Strategies for the isolation of cellulolytic fungi for composting of wheat straw

It was shown that inoculation of straw with cellulolytic fungi offers potential for manipulating and improving the composting of cellulose waste, where the C:N ratio is not optimal for composting. In this paper we report on a screening strategy used to isolate novel cellulolytic fungi from field samples. The screen comprised of two phases. In phase I, 300 cellulolytic fungi were isolated to pure culture from field samples collected from Hawaii, China and the UK. Isolates were selected on the basis of high cellulolytic activities and growth rates on cellulose agar. A total of 137 lead isolates progressed to an unreplicated phase II screen to rapidly identify strains that improved quality of the resulting compost over and above that of the uninoculated control. Compost quality was assessed by measuring C:N ratio, water holding capacity, water content and potential and polysaccharide content of the resulting compost. Effect on the aggregate stability of soil and the growth of wheat seedlings was assessed when compost was added to a sandy loam soil. Performance of each isolate was quantified by allocating a utility score for each compost analysed. Utility scores were based on the sum of the logged ranked score in each assay. The 10 highest scoring isolates were subsequently processed through a replicated phase II screen and the best performing isolates identified by calculating utility scores as before. Significantly lower C:N ratios, higher water-holding capacities and improved aggregate stabilities were obtained with some inoculated treatments compared to the uninoculated control, whilst the results obtained for polysaccharide content and plant growth showed no significant differences. Isolate 304, isolated from decomposing vegetation obtained from Egham, Surrey, UK, and identifed as a Trichurus sp., appeared the most effective inoculant, significantly decreasing the C:N ratio by 36% and increasing the aggregate stability of soil by 54% compared to the uninoculated control. As a result of adopting this screening strategy, it has been possible to identify cellulolytic fungi that can, under non-sterile (laboratory) conditions, significantly improve the quality of compost. This screening approach therefore offers real possibilities for selecting microbial inoculants in low-tech agricultural practices.     

秸秆及秸秆黑炭对小麦养分吸收及棕壤酶活性的影响

通过小麦盆栽试验,研究了玉米秸秆及其秸秆黑炭施加对小麦养分吸收利用和棕壤酶活性的影响。试验设对照(CK),黑炭(B),秸秆还田(S),尿素(U),尿素+黑炭(UB)及尿素+秸秆还田(US)6个处理,各处理3次重复。结果表明:无氮肥施入下,B处理较CK和S处理籽粒产量显著提高99.4%和77.7%,小麦地上部氮、磷、钾吸收累积量分别显著提高94.1%—140.9%,55.4%—66.3%和53.1%—72.6%;有氮肥施入下,UB和US处理较U处理提高籽粒产量8.2%—8.8%,小麦地上部氮、磷、钾吸收累积量分别显著提高14.3%—27.8%,19.6%—30.9%和24.4%—40.9%。秸秆及秸秆黑炭施加处理的氮素利用率显著提高21.4%—41.7%。黑炭施加显著提高土壤中有机碳、NH+4-N、NO-3-N和速效钾含量;在施氮条件下,秸秆还田显著提高土壤中NO-3-N含量;秸秆及黑炭施加对有效磷含量无显著影响。秸秆还田显著提高了土壤脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶和中性磷酸酶活性;施加黑炭也明显提高了土壤脱氢酶和脲酶活性,但抑制过氧化氢酶和中性磷酸酶活性。土壤脲酶活性与土壤有机碳、无机氮含量呈显著正相关,表明土壤酶可反映土壤肥力水平。     

八角下脚料、甘蔗滤泥、桐麸联合堆肥的腐熟度指标研究

测定八角下脚料与甘蔗滤泥、桐麸联合堆肥过程中温度、C/N比、种子发芽指数(GI)等腐熟度指标,研究各项指标在堆肥进程中的变化情况。结果表明:GI可作为八角下脚料与甘蔗滤泥、桐麸联合堆肥评价堆肥腐熟度的主要评价指标。在起始C/N比为31.45条件下进行八角提油下脚料、甘蔗滤泥、桐麸的联合高温好氧堆肥,堆制21 d和26 d时,三种腐熟度指标未全部显示堆肥腐熟;堆制31 d时,C/N比为18.55,T值为0.59(小于0.6),发芽指数GI为93.7%(大于80%)。从温度、发芽指数和C/N比三个指标均可认为堆肥已达到腐熟。     

