基于啮食泡沫塑料黄粉虫肠道菌群中聚苯乙烯生物降解的探究

【背景】石油基塑料垃圾污染具有高度的化学惰性而不易分解,严重威胁着生态和海洋环境,筛选其高效降解菌并利用生物法治理塑料污染具有重要意义。【目的】聚苯乙烯是其中一种不能降解且用途广泛的塑料。近期有研究报道黄粉虫幼虫可啮食聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料。本文以啮食聚苯乙烯白色泡沫塑料的黄粉虫幼虫为研究材料,以期从肠道菌群中分离聚苯乙烯降解菌。【方法】分别以聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料与麦麸(对照组)为唯一食物来源饲喂黄粉虫幼虫,经过60 d的驯化,采用多种培养基对幼虫肠道提取液及虫体粪便排泄物进行分离、培养;通过形态学特征观察、扫描电镜与16S rRNA基因、ITS序列分析扩增、测定,根据序列信息构建系统进化树确定菌株的分类地位;将真菌菌种分别接种于加有PS膜片与颗粒的液体培养基中振荡培养,对膜片的力学性能变化进行测定,并对聚苯乙烯颗粒失重率进行计算。【结果】从幼虫粪便中分离的2株好氧菌分别被鉴定为Bacillus anthracis Ames PSI-1和Enterobacter cloacae PSI-2,从肠道中分离的真菌被鉴定为Aspergillus niger KHJ-1;电镜检测PS膜片表面出现大量孔洞,并且膜片疏水性减弱而亲水性增强,膜片的断裂伸长率与拉伸强度等力学性能也显著下降;真菌KHJ-1对PS颗粒的60 d降解测定中,发现PS颗粒由5 g原始重量减少了214.8 mg,失重率为4.29%。【结论】黄粉虫肠道中存在可以降解聚苯乙烯塑料的菌株,具有开发为新型降解聚苯乙烯高分子塑料的潜力。     

大蜡螟和黄粉虫肠道菌中聚乙烯地膜降解细菌的筛选及其降解性能

【背景】在我国农业生产中大量使用的聚乙烯(polyethylene,PE)地膜难以降解,在土壤中长期累积影响农作物生长并破坏生态环境,发掘微生物资源,寻求聚乙烯生物降解途径对治理"白色污染"具有重要意义。【目的】以不同来源的啮食塑料昆虫大蜡螟、黄粉虫为材料,从肠道菌群中分离筛选出对PE具有降解能力的细菌菌株,研究其降解农用地膜的效能。【方法】饲喂PE膜片驯化大蜡螟、黄粉虫幼虫,采集肠道液富集培养、共代谢驯化、选择培养基筛选等方法从肠道细菌中分离出以PE为唯一碳源的细菌菌株。将菌株接种到以PE膜片为唯一碳源的培养基中共培养,通过测定菌体生长量,定期检测膜片失重率,结合高分辨场发射扫描电子显微镜观察、红外扫描分析和膜片力学性能测定,评价菌株对聚乙烯地膜的降解效果。对筛选出的降解性能良好的菌株通过16S rRNA基因扩增和序列分析进行菌株鉴定。【结果】从新疆蜜蜂蜂巢中的土著大蜡螟肠道分离获得的聚乙烯降解菌菌株最多,其聚乙烯的降解效率高于其他来源的分离菌株。从中筛选出具有较高降解能力的3个菌株XJDLM-3、XJDLM-8和XJDLM-12,它们能利用PE膜片生长,扫描电镜观察经过30 d降解...     

Secretion of beta-glycosidase by middle midgut cells and its recycling in the midgut of Tenebrio molitor larvae

There are four β-glycosidases (βgly1, βgly2, βgly3, and βgly4) in Tenebrio molitor midgut larvae. βgly1 and βgly2 have identical kinetic properties, and differ in a few amino acid residues. Purified βgly1 was used to raise antibodies in a rabbit. The resulting antiserum recognizes in a Western blot only βgly1 and βgly2 in midgut tissue homogenates and contents. An immunocytochemical study carried out using confocal fluorescence and immunogold techniques showed that βgly1+βgly2 are secreted by exocytosis mainly from the distal part of the second third of T. molitor midguts. This is the first immunocytochemical study of an insect digestive enzyme that does not have polymers as substrates. Enzyme assays with 0.3 mM amygdalin, a condition that detects only βgly1+βgly2, revealed that most of those β-glycosidases are found in the lumen of anterior and middle midgut. This supports the hypothesis that a countercurrent flux of fluid occurs in T. molitor midgut that is able to carry βgly1 and βgly2 to anterior midgut, in agreement with the enzyme recycling mechanism thought to occur in most insects.     

