顽拗性竹柏种子的贮藏特性

文章对竹柏(Podocarpus nagi)种子的脱水耐性和贮藏特性进行了研究,结果表明:竹柏种子成熟时初始含水量约为(35±0.7)%,种子对脱水敏感,其最低安全含水量约为(16.86±0.73)%,具有顽拗性种子的典型特征;湿藏和半干藏都可以作为短期保存竹柏种子的方法,且以4℃保存优于15℃保存,但不管种子含水量如何,零下低温保存对竹柏种子都是致命的;半干藏法保存实验中,未进行脱水处理的种子(对照)在4℃贮藏6个月,种子萌发率没有发生明显下降,但贮藏期延长到9个月时,临界含水量的种子萌发力保存最高;不管贮藏介质的含水量高低,也无论贮藏在4℃还是15℃,湿藏种子在9个月的贮藏期内萌发率均没有明显的降低,但当贮藏到12个月时,15℃湿藏种子的萌发率显著高于4℃贮藏的种子,但15℃湿藏的种子在贮藏到3个月时即发现种子在贮藏期间萌发,且随着贮藏介质含水量的升高和贮藏期的延长,萌发的种子增多;竹柏的离体胚经过2 h硅胶快速脱水至含水量7%后再冷冻即可获得90%以上的融后存活率,且超低温保存1年的离体胚解冻后,与只保存1周的存活率没有明显差异,表明超低温长期保存竹柏种子是可行的。本研究可以为进一步探究顽拗性种子的短期贮藏和长期保存提供理论基础和基础资料。     

假槟榔种子脱水耐性的发育变化

对假槟榔（Archontophoenix alexandrae）种子和胚发育过程中脱水耐性的变化、不同脱水速率对脱水耐性的影响及种子的萌发和贮藏特性进行了研究。种子含水量在花后55～70d逐步降低,随后不再变化,并保持在较高水平（37％）;花后90d的种子获得最大干重。花后60d后种子获得萌发能力,花后70d达到最大值。在交替光照下（14h光照,10h黑暗,12μnmol m^-2s^-1）,种子在15℃～40℃下均能萌发,其萌发的适宜温度范围为30℃～35℃;但光照对种子的萌发有较大的抑制作用。种子和胚在花后55～90d,脱水耐性逐渐增强;花后90d种子和胚的脱水耐性最强,此时种子和胚的半致死含水量分别为0．18g／g和0．3g／g。脱水至相同含水量,快速脱水的种子的存活率明显高于慢速脱水。无论是否进行脱水处理,-18℃下贮藏1个月后,种子均丧失萌发能力;在4℃,10℃和15℃下,适度脱水能延长种子的贮藏寿命。假槟榔种子不耐脱水,不适合在低温、低含水量条件下长期贮藏,属顽拗性种子。     

珍稀濒危植物金丝李种子脱水耐性和贮藏特性

为测定不同脱水程度金丝李(Garcinia paucinervis)种子的萌发情况及其复水后的吸水率、脱水过程中抗性生理指标的变化以及不同贮藏方式下种子的萌发情况,该文研究了金丝李种子的脱水敏感性和储藏特性。结果表明:(1)金丝李种子初始含水量为45.29%,室内通风处放置35 d失水率即达45%。(2)种子失水率低于18%时,萌发率和复水后的吸水率变化不显著;失水率超过18%时,萌发率和复水后吸水率均显著下降,失水率为42%时萌发率为0。其种子的临界含水量为27.29%,半致死含水量为12.72%。(3)随着种子脱水程度的加深,相对电导率、可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量逐步上升;丙二醛含量在失水率低于24%时变化不大,高于24%时显著提高; SOD和POD的活性均呈波动性变化,失水率为18%时活性均最高。(4)室温干藏1个月和-1、-20℃下湿藏1个月的种子均不能萌发;水浸贮藏1个月的种子萌发率显著降低; 4℃湿藏1、3和6个月均显著延缓种子萌发,但对萌发率无显著影响。表明金丝李种子在失水率低于18%时,种子可通过抗性调节维持细胞的正常代谢,能忍受一定程度的脱水和低温;当失水率超过18%时,种子代谢失衡发生劣变直至死亡,属于低度的顽拗性种子。4℃湿沙藏(含水量7.5%)是短期贮藏其种子的较好方法。     