Biomethanation of rice and wheat straw

When rice or wheat straw was added to cattle dung slurry and digested anaerobically, daily gas production increased from 176 to 331 l/kg total solids with 100% rice straw and to 194 l/kg total solids with 40% wheat straw. Not only was methane production enhanced by adding chopped crop residues but a greater biodegradability of organic matter in the straws was achieved.The authors are with the Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Unit, Tata Energy Research Institute, 158 Jor Bagh, New Delhi 110 003, India     

栽培模式对旱地小麦产量和籽粒养分含量的影响

通过田间试验,研究地膜覆盖、秸秆还田和种植绿肥对冬小麦籽粒产量和籽粒养分含量的影响.结果表明:与传统模式相比,地膜覆盖并不总能提高旱地小麦产量,3年平均产量无显著变化,但籽粒磷吸收量却增加8.4%,磷含量平均提高13.0%;籽粒氮、硫和铁吸收量分别降低12.6%、15.0%和11.1%,含量分别降低12.1%、12.9%和10.1%,锌含量无显著变化.秸秆还田使小麦籽粒产量下降12.1%,籽粒氮、硫和铁吸收量分别降低22.5%、21.0%和19.8%,含量分别降低10.1%、9.4%和3.8%;磷吸收量降低9.8%,含量却增加5.0%,锌含量亦无显著变化.种植绿肥的小麦籽粒产量降低12.1%,籽粒氮和锌吸收量无显著变化,含量分别增加12.1%和12.6%,对磷、硫和铁含量无显著影响.可见,旱地条件下,不同栽培模式引起的籽粒产量增减与其养分吸收量变化不一致是养分含量变化的主要原因.在旱地小麦生产中,需注意地膜覆盖和秸秆还田的减产风险及对籽粒养分的不利影响,适当调控氮肥用量,保证小麦产量形成的养分需求,协调氮、硫、铁养分的吸收利用.种植绿肥能培肥土壤,提高籽粒氮和锌含量,但也应注意其减产问题.     

畜禽粪便堆肥过程中各种氮化合物的动态变化及腐熟度评价指标

对不同畜禽粪便在堆肥过程中各种含氮化合物的动态变化进行了研究,结合综合性腐熟度评价指标——种子发芽指数（GI）,探讨了畜禽粪便堆肥过程中与氮有关的腐熟度评价指标.结果表明：随着堆肥的进行,除奶牛粪外,其它畜禽粪便的全氮（TN）含量均呈先下降而后平稳变化趋势,奶牛粪则呈先增加而后平稳变化趋势;各种畜禽粪便中,碱解性氮（HN）含量先增后降;NH₄⁺-N含量先下降而后保持平稳;NO₃^- -N含量则持续增加;NH₄⁺ -N/NO₃^- -N迅速降低.堆肥腐熟度指标中,除综合性评价指标GI值外,HN/TN和NH₄⁺ -N/TN也可作为评价畜禽粪便腐熟程度的优选指标,而NO₃^- -N/TN只能作为一般性评价指标.根据综合性评价指标GI值达到腐熟要求的标准（GI>0.50）,除仔猪粪外,其它畜禽粪便在HN/TN<20.77％、NH₄⁺ -N/TN<10.06％及NO₃^- -N/TN>0.38％时基本达到腐熟要求.     