Fractionation of digestive proteinases from Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae and role in protein digestion

Tenebrio molitor larval digestive proteinases were purified and characterized by gel filtration chromatography combined with activity electrophoresis. Cysteine proteinases, consisting of at least six distinct activities, were found in three chromatographic peaks in anterior and posterior midgut chromatographies. The major activity in the anterior midgut, peak cys II, consisted of cysteine proteinases with Mm of 23 kDa. The predominant peak in the posterior, cys I, was represented by 38 kDa proteinases. The activities of all cysteine proteinases were maximal in buffers from pH 5.0 to 7.0, with 80% stability at pH values from 4.0 to 7.0. In the conditions of the last third of the midgut, the activity and stability of cysteine proteinases was sharply decreased. Trypsin-like activity included a minor peak of "heavy" trypsins with Mm 59 kDa, located mainly in the anterior midgut. An in vitro study of the initial stages of digestion of the main dietary protein, oat 12S globulin, by anterior midgut proteinases revealed that hydrolysis occurred through the formation of intermediate high-Mm products, similar to those formed during oat seed germination. Cysteine proteinases from the cys III peak and heavy trypsins were capable of only limited proteolysis of the protein, whereas incubation with cys II proteinases resulted in substantial hydrolysis of the globulin.     

利福平对红裸须摇蚊幼虫肠道微生物群落结构及功能的潜在影响北大核心

【目的】摇蚊是水生生态系统中重要的昆虫种类之一,其肠道微生物与个体生长发育、环境适应等过程密切相关,本研究旨在探究抗生素处理对摇蚊幼虫肠道微生物群落结构及功能的潜在影响。【方法】利用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序技术对利福平处理的红裸须摇蚊(Propsilocerus akamusi)幼虫肠道内容物中的菌群进行分析和比较,应用Tax4Fun法对其肠道菌群功能进行预测。【结果】利福平处理能够改变红裸须摇蚊幼虫肠道群落结构和多样性,宿主肠道菌群中拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)(P<0.05)以及脱铁杆菌门(Deferribacterota)(P<0.001)的相对丰度显著上升,而变形菌门(Proteobacteria)与厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度有所下降。在属水平上,利福平处理使耶尔森菌属(Yersinia)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)的相对丰度有所降低,其中脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)显著降低。与此同时,共线性网络分析表明利福平处理后细菌群落稳定性大幅下降,菌种之间关联性显著减弱。通过京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)通路注释预测出红裸须摇蚊幼虫肠道菌群基因与基因信息处理、新陈代谢、人类疾病等功能相关,利福平处理可以使肠道菌群基因的抗药性功能显著上升,而内分泌和代谢疾病功能显著下降。【结论】研究结果揭示了抗生素利福平对红裸须摇蚊幼虫肠道细菌群落结构及功能的潜在影响,为进一步探索摇蚊肠道菌群发挥的必要作用奠定理论基础。     

Comparative study of insecticide susceptibility and activities of detoxification enzymes in larvae and adults of cotton bollworm,Heliothis armigera

Susceptibility of moths and larvae of cotton bollworm to ten different insecticides by topical application and their effect on enzymes involved in insecticide detoxification were determined. The moths were more susceptible than larvae to the insecticides tested, with the exception of pyrethroids and sulprofos. Combination of several insecticides with the synergists piperonyl butoxide (PB) and S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (TBPT) showed that lower level of carbamate and organophosphate toxicity in larvae, as compared to moths, was the result of higher detoxification enzyme activities. Studies of the post-treatment fate of ¹⁴C-labeled malathion and ³H-trans-permethrin indicated that both the cuticular penetration, internal accumulation, and excretion of applied toxicants and their metabolites occurred more rapidly in larvae than in moths. The activities in vitro of esterases, glutathione S-transferases, and monooxygenases were determined but there were no correlations with either toxicity of insecticides or synergistic effect for combination of insecticides with PB and TBPT in moths. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The role of intestinal stem cell within gut homeostasis: Focusing on its interplay with gut microbiota and the regulating pathways

Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) play an important role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis via promoting a healthy gut barrier. Within the stem cell niche, gut microbiota linking the crosstalk of dietary influence and host response has been identified as a key regulator of ISCs. Emerging insights from recent research reveal that ISC and gut microbiota interplay regulates epithelial self-renewal. This article reviews the recent knowledge on the key role of ISC in their local environment (stem cell niche) associating with gut microbiota and their metabolites as well as the signaling pathways. The current progress of intestinal organoid culture is further summarized. Subsequently, the key challenges and future directions are discussed.     

