtained in response to 20- and 100-Hz stimulation of phrenic nerves (Pdi20 and Pdi100), 2) the power spectrum of diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMG), 3) the ratio of integrated diaphragmatic EMG to Pdi (Edi/Pdi), and 4) the rate of relaxation of Pdi100 and Pdi20. Arterial blood pressure (Pa) was reduced to 40-50 mmHg by a balloon inflated in the inferior vena cava and was maintained at this level until Pdi100 declined to 75% of the control value (100% shock time, ST). A recovery period of 60 min at normal Pa was allowed. During hypotension, Pdi100 and Pdi20 declined only at 100% ST [95.0 +/- 13.0 (SE) min]; however, only Pdi100 recovered within 15 min. The power spectrum shifted to low frequencies early and progressively during shock period. Edi/Pdi rose significantly at 80 and 100% ST and recovered within 15 min. The relaxation rate of Pdi20 and Pdi100 increased significantly at 100% ST only. We conclude that 1) diaphragmatic contractility is depressed during severe hypotension, 2) changes in the power spectrum occurred first in the shock state, followed by alterations in Edi/Pdi, and subsequently both changes in the frequency-pressure curve and relaxation rate occurred last.     

Effect of digitalis on the diaphragm in anesthetized dogs

We examined the effect of digitalis on diaphragmatic contractility and fatigability in 19 anesthetized mechanically ventilated dogs. The diaphragmatic force was assessed from transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) developed at functional residual capacity against an occluded airway during cervical phrenic nerve stimulation. In a first group of five dogs, Pdi-stimulus frequency relationships were compared before and after administration of ouabain in doses of 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 mg/kg. In a second group, diaphragmatic fatigue was produced by bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation at 30 Hz. Ten seconds of stimulation and 15 s of mechanical ventilation were repeated for 30 min. The rates of decrease in Pdi were compared between two groups, one of 0.05 mg/kg deslanoside-treated dogs (n = 7) and one of nontreated dogs (n = 7). After ouabain administration Pdi was significantly greater at each frequency in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, the rate of decrease in Pdi in the deslanoside group was significantly smaller than that in the nontreated group, whereas deslanoside did not greatly change the Pdi-frequency curves in fresh diaphragm. We conclude that ouabain improves contractility of the fresh diaphragm and that deslanoside has a protective effect against fatigability.     

Effects of endotoxic shock on diaphragmatic function in mechanically ventilated rats.

Diaphragmatic function was investigated in mechanically ventilated rats during endotoxic shock (group E, n = 18) and after saline solution injection (group C, n = 8). Endotoxic shock was produced by a 1-min injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin (10 mg/kg iv) suspended in saline. Diaphragmatic strength was assessed before (T0) and 15 (T15) and 60 (T60) min after injection by measuring transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) generated during bilateral phrenic stimulation at 0.5, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 Hz. Diaphragmatic neuromuscular transmission was assessed by measuring the integrated electrical activity of the diaphragm. Diaphragmatic endurance was assessed 75 min after injection from the rate of Pdi decline after a 30-s continuous 10-Hz phrenic stimulation. In 16 additional animals, diaphragmatic glycogen content was determined 60 min after inoculation with endotoxin (n = 8) or 0.9% sodium chloride solution (n = 8). Diaphragmatic resting membrane potential (Em) was measured in 16 additional animals 60 min after endotoxin (n = 8) or saline injection (n = 8). Mean blood pressure decreased from 74 +/- 3 to 53 +/- 6 mmHg at T60 in group E, whereas it was maintained in group C. At T60 Pdi was decreased in group E for frequencies of 50 and 100 Hz and was associated with a decreased diaphragmatic electromyographic activity of 25.3 +/- 2.5 and 26.5 +/- 5.2% for 50- and 100-Hz stimulations, respectively, in comparison with T0 values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Relationship of diaphragmatic contractility to diaphragmatic blood flow in newborn lambs

We determined the relationship of diaphragmatic contraction rate to diaphragmatic blood flow (Qdi), metabolism, and contractility in nine open-chested mechanically ventilated newborn lambs. The diaphragm was paced for 15 min at slow (20/min) and fast (100/min) contraction rates each followed by a 30-min rest period. There was a mild reduction in transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) during the slow contraction period accompanied by a shift to the right of the curve relating stimulation frequency (10-100 Hz) to Pdi. Pdi returned to control at the start of the fast contraction period, but then fell by 30% within 2 min with continued fast contraction rates. The frequency-Pdi curve was significantly shifted to the right. Qdi, O2 transport, and O2 consumption increased during slow contraction and to an even greater extent during fast contraction. Fractional O2 extraction reached an apparent maximum during slow contraction. Lactate efflux from the right phrenic vein during slow contraction remained unchanged from control. During fast contraction lactate efflux rose proportionately more than did O2 consumption. We conclude that the energy demands at fast rates of diaphragmatic contraction in newborn lambs cannot be met by aerobic metabolism alone despite increasing O2 transport to the diaphragm.     

