利用腊叶标本初探豹子花属植物的性表达及其与个体大小的关系

植物性系统进化过程中很少有植物通过雌性败育的方式实现性系统由联合走向分离,然而雄花在百合科植物中大量存在,引起了研究者的关注。本研究利用百合科豹子花属植物的腊叶标本,获取它们的花性别表型、花大小、株高以及分布海拔等信息探讨豹子花属植物的性表达样式,并对样本量较多的开瓣豹子花、云南豹子花、多斑豹子花和豹子花四个种的性表达及其与个体大小的关系进行分析。研究结果表明:1)六种豹子花属植物标本中都有雄花存在;根据雄性花和两性花的不同组合,形成雄性个体、两性花个体,和雄花两性花同株个体三种植株类型;2)个体大小(株高)和分布海拔之间不存在相关关系,和植株性别类型相关,即雄性个体一般显著小于具有雌性功能的两性花个体和雄花两性花同株个体;3)个体大小与花大小、每个个体开花总数和雌花数量成显著的正相关关系,而与每个个体的雄花数量无显著的相关关系。本研究更正了一直以来对豹子花属植物性系统的错误认识,首次报道雄花在豹子花属植物中普遍存在,并指出雄花和雄性个体的出现是大小依赖性分配的结果。同时,以研究实例证明了利用腊叶标本开展植物性系统多样性的可行性。     

豹子花属植物的组织培养

百合科的豹子花属（Ｎｏｍｏｃｈａｒｉｓ）是青藏高原东南缘的一个特有属,仅有９种１变型,除阿萨姆豹子花（Ｎ．ｓｙｎａｐｔｉｃａ）外,其余８个类群都分布于云南西北部及邻近的缅甸东北部海拔２９００～４０００ｍ的高山地带。因其较高的观赏价值而博得中外植物学者...     

利用腊叶标本初探椭圆叶花锚（龙胆科）花特征的地理变异

对一种植物花特征的地理变异及其选择压力研究首先需要了解该植物花特征在不同地区的变异式样,而利用腊叶标本是获取植物花特征地理变异的理想方法。我们利用椭圆叶花锚的腊叶标本,通过测量花的高度和距的长度,并与地理因子（海拔、纬度和经度）做回归分析,探讨椭圆叶花锚两个变种的花特征及其地理变异式样。结果表明：1）已鉴定为两个变种的距长度并没有明显的差异,而且变种大花花锚的距长度均在原变种卵萼花锚的变化范围之内;如果不考虑两个变种,椭圆叶花锚的距长度变化不存在明显的间断,因此研究结果不支持将椭圆叶花锚分为两个变种;2）椭圆叶花锚的花高度和距长度呈显著的正相关关系,而且99％的数据都在预测回归99％的置信区间内,表明花高度和距长度可能受到了相同选择压力的驱动;但仍有1％的点在预测区间之外,表明这些地点的花经历的选择压力可能与其它多数分布地点的选择压力不尽相同;3）椭圆叶花锚花的几何大小与纬度和海拔呈显著的负相关关系,而与经度呈显著的正相关关系;依据三个因子的回归系数,纬度（-2．735）对椭圆叶花锚花大小的影响最大,而海拔（-0．516）和经度（0．669）相对较小,因此如果要开展椭圆叶花锚花特征的地理变异研究,在纬度不同的地点开展相关研究将获得更为理想的数据。我们的研究结果表明椭圆叶花锚花特征地理变异可能存在不同的选择压力,而开展相关的野外观察和实验将极大的丰富我们对椭圆叶花锚的花特征地理变异及其选择压力的理解,并为如何利用腊叶标本开展相关研究提供一个思路。     

多年生龙胆属植物个体大小与花期资源分配研究

于各物种花中前期对青藏高原东部高寒草甸6种多年生龙胆属植物花期的繁殖分配和性分配进行分析,结果表明:(1)多年生龙胆属植物的植株个体越大,繁殖投入越高,繁殖分配越低;(2)随着植物个体的增大,对雌性、雄性和吸引结构的投入都在增加,这可保证资源的充分利用,不会因为单一部分的增加而造成资源的浪费;(3)6种龙胆属植物中,有4种其性分配结果与性别分配(SDS)的理论预测一致,即大个体更偏向雌性器官的资源投入,但麻花艽(Gentiana atraminea)和达乌里秦艽(Gentiana dahurica)的性分配与个体大小则没有表现出负相关,可能与其本身具有的雌雄异熟———雄性先熟特点有关;(4)资源在雌雄功能间的分配没有表现出权衡关系,可能是由于植物必须在许多不同生活史性状之间进行资源分配,而不是两两之间非此即彼.     

