高山植物圆锥南芥的光合系统耐热性及其修复机制(英文)

高温胁迫包括极端高温和中高温,严重影响了植物的一系列生理活动,尤其是光合作用,而植物应对极端高温和中高温胁迫具有不同的策略。高山植物因长期生长于相对寒冷的环境中,相比而言应缺少对高温胁迫的适应机制。本文以圆锥南芥作为一种高山模式植物来探索其在中高温下是否表现出耐热能力,如果具有耐热能力,那么在光合方面与拟南芥存在怎样的差异。研究发现,圆锥南芥在中高温处理后具有更高的光化学效率及快速可逆的恢复过程,表现出了较强的耐热能力。两物种的F0没有明显的差异,而圆锥南芥在热处理后及恢复过程中具有更高的Fm,促进其快速光合修复。在热处理后,非光化学能量耗散快速瞬时上升,及时保护光系统II免受光损伤和热伤害,另外,HSP101蛋白迅速诱导可能启动了光化学修复。最后,圆锥南芥在严重高温处理后具有更高的存活率再次验证了它在中高温下的耐热能力。结果表明,圆锥南芥具有更耐热的光合系统以及有效的光合修复机制来耐受中高温胁迫。     

圆锥南芥适应高山环境极端高温的系统性耐热能力

高山生态系统的主要气候特征是温度变化幅度较大,目前研究主要集中于高山植物的抗冻机制,而很少关注其对极端高温（高于45℃）的适应性。本研究发现高山物种圆锥南芥跟拟南芥比,具有更强的基础耐热性和获得性耐热性。通过叶绿素荧光检测发现在极端高温下,圆锥南芥具有更稳定的光系统II和更有效的能量耗散机制来维持更高水平的光合效率。通过电导率和丙二醛含量的检测发现圆锥南芥的膜伤害更小,膜流动性与脂肪酸链的长度和不饱和度紧密相关,圆锥南芥脂肪酸具有更低的16∶3含量,更长的碳链,不饱和度没有明显的变化,这些可能有助于维持膜的稳定。另外,更高表达量的HSP101和HSP70可能为圆锥南芥提供了更好的保护作用。以上结果表明,圆锥南芥能利用生理生化活动的调整来适应高山环境中的极端高温,这种耐热策略与低地耐热植物相似,因此圆锥南芥具有系统性耐热能力,可以作为研究植物耐热分子机制的模式物种。     

高温胁迫下苋菜的叶绿素荧光特性

为了探明高温胁迫对苋菜(Amaranthus tricolor L.)光合过程的影响,用不同温度(25、30、35、40、45℃)处理苋菜植株1h后,随即测定了其叶绿素荧光动力学参数和快速光响应曲线特征参数的变化.结果表明:40℃以上高温胁迫下,苋菜叶片的光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)下降;最大荧光(Fm)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Yield)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)也均有所下降;而初始荧光(F.)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)在40℃以上高温胁迫下显著上升.叶绿素荧光快速光响应曲线测定结果表明,初始斜率α、最大相对电子传递速率ETRmax和半饱和光强Ik在40℃以上高温胁迫下有所下降.研究表明,40℃以上高温胁迫对苋菜的光能的吸收、转换、光合电子传递和强光耐受能力等均有一定的影响.     

高温对仁用杏光合特性及PSⅡ光化学活性的影响

为探讨高温胁迫下仁用杏叶片的光合适应机制,以科尔沁沙地生长的4年生'超仁'仁用杏为试材,设置环境温度为25℃、30℃、40℃和50℃处理,利用气体交换技术和快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线分析技术(JIP-test),研究了仁用杏叶片光合特性和PSⅡ光化学活性.结果表明:在一定温度范围内,随着温度升高,仁用杏通过提高光合色素含量和比例来维持光能的吸收、传递和转换能力,从而保证光合机构正常运转;当高温超过叶片自身生理调节限度后,叶绿素发生分解、净光合速率(Pn)明显下降、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)上升,说明光合作用的下降是由叶肉因素造成的.温度40℃导致单位面积有活性反应中心数量(RC/CSo)显著下降;而50℃高温下荧光诱导曲线中K点(Wk)和J点(Vj)明显增加,高温对仁用杏叶片放氧复合体(OEC)、受体侧和PsⅡ反应中心造成了伤害.此外,50℃高温还导致初始荧光(Fo)显著升高,为对照的2.26倍,PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和光化学性能指数(PI/ABS)分别下降为对照的37.9%和10.3%.高温损害了PSⅡ供体侧和受体侧的功能,造成光合效率下降,这是高温胁迫对仁用杏叶片光合机构伤害的主要机制之一.     

