横断山区虎耳草科植物分类之研究

作者在参加编写横断山区维管束植物志(虎耳草科)的过程中,鉴定了中国科学院青藏综合考察队在横断山区几年来采集的大量标本和我所历年来保存的蜡叶标本,发现了一些新种、新变种和新变型,即日东虎儿草Saxifraga riagdomensis Ku,sp.nov.,卵瓣虎耳草S.ovatipetala Ku,sp.nov.;假聚伞虎耳草S.cymiformis Ku,sp.nov.;反萼虎耳草S.reflexa Ku,sp.nov.;小金虎耳草S.xiaojinensis Ku,sp.nov.;宽瓣虎耳草S.latipetala Ku,sp.nov.;巴郎山虎耳草S.ba-longshanensis Ku,sp.nov.;长毛虎耳草S.rupestris Ku,sp.nov.;少叶虎耳草S.oligophylla Ku,sp.nov.;贡山虎耳草S.gongshanensis Ku,sp.nov.;康定虎耳草S.kangdingensis Ku,sp.nov.;长瓣虎耳草S.longipetala Ku,sp.nov.;匙叶虎耳草S.spathulifolia Ku,sp.nov.;察隅虎耳草S.zayuensis Ku,sp.nov.;左贡虎耳草S.zogangensis Ku,sp.nov.;少花虎耳草S.pauciflora Ku,sp.nov.;汶川虎耳草S.wenchuanensis Ku,sp.nov.?卵瓣虎耳草S.obovctipe-tala Ku,sp.nov.;理县虎耳草S.lixianensis Ku,sp.nov.;双花虎耳草S.biflora Ku,sp.nov.;棒蕊虎耳草S.clavistamineoidesKu,sp.nov.。     

中国虎耳草属(虎耳草科)二新种————班玛虎耳草和丁青虎耳草

记载了中国虎耳草属Saxifraga二新种, 即班玛虎耳草S. banmaensis J. T. Pan和丁青虎耳草S. dingqingensis J. T. Pan。其中, 班玛虎耳草仅见于青海班玛, 与小伞虎耳草S. umbellulata Hook. f. &; Thoms.近缘, 但其萼片先端具软骨质短尖头, 花瓣线形, 非提琴状长圆形至提琴形, 基部无爪, 可资区别。丁青虎耳草见于西藏丁青, 与近加拉虎耳草S. llonakhensis W. W. Smith相似, 但其萼片3脉, 于先端汇合成1疣点, 花瓣具8痂体和4-5脉, 基部截形或近耳形, 可以区别。此两种均系中国特有种, 隶属于莲座状亚组subsect. Rosulares Gornall。     

虎耳草属一新亚种

虎耳草属一新亚种王国宏,廉永善,王一峰（西北师范大学生物系,兰州７３００７０）关键词虎耳草属,甘肃虎耳草ＡＮＥＷＳＵＢＳＰＥＣＩＥＳＯＦＳＡＸＩＦＲＡＧＡＦＲＯＭＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＷａｎｇＧｕｏｈｏｎｇ;ＬｉａｎＹｏｎｇｓｈａｎａｎｄＷａｎｇＹｉｆｅｎｇ（...     

湖北虎耳草科(广义)新记录

报道湖北省虎耳草科(Saxifragaceae)植物3种新记录——芽虎耳草(Saxifraga gemmigera var. gemmigera Engl. ex Diels)、双喙虎耳草(Saxifraga davidii Franch.)和宽叶梅花草(Parnassia dilatata Hand.-Mazz.)。凭证标本存放于中国科学院武汉植物园标本馆(HIB)、吉首大学植物标本馆(JIU)和后河国家级自然保护区植物标本室(HHB)。     

河南省虎耳草科增补与订正

报道了虎耳草科新记录2种3变种:长白茶藨子(Ribes komarovii)、疏花山梅花(Philadelphus laxiflorus)、米柴山梅花(Philadelphus incanus var.mitsai)、无柄溲疏(Deutzia glabrata var.sessilifolia)和绣毛绣球(Hydrangea longipes var.fulvescens),并对<河南植物志>虎耳草科17个类群进行了订正.     