种子顽拗性：最新评价

根据种子的脱水行为,可以把种子分为正常性、顽拗性和中间性种子三种类型。种子脱水耐性和脱水敏感性的鉴定是制定种子的贮藏策略和物种基因资源长期保存的依据。除了物种的内在特性外,种子的发育状态、脱水速率、脱水时和重新水合时的环境是影响种子脱水耐性的重要因子。种子的存活率、电解质渗漏速率和存活种子的萌发生长速率是衡量种子脱水耐性的良好的综合参数。种子的脱水耐性是一种数量性状,用“临界含水量”的概念来判断是不正确的,且在评价种子顽拗性中引起了一些混乱。本文还提出了一种全新的评价种子顽拗性的工作模式。     

种子顽拗性:最新评价

根据种子的脱水行为,可以把种子分为正常性、顽拗性和中间性种子三种类型.种子脱水耐性和脱水敏感性的鉴定是制定种子的贮藏策略和物种基因资源长期保存的依据.除了物种的内在特性外,种子的发育状态、脱水速率、脱水时和重新水合时的环境是影响种子脱水耐性的重要因子.种子的存活率、电解质渗漏速率和存活种子的萌发生长速率是衡量种子脱水耐性的良好的综合参数.种子的脱水耐性是一种数量性状,用"临界含水量"的概念来判断是不正确的,且在评价种子顽拗性中引起了一些混乱.本文还提出了一种全新的评价种子顽拗性的工作模式.     

黄皮种子脱水敏感性与胚轴中可溶性糖含量的关系

以典型的顽拗性种子黄皮为试材,研究了花后不同时间的种子、收获后萌发的种子及15℃湿藏种子的脱水敏感性变化及其与种子胚轴中可溶性糖含量的关系.15℃湿藏150d及600d使种子脱水敏感性增强,与寡糖含量下降以至消失及寡糖/蔗糖(O/D)之比下降极为一致,虽然花后67d的种子耐脱水能力最强,但此时蔗糖、寡糖含量及寡糖/蔗糖之比却并非最高.虽然15℃湿藏150d的种子萌发4d最耐脱水,但寡糖含量及寡糖/蔗糖之比在萌发3d时均已降至0.结果表明,发育及萌发种子的脱水敏感性与蔗糖、寡糖含量及O/D比无直接关系.     

植物种质资源超低温保存概述

简要回顾了植物种质资源超低温保存的历史,说明了超低温保存植物材料的多样性,阐述了超低温耐性的生物学基础及超低温伤害产生的原因和类型,介绍了各种常用超低温保存方法的技术要点,并对生产顽拗性种子的植物种质资源的超低温保存作了专门的论述,分析了生产顽拗性种子的植物种质资源超低温保存的潜力、现状和困难,指出顽拗性种子的超低温保存是植物种质资源超低温保存的重点和难点,而真正实现用超低温保存技术贮藏顽拗性植物种质资源还有很长的路要走。     

濒危植物西康玉兰种子休眠、萌发及贮藏特性

研究了西康玉兰(Magnolia wilsonii)种胚的形态大小,温度、层积、硝酸钾、浸种处理和GA_3对种子休眠及萌发的影响.通过将种子脱水至不同含水量和在两种温度(4℃和一20℃)下贮藏100 d后测其生活力,分析各处理对西康玉兰种子活力的影响.结果表明:西康玉兰种子胚尚未分化完全,需经过低温层积完成生理后熟;低温层积和GA3可打破种子休眠.种子最适萌发温度为25/20℃.由此推测,西康玉兰种子具有形态生理休眠特性.西康玉兰种子当含水量降至5.39%,存活率为53.50%.不同含水量的种子贮藏在-20℃条件下,100 d后种子全部死亡;但在4℃下含水量为10.31%的种子存活力高达76%.因此,西康玉兰种子极可能属于中间性种子,其适宜贮藏环境为4℃下的干藏或湿藏.     