Influence of straw types and nitrogen sources on mushroom composting emissions and compost productivity

The effects of different straw types and organic and inorganic nitrogen (N) sources on the chemical composition and odor concentration (OC) of mushroom composting emissions, compost parameters, and mushroom yield were examined using bench-scale and large-scale (windrows and aerated tunnels) composting systems. There were close correlations between the butanol or combined H₂S+dimethyl sulfide (DMS) concentration and OC of air samples taken from different composting ingredients (r=0.83 and 0.76–0.87, P<0.01, for log_e-transformed data). Differences in N availability, in terms of NH₃ and N losses during composting, were found between different N sources. Materials in which the N was less available (chipboard and digester wastes, cocoa shells, ammonium sulfate) produced lower mushroom yields than materials in which the N was more readily available (poultry manure, urea, brewers' grains, hop and molasses wastes, cocoa meal). Replacement of poultry manure with the other N sources at 50–100% or wheat straw with rape, bean, or linseed straw in aerated tunnel or windrow composts reduced the OC and emissions of odorous sulfur-containing compounds, but also reduced yield. Urea and cocoa meal may be suitable for “low odor” prewetting of straw, with addition of poultry manure immediately before aerated tunnel composting. Rape straw in compost reduces the formation of anaerobic zones and resulting odorous emissions, since it maintains its structure and porosity better than wheat straw. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2002) 29, 99–110 doi:10.1038/sj.jim.7000292 Received 08 January 2002/ Accepted in revised form 20 June 2002     

蚯蚓处理猪粪与秸秆的最适碳氮比及混合物腐熟度评价

以猪粪和水稻秸秆混合作饵料,通过90 d的室内培养试验,用平均体质量、日均质量增加倍数、日均产茧量和累计繁殖量等指标衡量4个处理（C/N 20、C/N 25、C/N 30和C/N 35）中蚯蚓的生长繁殖状况,并通过35 d的混合物（C/N 25、C/N 30和C/N 35）腐熟试验,采用pH、C/N和水溶性有机碳（DOC）3个指标综合评定混合物腐熟度.结果表明: 处理C/N 30的蚯蚓生长繁殖状况显著优于其他处理.35 d的混合物腐熟试验以21 d为拐点,pH和DOC均呈现先下降后上升的趋势,C/N则呈现持续下降趋势;但综合3个指标衡量,混合物至试验结束尚未完全腐熟.处理C/N 25在7～35 d时C/N＜20,表明C/N＜20不适宜作为衡量混合物腐熟与否的单一指标,应结合其他指标综合判定混合物的腐熟情况.     

施氮和秸秆还田对晚播小麦养分平衡和产量的影响

在大田条件下,研究了水稻秸秆还田和施氮量对晚播小麦产量、养分积累、秸秆养分释放及养分平衡的影响.结果表明: 水稻秸秆还田并配施适当的施氮量有利于提高晚播小麦籽粒产量.晚播小麦全生育期的干物质、氮、磷、钾积累量均随施氮量增加而显著增加,相同施氮量(270 kg N·hm^-2)下,秸秆还田处理的干物质、磷、钾积累高于不还田处理,氮积累则呈相反趋势.随着施氮量增加,秸秆腐解和养分释放率增加,且拔节后秸秆养分释放量占总释放量的比例降低;随生育进程的推进,秸秆的干物质、磷、钾释放量呈倒“N”型变化趋势,而氮释放量则呈“V”型变化趋势.计算养分表观平衡结果表明,秸秆还田并增加施氮量,养分总盈余量显著升高;在获得较高产量的施氮条件下,氮、钾素显著盈余,磷素投入较为合理.晚播小麦实行秸秆还田后,可适当增加氮肥用量至257 kg·hm^-2,并减少钾肥投入.     