Diaphragm fatigue induced by inspiratory resistive loading in spontaneously breathing rabbits

Diaphragmatic contractility was assessed in spontaneously breathing ketamine-anesthetized rabbits by measuring the strength of diaphragmatic contraction in response to bilateral supramaximal phrenic nerve stimulation at frequencies between 10 and 100 Hz. During 10-180 min of inspiratory resistive loading, contractility decreased by approximately 40%, and hypoxemia and both respiratory and lactic acidosis developed. After 10 min of recovery, both the response to high-frequency stimulation (100 Hz) and the arterial PO2 and PCO2 returned to base-line levels, whereas metabolic acidosis and reduced response to low-frequency stimulation (10-20 Hz) persisted. Similar levels of hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis in the absence of inspiratory resistive loading did not alter diaphragmatic contractility. We conclude that in anesthetized rabbits excessive inspiratory resistive loading results in partially reversible diaphragm fatigue of the high- and low-frequency types, accompanied by hypoventilation and lactic acidosis.     

Diaphragmatic function during hypoxemia: neonatal and developmental aspects

The effect of acute hypoxemia on diaphragmatic force output was studied in five young (age 4-8 days, wt 1.3-2.2 kg) and five older (age 16-19 days, wt 2.8-3.3 kg), anesthetized, spontaneously breathing piglets. Diaphragmatic force output was assessed by analysis of the transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) generated during an occluded inspiratory effort, at end-expiratory lung volume, triggered by supramaximal transvenous stimulation of both phrenic nerves at frequencies of 20, 30, 50, and 100 Hz. During pressure measurements, the piglets were fitted with a rigid plaster cast covering the abdomen and lower third of the chest to ensure a consistency in diaphragmatic shortening during phrenic nerve stimulation. Pdi was measured under base-line conditions [inspired O2 fractional concentration (FIO2) = 0.50] and after 10 min of hypoxemia induced by breathing 12-14% FIO2. Pdi was significantly less than base line during acute hypoxemia at all frequencies of stimulation in both young and older piglets. The decline in the older piglets' Pdi during hypoxemia was significantly greater than that seen in younger piglets. We conclude that acute hypoxemia impairs the capacity of the developing piglet diaphragm to generate force. Furthermore, our data suggest that the young piglet is more resistant to the depressant effects of hypoxemia when compared to its older counterpart.     

Effects of hypocalcemia on diaphragmatic strength generation

We studied the effects of hypocalcemia on diaphragmatic force and diaphragm blood flow (Qdi) in 12 anesthetized dogs. The diaphragm was electrically stimulated with intramuscular electrodes surgically implanted in the ventral surface of each hemidiaphragm. The transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) during supramaximal (50 V) 2-s stimulations applied over a frequency range of 10-100 Hz was measured with balloon catheters during tracheal occlusion at functional residual capacity. A catheter was placed via the femoral vein into the left inferior phrenic vein, and Qdi was measured by timed volume collections of left inferior venous effluent. A catheter was introduced in a femoral artery to monitor blood pressure (BP). In five additional dogs, the force generated by the sartorius muscle during electrical stimulation was also studied concomitantly to diaphragmatic force. The animals were mechanically ventilated throughout the experiment, and the arterial blood gases and pH were maintained constant. Hypocalcemia was induced by a continuous infusion of EGTA (70 mg X kg-1 X h-1), which led to a progressive decrease (P less than 0.0001) of ionized calcium plasmatic level from 2.21 +/- 0.4 meq/1 during control to 1.69 +/- 0.06, 1.25 +/- 0.5, and 1.07 +/- 0.5 meq/1 after 30, 60, and 120 min, respectively. Hypocalcemia decreased progressively Pdi, which amounted to 84 +/- 3 (P less than 0.001) and 98 +/- 2% of control values for the low frequencies (10 and 20 Hz) and the high frequencies (50 and 100 Hz), respectively, after 30 min of EGTA infusion and to 74 +/- 5 and 79 +/- 6% for the low and high frequencies, respectively, after 120 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)