Variation in the pH of experimental diets affects the performance of Lymantria dispar asiatica larvae and its gut microbiota

To study dietary pH effects on Lymantria dispar asiatica larvae and provide a theoretical basis for its control in different forests, phosphate buffers (PBs) of pH 6, 7, and 8 were used to prepare experimental diets. The diet prepared with pH 6 PB was named as DPB6, with pH 8 PB as DPB8, and with pH 7 PB as DPB7 (control). The dietary pH was 5.00 in DPB6, 6.05 in control, and 6.50 in DPB8. After feeding on the diets with different pH values for 84 hr, fourth-instar caterpillars were randomly collected. Growth and various physiological traits were determined and 16S recombinant DNA sequencing was performed using the intestinal microflora of surviving larvae. Results showed that the mortality was 30% in DPB6, and 10% in DPB8, while no mortality was observed in control. The partial least squares discriminant analyses suggested that diets prepared with PB of different pH resulted in different food intake, amount of produced feces, weight gain, digestive enzyme activities, and antioxidant enzyme activities in larvae. Interestingly, both the highest weight gain and the lowest total antioxidant capacities were seen in control larvae. Results also showed that the larval gut microbiota community structure was significantly affected by dietary pH. Moreover, linear discriminant analysis effect size suggested that the family Acetobacteraceae in control, genus Prevotella in DPB8, and genus Lactococcus, family Flavobacteriaceae, family Mitochondria, and family Burkholderiaceae in DPB6 contributed to the diversity of the larval gut microbial community.     

The role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis: current challenges and perspectives

Brain and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are intimately connected to form a bidirectional neurohumoral communication system. The communication between gut and brain, knows as the gut-brain axis, is so well established that the functional status of gut is always related to the condition of brain. The researches on the gut-brain axis were traditionally focused on the psychological status affecting the function of the GI tract. However, recent evidences showed that gut microbiota communicates with the brain via the gut-brain axis to modulate brain development and behavioral phenotypes. These recent fi ndings on the new role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis implicate that gut microbiota could associate with brain functions as well as neurological diseases via the gut-brain axis. To elucidate the role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis, precise identification of the composition of microbes constituting gut microbiota is an essential step. However, identifi cation of microbes constituting gut microbiota has been the main technological challenge currently due to massive amount of intestinal microbes and the diffi culties in culture of gut microbes. Current methods for identifi cation of microbes constituting gut microbiota are dependent on omics analysis methods by using advanced high tech equipment. Here, we review the association of gut microbiota with the gut-brain axis, including the pros and cons of the current high throughput methods for identifi cation of microbes constituting gut microbiota to elucidate the role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis.     

运动调控肠道菌群在阿尔茨海默病防治中的应用

阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer's disease,AD）是一种起病隐匿且呈进行性发展的中枢神经系统退行性疾病,以记忆障碍、语言功能和其他认知能力衰退为主要症状,可导致患者日常生活能力下降,出现精神行为异常,给家庭和社会带来极大的负担。肠道菌群已被发现不仅是免疫和代谢健康的重要组成部分,而且对胃肠道和中枢神经系统的发育具有重要作用。运动医学作为一种新兴的治疗手段,能显著改善肠道菌群紊乱,调节脾胃功能,改善代谢和睡眠,延缓AD的进程。本文通过总结运动及其相关因素对肠道菌群的影响,探讨AD的预防和控制。

     

Alternative spermidine biosynthetic route is critical for growth of Campylobacter jejuni and is the dominant polyamine pathway in human gut microbiota

The availability of fully sequenced bacterial genomes has revealed that many species known to synthesize the polyamine spermidine lack the spermidine biosynthetic enzymes S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase. We found that such species possess orthologues of the sym-norspermidine biosynthetic enzymes carboxynorspermidine dehydrogenase and carboxynorspermidine decarboxylase. By deleting these genes in the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, we found that the carboxynorspermidine decarboxylase orthologue is responsible for synthesizing spermidine and not sym-norspermidine in vivo. In polyamine auxotrophic gene deletion strains of C. jejuni, growth is highly compromised but can be restored by exogenous sym-homospermidine and to a lesser extent by sym-norspermidine. The alternative spermidine biosynthetic pathway is present in many bacterial phyla and is the dominant spermidine route in the human gut, stomach, and oral microbiomes, and it appears to have supplanted the S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase/spermidine synthase pathway in the gut microbiota. Approximately half of the gut Firmicutes species appear to be polyamine auxotrophs, but all encode the potABCD spermidine/putrescine transporter. Orthologues encoding carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase and carboxyspermidine decarboxylase are found clustered with an array of diverse putrescine biosynthetic genes in different bacterial genomes, consistent with a role in spermidine, rather than sym-norspermidine biosynthesis. Due to the pervasiveness of ε-proteobacteria in deep sea hydrothermal vents and to the ubiquity of the alternative spermidine biosynthetic pathway in that phylum, the carboxyspermidine route is also dominant in deep sea hydrothermal vents. The carboxyspermidine pathway for polyamine biosynthesis is found in diverse human pathogens, and this alternative spermidine biosynthetic route presents an attractive target for developing novel antimicrobial compounds.     