豹子花属及其近缘属细胞学研究

本文以云南西北部怒江峡谷的豹子花属及其近缘的百合属、大百合属和贝母属的12个分类群为材料,分析比较了这几个属的核形态特征。 12个分类群的体细胞静止期染色体形态相似,均属于复杂染色中心微粒型;有丝分裂前期染色体形态也相似,都属于中间型;染色体数目均为2n=24;染色体着丝点端化值在79.9-82.2％之间;核型不对称程度一致;故这4个属的关系密切。对本地区的12个分类群来说,核型变异主要在于次缢痕位置的差别。豹子花属和百合属在它们的一对m或sm染色体近着丝点处具有次缢痕,并且豹子花属和高海拔处的百合属植物(如L．souliei)在其st或t染色体的短臂上缺乏次缢痕,表明豹子花属同百合属特别是同高海拔处的百合属植物关系密切。     

高寒退化草地不同海拔狼毒种群花大小与叶大小、叶数量的关系

植物花大小与叶大小、叶数量的关系反映了植物长期与环境相互作用形成的外在形态方面的适应对策,不同生境中其生长关系的变异体现了植物对异质环境的适应方式。本文研究了祁连山北坡高寒退化草地4个不同海拔狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)种群花大小与叶大小、叶数量的关系。结果表明:随着海拔的升高,草地群落的高度、密度和地上生物量均呈先升高后降低的倒U型分布;狼毒的地上生物量、株高和叶大小均呈减小趋势,而繁殖分配、花大小和叶数量均呈增大的变化趋势;在海拔梯度上,狼毒花大小与叶数量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与叶大小呈不显著负相关(P0.05),说明狼毒种群花大小与叶数量具有显著的依赖关系;生境对狼毒花大小与叶数量之间的依赖关系产生显著影响,高海拔的环境胁迫导致狼毒个体减小,植株通过增加花大小和叶数量、减小叶大小的资源分配策略来保证物种的繁衍。     

水蓼花大小在花序和个体上的变化及其与数量权衡关系研究

探讨一年生植物水蓼花大小在花序上和个体上的变化及花大小与花数量的权衡关系。在54株植物个体上随机选取一花序,在花序的基部、中部和顶部各选取1～2朵花,花大小(生物量)以基部最大(0.851mg),顶部最小(0.715mg),可能是由结构效应引起的。在每个体上随机采集4～20朵花,以其均值表示植物个体的花大小,花大小不随植物个体大小变化而变化。花朵展示和总花数均随个体增大而增加。在控制植物个体大小(地上部分营养器官生物量)后,没有发现花朵展示或花数量与花大小之间的权衡关系,表明个体资源水平的差异可能掩盖了花数量与大小间的权衡关系。     

覆膜栽培下春小麦种群的生长冗余与个体大小不整齐性的关系

 增加有效分蘖数被认为是提高小麦(Triticum aestivum)产量的重要方法之一,但是小麦种群在生长进程中也会形成大量的无效分蘖,存在“生长冗余”。研究了覆膜栽培对两个春小麦种群中无效分蘖比率和收获指数的影响,并从植物个体大小不整齐性和生活史策略的种群生态学角度探讨其影响机制。与露地对照相比,覆膜栽培能显著提高春小麦产量(+38.5%);产量的提高源于地上部分生物量（+44.7%）的显著增加。但是, 覆膜种群的繁殖分配（穗重/地上部分生物量,-5.2%）和收获指数(-4.5%)显著降低;在几个主要生     

花楸属3种植物的基因组大小与叶气孔特征分析

以糍粑沟花楸(Sorbus cibagouensis H.Peng&Z.J.Yin)、大理花楸(S.hypoglauca(Cardot)Hand.-Mazz.)和川滇花楸(S.vilmorinii C.K.Schneid.)为材料,采用流式细胞术对其基因组大小及倍性进行检测分析,同时应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对其气孔特征进行观察。结果显示,3种花楸属植物的基因组大小和倍性、气孔特征均存在一定差异。糍粑沟花楸、大理花楸和川滇花楸的基因组大小分别为:(1.480±0.039)pg、(1.513±0.041)pg、(2.675±0.065)pg,在此基础上推断糍粑沟花楸和大理花楸为二倍体、川滇花楸为四倍体植物。显微镜观测发现:3种花楸属植物的气孔器均分布于叶的下表皮,气孔不下陷,保卫细胞无“T”型加厚结构,气孔类型为无规则形;糍粑沟花楸和川滇花楸的气孔器外拱盖光滑,而大理花楸气孔器外拱盖具有短棒状蜡质纹饰;3种植物的气孔器大小存在极显著差异。研究结果表明花楸属植物的基因组大小与倍性呈显著正相关,可用于推断植物的倍性;而气孔器大小和密度与倍性的相关性不大,但气孔特性在种间变化显著,可为种的鉴定提供科学的理论依据。     