滇南红厚壳种子的脱水敏感性及其影响萌发的因子

滇南红厚壳(Colophyllum polyanthum Wall.ex Choisy)种子的千粒重约为4700g,脱落时种子的含水量为45％(鲜重),其存活率对脱水高度敏感;当种子含水量降至30％以下时,存活率迅速下降;种子存活率的半致死含水量约为23％;可以认为它是一种典型的顽拗性种子。含水量为45％的种子,在20--30℃的范围内,随着温度的升高种子萌发50％所需要的时间缩短;高于和低于这个温度范围(如15℃,30℃),种子的萌发率均下降;变温处理有利于提高种子的萌发率和萌发速率。除去种皮和切除部分子叶能提高种子的萌发率、萌发速率,以及种子萌发后的早期幼苗生长量。光照明显地促进整粒种子的萌发,但对除去种皮的种子、具有1／2子叶的种子、以及胚轴的萌发没有影响。     

中国特有植物凹叶木兰种子的休眠与贮藏行为

凹叶木（Magnoliasargentiana）是中国特有的观赏树木,种群的自然更新很差,须阐明其原因。研究发现,凹叶木兰种子的胚很小,无论是否被植物生长调节剂预处理,在冷层积（4℃）和暖层积（15℃）过程中,胚在种子内逐渐生长发育成熟,并能在多个温度下萌发,以变温30℃／20℃为最适宜。由此可见,凹叶木兰种子不能萌发的直接原因是形态休眠。此外,凹叶木兰种子较耐脱水,但干燥脱水至含水量为7．1％和5．3％时,种子的存活率分别是78．3％和40％。保存6个月后,含水量为9．4％或7．1％的种子在-20℃下全部失活,而在0和4℃下的种子,存活率无显著变化,充分证实凹叶木兰种子是中间性的。     

植物营养贮存蛋白及其生物学功能研究进展

植物营养贮存蛋白（vegetative storage proteins）是广泛存在于植物营养组织且含量丰富的蛋白,最初是作为植物氮源的临时贮存形式而被人们认识。然而,不同植物中的营养贮存蛋白的生化来源和生物学特性并不相同,并且除了营养贮存功能外,更重要的是这类蛋白在植物防御中也承担着多种多样的重要角色,或具有抗虫活性,或能够抑制病原细菌和病原真菌的生长,或参与植物防御过程中的信号转导等。对植物营养贮存蛋白在植物防御中作用机制的深入研究将使这类蛋白在新型生物农药的开发和植物抗病基因工程中具有广阔的应用前景。     

岷江上游高山森林溪流木质残体碳、氮和磷贮量特征

森林溪流木质残体是森林生态系统与水域之间物质循环和能量流动的主要联结之一,其碳、氮和磷贮量不仅可影响森林与溪流生态系统的结构和功能,而且与下游水体环境密切相关。因此,于2013年8月雨季以岷江上游典型高山森林为研究对象,调查了12条森林溪流木质残体的碳、氮和磷贮量分配特征,并汇算了研究区域内碳、氮和磷在溪流中单位面积的总贮量。结果表明,高山森林溪流木质残体碳、氮和磷的溪流单位面积总贮量分别为312.1 g/m2、809.5 mg/m2和110.9 mg/m2;在溪流中,木质残体碳、氮和磷贮量以径级为1—2.5 cm和2.5—5 cm的木质残体分布居多,分别共占碳、氮和磷总贮量的86.71%、87.20%和84.55%;木质残体碳、氮和磷贮量以Ⅴ腐烂级分配最多,分别共占碳、氮和磷总贮量的65.86%、67.86%和60.31%;尽管溪流各项特征与碳、氮和磷元素贮量的相关性不显著,但基本达到中度相关关系。这些结果为认识森林生态系统中以木质残体为载体的碳、氮和磷输出潜力提供了基础数据。     