不同水稻栽培模式下小麦秸秆腐解特征及对土壤生物学特性和养分状况的影响

采用尼龙网袋法于2007-2008年连续2a在水稻常规栽培和节水灌溉栽培模式下,研究小麦秸秆腐解特征、养分释放规律及对土壤微生物数量、酶活性和养分状况的影响.结果表明:秸秆还田后,在0-30d腐解较快,后期腐解速率逐渐变慢.90d时累计腐解率达到了48.9％-61.3％.秸秆中养分释放速率表现为K＞P＞N≈C.节水栽培模式下小麦秸秆还田腐解率和养分释放率均显著高于常规栽培.秸秆还田后,土壤微生物数量以及土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性均呈现“前期迅速增加,中期急剧减少,后期缓慢减少”的变化特征,而纤维素酶活性呈现“前期剧升、中期缓增、后期骤降”的变化趋势.小麦秸秆在节水栽培模式下还田土壤微生物数量和酶活性均显著高于常规栽培.适当增加秸秆用量可以提高微生物数量和酶活性,用量过高对细菌和放线菌数量有负效应.秸秆还田可显著提高土壤有机碳和养分含量.土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮和速效磷含量在整个试验期间均呈增加趋势.速效钾含量在秸秆还田30 d时达到最高,而后则逐渐降低.节水栽培模式下秸秆还田后土壤有机碳和养分含量的提高效应显著高于常规栽培.提高秸秆用量对土壤养分含量有显著的正效应.     

Evaluation of thermophilic fungal consortium for paddy straw composting

Out of 10 thermophilic fungi isolated from wheat straw, farm yard manure, and soil, only three showed highest cellobiase, carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase, and FPase activities. They were identified as Aspergillus nidulans (Th₄), Scytalidium thermophilum (Th₅), and Humicola sp. (Th₁₀). A fungal consortium of these three fungi was used to compost a mixture (1:1) of silica rich paddy straw and lignin rich soybean trash. The composting of paddy straw for 3 months, during summer period in North India, resulted in a product with C:N ratio 9.5:1, available phosphorus 0.042% and fungal biomass 6.512 mg of N-acetyl glucosamine/100 mg of compost. However, a C:N ratio of 10.2:1 and highest humus content of 3.3% was achieved with 1:1 mixture of paddy straw and soybean trash. The fungal consortium was effective in converting high silica paddy straw into nutritionally rich compost thereby leading to economical and environment friendly disposal of this crop residue.     

Effect of bioaugmentation and nitrogen supplementation on composting of paddy straw

A composting experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of a hyperlignocellulolytic fungal consortium and different nitrogen amendments on paddy straw composting in terms of changes in physicochemical and biological parameters. A fungal consortium comprising four lignocellulolytic mesophilic fungal cultures was used as inoculum for bioaugmentation of paddy straw in perforated pits. The comparative effect of farmyard manure (FYM), soybean trash, poultry litter and urea on the composting process was evaluated at monthly intervals in terms of physicochemical (pH, EC, available P, C:N ratio and humus content) and biological (enzymatic and microbial activity) parameters. The compost prepared from bioaugmented paddy straw composting mixture, with poultry manure as nitrogen supplement attained desirable C:N ratio in 1 month and displayed least phytotoxicity levels along with higher production of β-1,4-Exoglucanase. The combined activity of the autochthonous composting microbiota as well as the externally applied fungal inoculum accelerated the composting process of paddy straw. Supplementation of paddy straw with poultry manure in 8:1 ratio was identified as the best treatment to hasten the composting process. This study highlights the importance of application of fungal inoculum and an appropriate N-amendment such as poultry manure for preparation of compost using a substrate having high C:N ratio, such as paddy straw.     

Solid-state anaerobic digestion of spent wheat straw from horse stall

The spent wheat straw from horse stall bedding has lower cellulose and hemicellulose contents, but higher volatile fatty acid content than raw wheat straw. Biogas production from solid-state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD) of spent wheat straw and raw wheat straw was compared in this study. The SS-AD tests were conducted at 22% total solids (TS) content using inoculum from a liquid AD system at three feedstock-to-inoculum (F/I) ratios of 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0. Daily methane yields of spent wheat straw peaked 8 and 3 days earlier than those of raw wheat straw at F/I ratios of 2.0 and 4.0, respectively. The highest methane yield of 150.0 L/kg volatile solids (VS) was obtained from spent wheat straw at an F/I ratio of 4.0, which was 56.2% higher than that of raw wheat straw. The corresponding cellulose and hemicellulose degradation of spent wheat straw was 24.1% and 49.4% higher than those of raw wheat straw, respectively.     