A comparative study of floral development inTrillium apetalon andT. kamtschaticum (Liliaceae)

Trillium apetalon Makino is unique amongTrillium in having apetalous flowers. Using scanning electron microscope, the early floral development was observed in comparison with that ofT. kamtschaticum Pallas ex Pursh having petalous flowers. Morphologically petal primordia closely resemble stamen primordia in their more or less narrow and radially symmetric shape and are clearly distinct from sepal primordia with broad bases. Early in floral development sepal primordia are first initiated and subsequently two whorls of three primordia each are formed in rapid sequence, the first three at the corners and the second three at the sides of the triangular floral apex. Based on comparison in position and early developmental processes of their primordia, petals and outer stamens ofTrillium kamtschaticum are equivalent to outer stamens and inner stamens ofT. apetalon. The replacement of petals by outer stamens apparently leads to the loss of petals inTrillium apetalon flowers. Such a replacement can be interpreted in terms of homeosis. The replacement of the petal whorl leads to the serial replacement of the subsequent whorls: outer stamens by inner stamens, and inner stamens by gynoecium inTrillium apetalon. The term ‘serial homeosis’ is introduced for this serial replacement.     

冠果草的性表达状态及其进化含义

通常认为雄花两性花同株是植物性表达两性花进化到雌雄异株的过渡类型之一。慈姑属仅冠果草（Ｓａｇｉｔｔａｒｉａ ｇｕｙａｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｈ．Ｂ．Ｋ．ｓｕｂｓｐ．ｌａｐｐｕｌａ（Ｄ．Ｄｏｎ）Ｂｏｊｉｎ）的性表达为典型的雄花两性花同株,其他种为雌雄同株。对冠果草野外和实验居群的性配置进行了定量观察。东乡和武夷山居群雄花的比例分别为２．４８％０．９６％。实验表明,栽培条件影响冠果草的性表达：在营养较好的条件下     

Gender variation and the evolution of dioecy in Wurmbea dioica (Liliaceae)

A major obstacle for empirical tests of hypotheses concerning the evolution of dioecy in flowering plants is the limited number of species that possess both cosexual and dioecious populations. Wurmbea dioica (Liliaceae) is a diminutive, fly-pollinated geophyte native to temperate Australia. Marked geographical variation of floral traits is evident, particularly with respect to sex expression. A survey of phenotypic gender in 45 populations from Western Australia (WA), South Australia (SA), Victoria (Vic) and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) revealed two contrasting patterns. Populations in SA, Vic, and ACT were uniformly dimorphic for gender, containing female and male plants, whereas populations in WA were either monomorphic or dimorphic. In most dimorphic populations varying numbers of male plants produced hermaphrodite flowers (male inconstancy). There was a significant negative relationship between female frequency and the proportion of inconstant male plants. Depending on region and population, male plants produced more flowers of larger size than females. In WA monomorphic populations often occurred on rich, moist soils at high density, whereas dimorphic populations were more commonly found at lower density on shallow soils in drier areas. In an area of sympatry, plants with contrasting sexual systems flowered at different times and were ecologically differentiated. The patterns of gender variation in W. dioica indicate that dioecy has evolved via the gynodioecious pathway. The spread of females in monomorphic populations may be favoured where ecological conditions result in increased selfing and inbreeding depression in hermaphrodites.     

雄配子体选择的遗传分化效应及其在植物改良中的应用

在植物世代交替的生活史中,配子体是产生配子和具有单倍数染色体的植物体,并且有自己的遗传表达信息.在配子产生的过程中以及配子结合之前,适者生存的法则对配子发挥着选择作用,只有最适应外界环境条件的配子才能通过竞争性受精并产生合子.雄配子体选择是影响植物遗传分化、演变和遗传多样性的重要因素,被认为是生物进化的有力动力.此外,由于植物基因组中约有2/3的基因表达交错发生在配子体阶段和孢子体阶段,因此雄配子体选择的结果会影响到下一代孢子体的表现型.在育种实践中,利用雄配子体选择对植物进行遗传改良,具有提高选择机率和缩短育种年限等优点.本文主要概述雄配子体选择与孢子体表型的关刎系、遗传分化效应及其在植物遗传改良中的应用,以期为雄配子选择相关研究提供参考     

Male dominance and genetically determined reproductive success in the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx)