采收期对猕猴桃果实品质及其耐贮性的影响

选用海沃德猕猴桃为试验材料,对8个不同采收期(盛花后151、155、159、163、167、171、175和179 d,采收Ⅰ~Ⅷ期)猕猴桃果实在(0±1)℃冷藏过程中的生理生化变化进行比较.结果显示:(1)采收Ⅰ、Ⅱ期果实采收时具有较高的硬度、淀粉含量和可滴定酸含量,可溶性固形物含量则低于6%,贮藏期间出现的呼吸高峰和乙烯释放高峰均比其它采收期高;采收Ⅶ、Ⅷ期果实采收时硬度明显低于前面的采收期,淀粉含量和可滴定酸含量降低,可溶性固形物含量达到8%以上,贮藏期间乙烯释放速率高峰比其它采收期提前10 d,果实衰老过程明显提前;(2)入贮150 d后,采收Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅶ和Ⅷ期果实的失重率差异不显著,采收Ⅰ期与采收Ⅷ期果实的腐烂率差异不显著,但均与其它采收期存在显著差异.研究发现,盛花后第159~171天采收猕猴桃,果实采收时的可溶性固形物含量在6.5%以上,贮藏120 d后与其它采收期相比仍保持相对较高的硬度、淀粉含量、Vc含量和可滴定酸含量,而且贮藏150 d后失重率和腐烂率都比较低,表明该期间为海沃德"猕猴桃的适宜采收期.     

Biochemical and ultrastructural features of human fibroblasts cultured from a new variant of type 3 lipid storage myopathy

A new variant of multisystemic lipid storage myopathy (type 3) has been identified. Human cultured fibroblasts present a major triacylglycerol storage whereas other neutral lipids and phospholipids are in the normal range. When feeding the cells in the presence of radiolabelled oleic acid we observed an accumulation of radiolabelled triacylglycerols demonstrating the endogenous biosynthesis of the stored triacylglycerols. After a 72-hr chase period, no degradation of radiolabelled triacylglycerols was observed. Histochemical examination of multisystemic lipid storage myopathy skin fibroblasts showed a massive accumulation of neutral lipids (stained by the fluorescent probe Nile Red) in cells grown in medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. These cytoplasmic vacuoles were not obviously membrane-surrounded as shown by electron microscopy.     

Effects of wall linings on moisture ingress into traditional grain storage pits

Increasing climate variability, resulting in frequent years of poor rainfall, has recently subjected the traditional subsistence farmers in the Central Clay Plain of the Sudan to longer periods of food shortage. However, excess production in years of good rainfall could bridge the gap of years with poor rainfall if the grain is properly stored. Resource-poor farmers have tried several linings to improve the traditional underground pit (”matmura”) they use for storage of sorghum. In the experimental study described here, pits with two types of lining: (i) a mixture of mud, cow dung and straw and (ii) sorghum chaff, were compared with unlined pits. Six closed pits were used, two for each type, and temperature and moisture content were monitored. It was found that the temperature increased in all pits and at all positions within the pits, with few differences between the linings. Moisture levels also increased everywhere but the sources of moisture were at the sides and bottoms of the pits. The chaff-lined pits were superior to the others because they showed smaller increases in moisture content at all positions and thus maintained a better quality of sorghum. Joint traditional assessments with local farmers after the pits were opened supported these findings. Received: 15 March 2000 / Revised: 4 January 2001 / Accepted: 10 January 2001     

Isolation and Characterization of Mustard (Sinapis alba L.) Seed Storage Proteins

A total storage protein fraction was prepared from mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seeds via isolated protein bodies and characterized by sedimentation, immunological, and electrophoretic techniques. Mustard seed storage protein consists of three fractions (1) a “legumin-like” 13-S complex composed of two pairs of disulfide-linked polypeptides (16.5 + 28.5 kDa and 19.5 + 34 kDa, respectively) and two single polypeptides (18 kDa and 26 kDa), (2) a “vicilin-like” 9-S complex composed of two glycoproteins (64 kDa and 77 kDa), and (3) two small polypeptides (10 kDa and 11 kDa) which probably represent the 1.7-S complex found in other Cruciferae. In contrast to related species, no glycosylated polypeptide was found in the 13-S complex. Immunological relationships were found between the paired polypeptides of the 13-S complex but not between polypeptides of the 13-S complex and polypeptides of the 9-S complex. Pulse-chase labeling and in vitro translation of polysomal RNA from young embryos demonstrated that the polypeptides of the 13-S complex originate from high molecular mass precursors, except for the 18 kDa polypeptide which appears to be synthesized in its final size. The amino-acid composition of the major polypeptides of the mustard storage protein is given.     