2,4-表油菜素内酯对高温胁迫下甜瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性和光合作用的影响

以耐热甜瓜品种红绿早脆和热敏感品种白玉香为材料,在人工气候箱内采用基质栽培法,研究了2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)处理对高温胁迫下甜瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性和光合作用的影响.结果显示:EBR能有效促进高温胁迫下甜瓜幼苗的生长,增加保护酶活性,增强植株抗氧化能力,使脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量下降,能有效缓解高温胁迫引起的膜脂过氧化伤害;同时,光合指标净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)升高,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)下降;叶绿素荧光参数初始荧光(F0)下降,最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光系统Ⅱ光能捕获效率(Fv′/Fm′)和实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)升高,且热敏感品种白玉香变化幅度大于耐热品种红绿早脆.研究结果说明,EBR有利于甜瓜幼苗在高温胁迫下抗氧化酶活性的提高和对光能的捕获与转换,促进了甜瓜幼苗的生长,降低高温胁迫对甜瓜幼苗的抑制作用,且对热敏感品种白玉香效果大于耐热品种红绿早脆.     

高温胁迫对萝卜幼苗生长及相关基因表达的影响北大核心CSCD

该研究以耐热性较强的11162-3-1T-1和对热敏感的Wr129A2A1萝卜高代自交系为试材,对比分析40℃高温处理对萝卜幼苗的生长表型、光合特性、渗透调节、抗氧化能力以及热激胁迫相关基因表达情况的影响,以揭示萝卜苗期对高温胁迫的生理响应机制。结果表明:(1)在田间自然高温下,11162-3-1T-1长势正常,Wr129A2A1长势较弱、越夏死株率100%;人工40℃高温胁迫处理24 h后,11162-3-1T-1仍然保持绿色,在适温条件下恢复生长1周后全部成活,而Wr129A2A1脱水严重,植株萎蔫、干枯变黄、甚至整株枯死,适温下无法恢复。(2)两个萝卜品系苗期叶片光合系统Ⅱ的最大光化学量子产量(F_(v)/F_(m))和叶绿素含量在高温胁迫下均减少,但11162-3-1T-1的下降幅度明显较小。(3)在苗期高温胁迫下,两个品系叶片MDA和H_(2)O_(2)含量均升高,但11162-3-1T-1增幅明显较小;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性以及可溶性糖含量均呈不同程度增加,但11162-3-1T-1增幅更大;期间两个材料叶片中脯氨酸含量均未见明显变化。(4)在苗期高温胁迫下,两个品系叶片中热激胁迫相关基因RsHSP101、RsAPX2、RsSUS1、RsHSP25.3、RsHsfA2和RsGolS1表达量均呈不同程度增加,但11162-3-1T-1增幅更大。研究发现,耐热性萝卜品系11162-3-1T-1在苗期高温胁迫下的生长表型、光合特性、渗透调节能力、抗氧化能力以及热激胁迫相关基因表达等方面均比热敏感材料表现更佳,可作为培育优质早熟耐热萝卜新品种优良种质资源,该研究同时为萝卜耐高温机制解析提供了理论依据。     

高温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的某些光合特性和PSⅡ光化学活性的变化

以三叶一心期的黄瓜品种‘津春4号’(耐热)为试材,研究其在高温(处理I35℃/20℃、II42℃/27℃,光照强度350μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))胁迫1、3、5 d及恢复2d后的某些光合特性和PSⅡ光化学活性。变化的结果表明:高温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)显著下降;叶绿素荧光参数,F_v/F_m、Φ_(psⅡ)与q_p均下降,而NPQ上升;恢复2d后35℃/ 20℃下的各项指标均有所恢复,但仍不能恢复到未作高温处理的水平,而42℃/27℃下的各项指标比恢复前更严重。     