Organosolv pulping of wheat straw by use of phenol

A central composite design was used to investigate the influence of the cooking conditions (time, temperature and phenol concentration) for wheat straw with phenol-water mixtures on the properties of the pulp obtained (yield and holocellulose, -cellulose, lignin and ethanol-benzene extractable contents) and the pH of the resulting wastewater. A second-order polynomial model consisting of three independent process variables was found to accurately describe the organosolv pulping of wheat straw. The equations derived predict the yield, the holocellulose, -cellulose, lignin and ethanol-benzene extractable contents of the pulp, and the pH of the wastewater with multiple-R, R² and adjusted-R² high values. The process variables must be set at low variables in order to ensure a high yield and pH. Conversely, if high holocellulose and -cellulose contents, and low lignin and ethanol-benzene extractable contents are desired, then a high temperature (200°C), long cooking time (120 min), and intermediate phenol concentration (65%) must be used.     

乙醇预处理麦秆的酶解性能研究简

采用H2 SO4催化和自催化乙醇法对麦秆进行预处理,比较预处理后麦秆的主要化学组成、纤维素酶解性能和半同步糖化发酵生产乙醇特性,并进行物料衡算。结果表明：H2 SO4催化和自催化乙醇预处理过程中纤维素固体回收率大于90％。添加非离子表面活性剂吐温20和吐温80没有显著提高H2 SO4催化乙醇预处理后纤维素的酶解葡萄糖得率及半同步糖化发酵过程中乙醇的产量,而对自催化乙醇处理后麦秆的酶解和半同步糖化发酵过程有一定程度的促进作用,相应的酶解葡聚糖转化率由72.7％提高到85.0％,而半同步糖化发酵过程中乙醇质量浓度提高了11.4％。物料衡算结果表明：酸催化和自催化乙醇预处理后葡聚糖回收率分别为91.0％和95.4％;半同步糖化发酵生产乙醇的得率分别为10.4和11.6 g（按100 g原料计）。     

Estimation of metabolisable energy and net energy of rice straw and wheat straw for beef cattle by indirect calorimetry

Two experiments were conducted to estimate the metabolisable energy (ME) and net energy (NE) of rice straw and wheat straw for beef cattle. In each experiment, 16 Wandong bulls (Chinese indigenous yellow cattle) were assigned to 4 dietary treatments in a completely randomised design. Four dietary treatments included one corn silage-concentrate basal diet and three test diets in which the basal diet was partly substituted by rice straw (Exp. 1) or wheat straw (Exp. 2) at 100, 300 and 600 g/kg. Total collection of faeces and urine was conducted for 5 consecutive days after a 2-week adaption period, followed by a 4-d period where gas exchange measurements were measured by an open-circuit respiratory cage. Linear regression equations of rice straw- or wheat straw-associated ME and NE contribution in test diets against rice straw or wheat straw substitution amount were developed to predict the ME and NE values of rice straw and wheat straw. These regression equations resulted in ME and NE values (dry matter basis) of 6.76 and 3.42 MJ/kg for rice straw and 6.43 and 3.28 MJ/kg for wheat straw, respectively. The NE and ME requirement for maintenance of Wandong cattle fed a straw-based diet were 357 and 562 kJ·kg^?0.75·d^?1, respectively. The regression-derived ME and NE have lower standard errors and coefficients of variation than those estimated by any single substitution ratio. Our study found that the regression method based on multiple point substitution is more reliable than the substitution method for energy evaluation of feedstuffs for beef cattle.     