贮藏方式对切花菊贮后品质的影响

研究了干、湿贮藏方式及其贮藏期对三种不同发育程度切花菊贮后品质的影响。两种湿藏能促进切花发育,贮藏6周后切花花径分别增大了2.54cm(清水)和3.29cm(S+AgNO_3),但不能延长贮藏期;干藏能延长贮藏期,可贮期达4～6周,提高切花催开后品质。     

Presence of a single abundant storage hexamerin in both larvae and adults of the grasshopper, Schistocerca americana

We identified a single hexameric storage protein in the grasshopper, Schistocerca americana, and monitored its abundance through the last larval instar and up until reproductive competence in adults of both sexes. This storage hexamerin, termed Schistocerca americana Persistent Storage Protein (saPSP) was the most abundant soluble protein in both larvae and adults. In both sexes, saPSP abundance started out low at the onset of the last larval instar and accumulated during feeding, peaking just prior to molting. Adults of both sexes contained significant amounts of saPSP after eclosion. In adult males, saPSP content dropped continuously after eclosion and was lowest once individuals reached reproductive maturity. In contrast, adult females depleted saPSP reserves during the first days of adulthood, but subsequently accumulated significant saPSP stores. In adult females, saPSP stores peaked just prior to the completion of egg provisioning. Given the overall patterns of abundance, saPSP has functions in both larvae and adults. In addition, the observed pattern of storage hexamerin accumulation differs from patterns of accumulation in the other known grasshoppers, Locusta migratoria and Romalea microptera, suggesting that significant functional diversity has evolved in storage hexamerins among the grasshoppers.     

豫西黄土丘陵区不同林龄栎类和侧柏人工林碳、氮储量

利用空间代替时间样地调查法,分析了豫西黄土丘陵区栎类和侧柏人工林生态系统碳、氮储量的分布格局,以及不同土层碳储量和氮储量随林龄的动态变化.结果表明:随着树龄的增加,两类人工林乔木层和枯落物层碳储量均增加,土壤碳储量和氮储量主要在表层(0~20 cm)汇聚,且各土层碳储量和氮储量随着林龄增加表现为减少-增加-减少的趋势.各林龄栎类人工林土壤表层碳、氮储量分别为20.31~50.07和1.68~2.12 t·hm^-2;不同林龄侧柏人工林土壤表层碳、氮储量分别为23.99~48.76和1.59~2.34 t·hm^-2;各林龄栎类和侧柏人工林生态系统的碳储量分别为52.04~275.82和62.18~279.81 t·hm^-2;侧柏人工林碳汇能力略高于栎类人工林.土壤C/N随着造林年限的增加呈增加趋势.     

Hypoxic storage of erythrocytes slows down storage lesions and prolongs shelf-life

Conventional storage conditions of erythrocytes cause storage lesions. We propose that hypoxic storage conditions, involving removal of oxygen and replacement with helium, the changes in stored erythrocytes under hypoxic condition were observed and assessed. Erythrocytes were divided into two equal parts, then stored in conventional and hypoxic conditions, separately. Blood gas analysis, hemorheology, and hemolysis were performed once a week. Energy metabolism and membrane damage were monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Phosphatidylserine exposure was measured by flow cytometry. P₅₀ was measured and the oxygen dissociation curve (ODC) plotted accordingly. Erythrocyte morphology was observed microscopically. In the 9th week of storage, the hemolysis of the hypoxia group was 0.7%; lower (p < .05) than that of the control group and still below the threshold of quality requirements. The dissolved oxygen and pO₂ were only 1/4 of that in the control group (p < .01); the adenosine triphosphate, glucose, and lactic acid levels were decreased (p < .05), while the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels were increased relative to that in the control group (p < .01). There were no statistically significant differences in membrane damage, deformability, and aggregation between the two groups. In addition, the ODC of the two groups was shifted to the left but this difference was not statistically different. Basically similar to the effect of completely anaerobic conditions. Erythrocytes stored under hypoxic conditions could maintain a relatively stable state with a significant decrease in hemolysis, reduction of storage lesions, and an increase in shelf-life.