控水与补水条件下连续热浪对闽楠光合特性和生长速率的影响

全球变暖背景下,亚热带地区极端气候热浪事件发生频率持续增加。高频热浪及其伴随的高温和干旱复合胁迫将严重影响植物的光合特性,抑制植物的生长,甚至造成死亡。然而,目前亚热带树木光合特性及生长对高频热浪及复合胁迫的响应仍不明确。以亚热带阔叶树种闽楠苗木为研究对象进行了热浪模拟实验,关注了补水和控水处理不同水分环境下连续热浪对闽楠光合特性及生长速率的影响。结果表明,补水处理下闽楠净光合速率(Pn)在单次热浪影响下显著下降了34%,同时水分利用效率显著(WUE)下降,但蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和叶片水汽压亏缺(Leaf_vpd)显著上升(P<0.05)。表明水分充沛的高温环境中闽楠可通过增加蒸腾耗水加速水分蒸散来调节叶片的温度,增强植株光合特性对热浪的抗性。而控水处理下单次热浪处理组Tr和Gs未显著上升,以及Tr与Leaf_vpd在干湿环境下线性拟合的不同斜率,说明水分胁迫会降低叶片降温的效率,加剧热浪对闽楠光合特性的影响。水分和高温的复合胁迫还延长了闽楠光合特性在热浪后的恢复过程,高温胁迫下闽楠Pn在15 d后恢复至未干扰水平,但复合胁迫...     

棉花幼苗叶片光合特性对低温胁迫及恢复处理的响应

为研究低温逆境及恢复处理下棉花幼苗光合特性响应机制, 丰富棉花苗期在不同胁迫水平下的抗寒机制及为应对自然条件下突发的低温冷害提供理论依据, 以‘新陆早33号’ (冷敏感)及‘中棉所50号’ (高耐寒)两个品种为试材, 采用人工模拟低温方法, 研究不同温度和处理时间下棉花幼苗光合气体交换参数、光能转化及传递的表现和恢复能力, 并通过测定胁迫解除后叶片的光合光响应曲线来分析叶片对光环境的适应能力。结果表明, 在较低强度低温逆境(15 ℃或24 h胁迫)中, 叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、气孔限制值、胞间CO₂浓度、最大光化学效率、光适应下最大光化学效率、实际光化学效率、相对电子传递速率变化幅度较小, 且胁迫解除后可恢复正常, 此时叶片光系统II (PSII)光反应中心受损可逆, P_n下降主要因气孔闭合引起。随着胁迫强度增加, 各测试指标变化显著, 且恢复表现较差, 此时叶片PSII光反应中心光能吸收、转化和电子传递受到严重阻碍, P_n下降原因由气孔限制因素转变为非气孔限制因素。低温胁迫导致叶片对光辐射的利用能力下降, 随着胁迫温度降低, 叶片最大净光合速率、表观量子效率及光饱和点快速下降, 光补偿点及暗呼吸速率则呈上升趋势。低温胁迫可导致棉花幼苗叶片对光环境适应能力降低, PSII反应中心对激发能捕获、活跃化学能转化及光合电子传递速率快速下降, CO₂固定能力降低, 最终导致光合能力下降。强耐寒品种则能在低温逆境中保持较高的光能转化、电子传递和弱光利用效率, 亦可通过减少暗呼吸消耗和调整G_s降低幅度和速度来保持较高的光合速率, 提高恢复能力, 增强植株抗逆性。     

植物光合系统对高温胁迫的响应机制

温度变化是影响植物生长和发育的一个非常重要的因素,而光合作用是植物对温度变化最为敏感的生理过程.高温胁迫给植物光合器官造成了严重的危害,但在高温胁迫下,植物并不是消极被动的,并且能够在生理生化及分子水平上发生各种变化来渡过逆境.本文结合当今国内外研究进展,从光合系统热量耗散与光合修复的相关因素,如类囊体膜上相关蛋白,热激蛋白,水杨酸,抗过氧化物酶及抗坏血酸等几个方面展开分析,阐述了植物光合系统对高温胁迫的防御机制,并对今后的研究方向进行了探讨和展望.     