Divergent roles for the gut intraepithelial lymphocyte GLP-1R in control of metabolism,microbiota, and T cell-induced inflammation

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Cholecystokinin and tryptic activity in the gut and body of developing Atlantic halibut larvae: evidence for participation in the regulation of protein digestion

At 7 days after first feeding (DAFF), the peptide hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) content (fmol individual^?1) and the tryptic activity [μmol arginine‐methyl‐coumarinyl‐7‐amide (MCA) min^?1 individual^?1] per individual gut of Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus larvae were low: 0·2 ± 0·1 and 0·14 ± 0·10, respectively. Thereafter, both parameters increased with the increase in gut mass and reached 19·67 ± 5·58 and 2·71 ± 0·64 at 26 DAFF, respectively. Due to the small sample size, the dry mass (M_G, mg) of the individual gut could not be determined accurately at 7 DAFF. At 13 DAFF M_G represented 5·5% of whole body dry mass (M_w, mg) while at 26 DAFF it had increased to 23%. The mass specific tryptic activity [μmol MCA min^?1 per mg dry mass (M)] in the gut increased from 2·74 ± 1 ± 98 at 13 DAFF to 5·00 ± 0·78 at 26 DAFF. There was more individual variation in the mass specific CCK content (fmol M^?1) but no significant differences were found, although the data indicated an increase (from 23·38 ± 11·26 at 13 DAFF to 36·27 ± 8·96 fmol M^?1 at 26 DAFF). At 7 DAFF the CCK content of the gut represented c. 2% of the whole body CCK content while it increased to c. 62% of the whole body CCK content at 26 DAFF. This demonstrates that it is necessary to separate neural and gastrointestinal sources of CCK in order to determine its alimentary role in fish larvae. Trypsin activity was only found in the gut compartment. In larvae aged 45 DAFF dietary proteins delivery into the gut by tube‐feeding appeared to stimulate post‐prandial secretion of CCK from the gut as well as stimulate pancreatic trypsin secretion, suggesting that both factors contribute to protein digestion.     

Proteomic identification of a role for the von Hippel Lindau tumour suppressor in changes in the expression of mitochondrial proteins and septin 2 in renal cell carcinoma

The von Hippel Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor gene, VHL, plays a central role in development of sporadic conventional renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). Studying VHL function may, therefore, increase understanding of the pathogenesis of RCC and identify markers/therapeutic targets. Comparison of 2-DE protein profiles of VHL-defective RCC cells (UMRC2) transfected with control vector or wild-type VHL showed differences in 30 proteins, including several novel changes. One of the findings confirmed by Western blotting was up-regulation of the mitochondrial protein ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase complex core protein 2 following VHL transfection, a change that was also observed in two other cell line backgrounds. A marked decrease in expression of this and several other mitochondrial proteins was demonstrated in RCC tissues and using VHL-transfectants, several were shown to exhibit VHL-dependent regulation. Thus, VHL may contribute to the decreased mitochondrial function seen in RCC. A form of septin 2 down-regulated following VHL transfection was also identified. Septin 2 was up-regulated in 12/16 RCCs, while alteration of the form present was also observed in 1/3 tumours analysed. Thus, increased expression of septin 2 is a common event in RCC and protein modification may also alter septin 2 function in a subset of tumours.     

SNARE VTI13 plays a unique role in endosomal trafficking pathways associated with the vacuole and is essential for cell wall organization and root hair growth in arabidopsis

Background and Aims

Root hairs are responsible for water and nutrient uptake from the soil and their growth is responsive to biotic and abiotic changes in their environment. Root hair expansion is a polarized process requiring secretory and endosomal pathways that deliver and recycle plasma membrane and cell wall material to the growing root hair tip. In this paper, the role of VTI13 (AT3G29100), a member of the VTI vesicular soluble NSF attachment receptor (SNARE) gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana, in root hair growth is described.

Methods

Genetic analysis and complementation of the vti13 root hair phenotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana were first used to assess the role of VTI13 in root hair growth. Transgenic lines expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP)–VTI13 construct were used to characterize the intracellular localization of VTI13 in root hairs using confocal microscopy and immunotransmission electron microscopy.

Key Results

VTI13 was characterized and genetic analysis used to show that its function is required for root hair growth. Expression of a GFP–VTI13 fusion in the vti13 mutant background was shown to complement the vti13 root hair phenotype. GFP–VTI13 localized to both the vacuole membrane and a mobile endosomal compartment. The function of VTI13 was also required for the localization of SYP41 to the trans-Golgi network. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that cell wall organization is altered in vti13 root hairs and root epidermal cells.

Conclusions

These results show that VTI13 plays a unique role in endosomal trafficking pathways associated with the vacuole within root hairs and is essential for the maintenance of cell wall organization and root hair growth in arabidopsis.