小麦秸秆水浸提液对五种植物化感作用的研究

该文研究了不同浓度的小麦秸秆水浸提液对徐州地区2种玉米(郑单958和农大108)和3种常见玉米田间杂草(马唐、稗草和反枝苋)种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:当小麦秸秆浸提液浓度分别大于75、50和25 g·L~-1时,马唐、稗草和反枝苋种子的萌发受到显著的抑制;当小麦秸秆浸提液浓度分别大于50和37.5 g·L~-1时,玉米郑单958和农大108种子的萌发受到显著的抑制;但当小麦秸秆浸提液浓度大于37.5 g·L~-1时,马唐、稗草和反枝苋幼苗根和芽的生长均受到明显的抑制;当小麦秸秆浸提液浓度小于75 g·L~-1时,玉米郑单958和农大108幼苗根与芽的生长受到明显的促进,且郑单958幼苗叶片中叶绿素的含量以及郑单958的POD酶活性均得到提高。该研究结果表明较高浓度的小麦秸秆浸提液(50 g·L~-1)会抑制杂草的生长,有利于玉米郑单958的生长,为小麦秸秆还田和玉米田杂草的生态防治提供了理论基础。     

秸秆覆盖配施氮肥根际土真菌群落及其与小麦产量的关系

为研究秸秆覆盖与施氮条件下土壤真菌群落变化及其驱动因素与冬小麦产量的关系,试验采用二因素裂区设计,主区为秸秆覆盖(SM)和不覆盖(NSM);副区为两种施氮量0(N0)和180(N1)kg/hm²。于小麦开花期采集土壤样品测定土壤养分及采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术分析根际真菌群落结构和多样性。结果表明,SM较NSM处理小麦产量提高40.3%,差异显著。NSMN1较NSMN0处理小麦产量显著提高75%;SMN1处理比SMN0处理小麦产量显著提高92%。SM处理较NSM处理土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、氨态氮(NH⁺₄-N)、速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)的含量显著增加,土壤硝态氮(NO^-₃-N)含量降低。无论秸秆覆盖与否,施氮显著提高了土壤TN、AN、NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N、AP和AK的含量。秸秆覆盖根际真菌群落多样性(Chao1与Shannon指数)...     

栽培模式对旱地小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响

通过田间试验,研究地膜覆盖、秸秆还田和种植绿肥对冬小麦籽粒产量和土壤肥力的影响.结果表明: 与传统模式相比,地膜覆盖并不总能提高旱地小麦产量,3年平均产量无显著变化,但降低20～40 cm土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效硫、有效锌和有效锰含量,对土壤有机质、硝态氮、有效铁和有效铜含量无显著影响.秸秆还田的小麦产量3年平均降低12.1%,收获期0～20 cm土层全氮提高5.8%,20～40 cm土层有效铜含量提高6.2%,而有效磷和有效锰分别降低36.1%和10.2%,对开花期和收获期土壤有机质、硝态氮、速效钾、有效硫、有效锌和有效铁无显著影响.种植绿肥的籽粒产量降低12.1%,同时土壤pH、有效磷和有效硫含量降低,有机质、全氮、硝态氮、有效锌和有效锰均增加,对土壤速效钾、有效铁和有效铜均无显著影响.综上,在旱地土壤肥力较低的条件下,地膜覆盖和秸秆还田不利于土壤肥力的提升,使小麦增产受到限制;种植绿肥培肥效果最好,但应考虑区域降水情况,注意其带来的减产问题.     

麦-稻两熟集约生产土壤养分平衡与调控研究

以兴化市钓鱼乡为例,研究了麦－稻两熟集约生产的土壤有机质、养分的动态平衡以及调控途径。结果表明,在不同的管理模式下,高产农田有机物归还量比一般产量条件下高１４．２２％￣１８．６９％,氮、磷盈余量、钾亏缺量分别为３８０．０￣４３２ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２、１９．１５￣３２．７８ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２、９９．１￣１７４．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,与一般产量条件下比较,氮、磷盈余量提高,而钾的亏缺量相近,提出了改善高产农田土壤肥