Effect of nifedipine on core cooling in rats during tail cold water immersion

Male rats (450 g, n=11/group) were heated at an ambient temperature of 42°C until a rectal temperature of 42.8°C was attained. Rats, then received either saline (30°C)+tail ice water immersion (F+I) or saline (30°C)+tail ice water immersion+Nifedipine, a peripheral vasodilator, (F+I+N) to determine cooling rate effectiveness and survivability. The time to reach a rectal temperature of 42.8°C averaged 172 min in both groups resulting in similar heating rates (0.029°C/min). The cooling rates in group F+I and F+I+N were not significantly different from each other. We conclude that since Nifedipine did not improve cooling rates when combined with fluid+tail ice water immersion, its use as a cooling adjunct does not seem warranted.     

Increased light intensity induces heat shock protein Hsp60 in coral species

The effect of increased light intensity and heat stress on heat shock protein Hsp60 was examined in two coral species using a branched coral and a laminar coral, selected for their different resistance to environmental perturbation. Transient Hsp60 induction was observed in the laminar coral following either light or thermal stress. Sustained induction was observed when these stresses were combined. The branched coral exhibited comparatively weak transient Hsp60 induction after heat stress and no detectable induction following light stress, consistent with its susceptibility to bleaching in native environments compared to the laminar coral. Our observations also demonstrate that increased light intensity and heat stress exhibited a greater negative impact on the photosynthetic capacity of environmentally sensitive branched coral than the more resistant laminar coral. This supports a correlation between stress induction of Hsp60 and (a) ability to counter perturbation of photosynthetic capacity by light and heat stress and (b) resistance to environmentally induced coral bleaching.     

Extracellular Hsp72 concentration relates to a minimum endogenous criteria during acute exercise-heat exposure

Extracellular heat shock protein 72 (eHsp72) concentration increases during exercise-heat stress when conditions elicit physiological strain. Differences in severity of environmental and exercise stimuli have elicited varied response to stress. The present study aimed to quantify the extent of increased eHsp72 with increased exogenous heat stress, and determine related endogenous markers of strain in an exercise-heat model. Ten males cycled for 90 min at 50 % in three conditions (TEMP, 20 °C/63 % RH; HOT, 30.2 °C/51%RH; VHOT, 40.0 °C/37%RH). Plasma was analysed for eHsp72 pre, immediately post and 24-h post each trial utilising a commercially available ELISA. Increased eHsp72 concentration was observed post VHOT trial (+172.4 %) (p < 0.05), but not TEMP (−1.9 %) or HOT (+25.7 %) conditions. eHsp72 returned to baseline values within 24 h in all conditions. Changes were observed in rectal temperature (T_rec), rate of T_rec increase, area under the curve for T_rec of 38.5 and 39.0 °C, duration T_rec ≥ 38.5 and ≥39.0 °C, and change in muscle temperature, between VHOT, and TEMP and HOT, but not between TEMP and HOT. Each condition also elicited significantly increasing physiological strain, described by sweat rate, heart rate, physiological strain index, rating of perceived exertion and thermal sensation. Stepwise multiple regression reported rate of T_rec increase and change in T_rec to be predictors of increased eHsp72 concentration. Data suggests eHsp72 concentration increases once systemic temperature and sympathetic activity exceeds a minimum endogenous criteria elicited during VHOT conditions and is likely to be modulated by large, rapid changes in core temperature.     