Darwin referred to the adult male mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) as the most brightly coloured of all mammals, citing the brilliant red and blue pigmentation of the face, rump, and genitalia as extreme examples of evolution by sexual selection. Considerable controversy exists concerning possible effects of sexually selected phenotypes via intermale competition on reproductive success. Behavioural and genetic studies of a large, semi-free ranging mandrill colony in Gabon have now demonstrated that clear-cut relationships exist between male secondary sexual development, social dominance, copulatory behaviour, and reproductive success in this primate species. Two morphological variants of adult male were identified; “fatted” males, with maximum secondary sexual coloration, which occupied dominant positions in the social group, and “non-fatted” males, with muted secondary sexual adornments, smaller testes and lower plasma testosterone levels, which lived as peripheral/solitary individuals. DNA fingerprinting analyses on infants born over five successive years showed that only the two most dominant, fatted males in the group had fathered offspring. Throughout the annual mating season these males attempted to mate-guard and copulate with females during periods of maximal sexual skin tumescence. Male rank and mating success were strongly positively related and the alpha male sired 80 – 100% of the resulting offspring during three consecutive years. Non-fatted adult males and group associated subadult males engaged in infrequent, opportunistic matings and did not guard females. Loss of alpha status resulted in a fall in reproductive success, but the effect was gradual; the deposed alpha male continued to father 67% and 25% of infants born during the next two years. Thus, whilst claims that male dominance determines mating success and paternity in primates have caused considerable debate, these results on mandrills provide unequivocal evidence for the existence of such effects.     

Distance-dependent performance of asexual progeny in Allium vineale (Liliaceae)

Local adaptation within and among populations may have an impact on processes ranging from speciation to the evolution of mixed breeding systems and dispersal strategies. It is also one potential factor that could favor the production of asexual over sexual propagules. This field experiment tested whether asexually produced bulbils of Allium vineale demonstrate local adaptation to the parental microsite at the scale of natural dispersal from the parent (5, 25, 50, 100, and 1000 cm). Both "home' and randomly chosen "away' genotypes were planted at each location to determine the relative performance of the "home' genotype. Overall, bulbil performance declined with distance from the parent. In particular, "home' bulbils outperformed "away' bulbils at a distance of 25 cm from the parent, indicating that local adaptation has occurred at the scale of natural dispersal in this species. The variance in propagule performance also increased at farther distances from the parent, indicating that the predictability of offspring performance decreases with distance. Fine-scale local adaptation within the range of seed dispersal in this population may be one factor favoring asexual reproduction in Allium vineale.     

Male larval nutrition in Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): an important factor in reproductive success

This study examines how Choristoneura rosaceana male quality, as determined by larval diet, age and mating history, affects the reproductive success of both sexes. While the size of the spermatophore produced at first mating increased linearly with male age, the frequency of mating was significantly higher for middle-aged males (2–4 days old) than younger (0–2 days old) or older (6–8 days old) individuals, when both sexes were fed on artificial diet. However, the duration of copulation was longer in couples with older than younger males. The observed age-related changes in spermatophore size had no significant effect on female longevity, fecundity or fertility, suggesting no direct relationship between male investment and spermatophore size under these experimental conditions. Different larval food sources (artificial diet, maple and hazelnut) did not affect the proportion of 2-day-old virgin males that mated; however, the proportion that remated was significantly higher for males reared on high-quality food (maple and artificial diet) than those on hazelnut, a poorer food source. There was a 5-fold decline in spermatophore size between the first and second matings on all diets, but female reproductive output was reduced by only 25%. In contrast, while the first spermatophore produced by males on hazelnut was 1.5 times smaller than those produced on maple and artificial diet, the fecundity of their mates was 40% less than those mated with high-quality virgin males. These results provide additional support to the idea that spermatophore size is not a valuable indicator of male quality. Most tethered females placed in the field during the first flight period mated with virgin males (based on the size of the spermatophore), suggesting that female choice exists in this species. These results are discussed in relation to the incidence of polyandry in naturally occurring populations of Choristoneura and the potential use of size and/or chemical cues by females to assess male quality.     

Influence of Male Presence on Sexual Maturation in Female Caribbean Fruit Fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The presence of males was shown to affect the rate of female ovarian development in the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). Virgin females were maintained either in the absence or presence of males. Those sharing a common space with males had either visual contact with the opposite sex or no visual contact. Three strains of Caribbean fruit fly were tested: mass reared strain (flies in colony for more than 20 years); semi-wild strain, flies recently adapted to the laboratory conditions (ca. 12 months); and a wild strain collected in the field. We found that: (1) Mass reared, semi-wild, and wild strains had different female maturation rates, as measured by the presence of mature oocytes, regardless of male presence. (2) Male presence accelerated maturation in wild females and to a lesser extent in semi-wild flies, but had no effect on the long-domesticated mass reared strain. (3) A barrier between female and male cages removed any possibility of visual communication but had no effect on the males’ effect on female maturation. We discuss the adaptive significance of facultative ovarian maturation and the use of male-produced cues to regulate sexual development, and comment on the rapid rate of selection on female maturation under mass-rearing conditions.