金属离子诱导高粱雄性不育系、保持系热激反应的研究

本试验以高粱雄性不育系和保持系为材料进行金属离子诱导应激反应的研究。结果表明CuSO_4溶液诱导高粱雄性不育系产生的应激反应明显,所用CuSO_4溶液最适浓度为250pmol/L,最适培养时间为4小时。ZnSO_4溶液诱导反应不明显。电泳分析和自显影检测出CuSO_4诱导产生新蛋白区带在3197A为9条,3197B为20条。但各蛋白带产生所需浓度和时间不完全相同,表明各种蛋白的基因表达是相互独立的,且这些基因的表达随发育而有变化。从分析处理后的4种酶的反应可以看出,其中细胞色素氧化酶有5条带,过氧化物酶反应灵敏,但只有2条带。通过CuSO_4处理与热激处理比较,推测3197A、3197B有其特殊的基因调控系统。从产生的可溶性蛋白或酶来看,CuSO_4能使3197A产生的应激蛋白趋向于3197B,说明两者具有相似之处。     

热应激对大鼠睾丸HSPs mRNA表达的影响

目的:观察和分析大鼠睾丸局部短暂热应激对HSP70、HSP90、HSP105 mRNA表达的影响。方法:Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为5组:正常对照(N)组、热应激0天(H0)组、热应激5天(H5)组、热应激10天(H10)组、热应激15天(H15)组。N组睾丸局部22℃水浴20 min,其余各组均睾丸局部43℃水浴20 min。采用HE染色观察组织形态学变化,采用Real Time PCR的方法检测HSP70、HSP90、HSP105 mRNA的表达量。结果:HE染色镜下观察结果显示:与N组相比,H5组部分曲细精管萎缩,生精细胞明显消失,H10组、H15组大部分曲细精管萎缩,生精细胞大量消失。HE染色形态计量结果显示:与N组相比,H5组、H10组、H15组睾丸实质体积比明显减小(p0.05),睾丸间质体积比明显增加(P0.05)。RT-PCR结果显示:与N组相比,H0组HSP70 m RNA的表达H0组明显增高(p0.05),H5组、H10组、H15组HSP90 m RNA的表达明显降低(P0.05),H5组HSP105 m RNA的表达明显降低(P0.05)。结论:HSP70、HSP90、HSP105 m RNA的表达在热应激后都会发生变化,变化的具体情况不尽相同,推测它们热应激后在生殖细胞凋亡过程中发挥不同的作用有关,并且和组织的损伤有密切的联系。     

Expression of heat shock proteins in adult honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) workers under hot-arid subtropical ecosystems

Heat stress elicits the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in honey bee subspecies. These highly conserved proteins have significant role in protecting cells from thermal-induced stresses. Honey bees in subtropical regions face extremely dry and hot environment. The expression of HSPs in the nurses and foragers of indigenous (Apis mellifera jemenitica) and imported European (Apis mellifera ligustica and Apis mellifera carnica) honey bee subspecies after heat shock treatment were compared using SDS-PAGE. Hsp70 and Hsp82 were equally expressed in the nurses of all tested bee subspecies when exposed to 40 °C and 45 °C for 4 h. The forager bees exhibited differential expression of HSPs after heat stress. No HSPs was expressed in the foragers of A. m. jemenitica, and Hsp70 was expressed only in the foragers of A. m. ligustica and A. m. carnica at 40 °C. A prominent diversity in HSPs expression was also exhibited in the foragers at 45 °C with one HSP (Hsp70) in A. m. jemenitica, two HSPs (Hsp40 and Hsp70) in A. m. carnica, and three HSPs (Hsp40, Hsp60 and Hsp70) in A. m. ligustica. No HSPs was expressed in the control nurse and forager bees at any of the tested temperatures. These findings illustrated the differences in HSP expression among nurse and forager bees. It is obvious that the native foragers are more heat tolerant with least HSPs expression than exotic bee races. Further investigations will help to understand the potential role of HSPs in the adaptability, survival, and performance of bee subspecies in harsh climate of the subtropical regions.     

Heat adaptation from regular hot water immersion decreases proinflammatory responses,HSP70 expression,and physical heat stress

Hot-water immersion (HWI) is a type of thermal therapy for treating various diseases. In our study, the physiological responses to occasional and regular HWI have been explored. The rats were divided into a control group, occasional group (1D), and regular group (7D). The 1D and 7D groups received 42 °C during 15 mins HWI for 1 and 7 days, respectively. The blood samples were collected for proinflammatory cytokines examinations, the heart, liver and kidney were excised for subsequent IHC analysis to measure the level of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). The results revealed that the body temperature increased significantly during HWI on Day 3 and significantly declined on Days 6 and 7. For the 7D group, body weight, heart rate, hematocrit, platelet, osmolarity, and lactate level were lower than those in the 1D group. Furthermore, the levels of granulocyte counts, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 were lower in the 7D group than in the 1D group. The induction of HSP70 in the 1D group was higher than in the other groups. Physiological responses to occasional HWI are disadvantageous because of heat stress. However, adaptation to heat from regular HWI resulted in decreased proinflammatory responses and physical heat stress.     

Thermoregulatory and metabolic responses to a half-marathon run in hot,humid conditions

This study describes the thermoregulatory and metabolic responses during a simulated half-marathon (21 km) run performed outdoors in a hot, humid environment. Ten male runners were recruited for the study, The run was carried out individually under solar radiation on a predetermined path in the following environmental conditions (ambient temperature: 27.96 ± 1.70 °C, globe temperature: 28.52 ± 2.51 °C, relative humidity: 76.88 ± 7.49%, wet bulb globe temperature: 25.80 ± 1.18 °C). Core temperature, skin temperature, head temperature, heat storage, heart rate, expired gases, rating of perceived exertion, and speed were measured or calculated before the start, every 3 km, and immediately following the run. Comparisons were made for each dependent variable using one-way repeated measures analysis of variance tests, and a Bonferroni test. Average run time and pace were 101:00 ± 9:52 min and 4:48 ± 00:16 min km^-1, respectively. Participants significantly reduced their running speed, oxygen consumption, and heat storage at 9 km (p < 0.05). While core temperature was significantly increased at 6 km (p < 0.05) before plateauing for the remainder of the run. The key finding was that most of the runners reduced their pace when a T_core of 39 °C was reached which occurred between 6 and 9 km of the run, yet runners were able to increase their speed demonstrating an “end-spurt” near the end of the run.     

Induction of stress proteins by sodium chloride treatment in Bacillus subtilis

In Bacillus subtilis, heat shock proteins can be classified into two main groups: specific heat shock proteins (about 5) and general stress proteins (at least 14). Salt stress was very effective in the induction of general stress proteins (5 to 50-fold stimulation), but the synthesis of heat-specific stress proteins was not stimulated. Furthermore there were some proteins whose synthesis was accelerated only by salt stress.     

Influence of season and microclimate on fertility of dairy cows in a hot-arid environment

Records were obtained over a 3 year period from six Holstein dairy farms of 300 to 500 cows each in the Phoenix, Ariz. area. Dairies were selected on the basis of similar management practices, herd size, milk production and facilities (with the exception of cooling systems). Microclimatic modifications (two dairies each) were shade only (approximately 3.7 m²/cow), evaporative-cooled shades and low-pressure water foggers under the shades. Data were categorized by season of calving (spring, Feb.–May; summer, June–Sept.; and fall, Oct.–Jan.). Traits evaluated were calving interval, days open and services/conception. Calving interval was shortest for cows calving in the spring (378 days), intermediate in fall (382 days) and longest in summer (396 days). Similar seasonal trends were observed for days open (103, 103 and 119 days, respectively) and services/conception (1.54, 1.81 and 1.93, respectively). All differences between spring and summer were significant (P < 0.05). Calving interval and days open were less for evaporative-cooled groups (374 and 98 days, respectively), with no difference between shade only and foggers (391 and 392 days, 112 and 116 days, respectively). Services/conception were similar for all groups (1.72 to 1.79). A significant interaction between microclimate and season for services/conception could be interpreted as (i) smaller season differences for evaporative-cooled groups than for shade or foggers, or (ii) a change in the ranking of control and fogger groups during summer versus fall. Evaporative cooling was more effective than fogging for reducing the detrimental effects of seasonal high temperatures on fertility.