山地虎耳草和棒腺虎耳草转录组SSR和SNP分析

利用Illumina HiSeqTM2000对山地虎耳草和棒腺虎耳草进行转录组测序,分析和比较其SSR和SNP特征。结果表明:山地虎耳草63 763条Unigene序列中含有4 622个SSR,发生频率为7.25%,有110种重复基元,平均每10.00kb出现一个SSR位点;棒腺虎耳草60 972条Unigene序列中含有4 542个SSR,发生频率为7.45%,有85种重复基元,平均每10.40kb出现一个SSR位点,略低于山地虎耳草。山地虎耳草和棒腺虎耳草转录组序列的SSR优势基元均为三核苷酸重复。2个物种的转录组SSR以5~10次的较低重复次数为主,长度主要集中于12~30bp,具有较高的多态性。山地虎耳草和棒腺虎耳草中分别获得118 424个和112 006个SNP位点,编码区的SNP位点分别占30.40%和28.59%,且在编码SNP中同义突变所占比例(30.27%、28.48%)远高于非同义突变(0.13%、0.11%)。比较发现,2个物种的各项检索结果基本一致,推测与选取的组织部位、组织的发育阶段以及物种的亲缘关系有关。     

遮荫对虎耳草光合生理特性的影响

以盆栽1年的虎耳草为材料,研究遮荫条件下虎耳草叶片抗氧化酶体系活力、叶绿素含量、光合速率以及叶绿素荧光参数的变化,为虎耳草规模化栽培提供理论基础。结果表明：透光率50%条件下,叶绿素含量较高;虎耳草抗氧化酶活力最高;光饱和点（LSP）最大,最大光合速率（A_max）最高,光合速率日变化平均值最高,无“午休”;光系统Ⅱ的实际量子产量(Φ_PSⅡ)、PSⅡ最大量子产量(F_v/F_m)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)最高,非光化学猝灭系数(qN)最低。这表明,虎耳草在怀化地区的最适光照条件是50%左右的透光率。     

虎耳草属的资源分类及育种进展

虎耳草属(Saxifraga Tourn. ex L.)资源丰富且分布广泛,全球有440～500个种,其分类一直受到植物学家的关注。该属具有重要的观赏和药用价值,欧洲多国非常重视其观赏资源的开发利用。虎耳草属的品种培育距今已有150多年的历史,到2022年国际虎耳草协会(The Saxifrage Society)网站收录了1 692个品种,但只有1个品种来自中国。可见,我国虽然是虎耳草属的多样性中心之一,但对其观赏资源的开发利用远远落后于欧美甚至日本。该文从虎耳草属的种质资源、分类概况、育种进展等方面进行综述,并简要介绍该属资源的利用现状,为今后我国虎耳草属的分类、育种及应用提供借鉴。结果表明：(1)虎耳草种质资源丰富,但属下系统演化关系仍存在诸多问题,有待整合形态和系统发育学手段开展系统而深入的研究。(2)该属品种主要通过杂交育种和变异筛选的方式育成,英国、捷克共和国、德国、荷兰为培育品种最多的国家。(3)我国对该属的品种选育工作起步晚,育成品种少且育种方式单一。     

不同温度处理对虎耳草叶片气体交换及叶肉结构的影响

在人工气候箱中对盆栽虎耳草进行处理,测定不同温度条件下虎耳草叶片光合特征、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、叶肉结构等生理形态指标。结果表明：低温处理后,虎耳草叶片净光合速率、气孔导度下降迅速,叶绿素含量最少,SOD、CAT活性最低,MDA含量最高,栅栏组织排列更紧密,移置正常温度下,光合速率能在短时间内恢复;高温处理的净光合速率下降速度不及低温处理,但叶片海绵组织显著增加,光合速率恢复较慢。     

虎耳草属异叶虎耳草复合群的数量分类学研究

山羊臭组（Saxifraga sect. Ciliatae Haworth）隶属于虎耳草属（Saxifraga Tourn. ex L.）,具有极高的物种丰富度,但山羊臭组内部的系统发育关系一直都未能很好解决。唐古拉亚组（S. subsect. Hirculoideae Engl.）是山羊臭组中最大的亚组,主要分布于青藏高原及其周边地区。根据形态特征,可将唐古拉亚组划分为3个复合群,其中叶背边缘有突起叶脉的物种被归入异叶虎耳草复合群（S. diversifolia complex）。本研究通过标本查阅,选取异叶虎耳草复合群24个物种、2变种共657份标本,对其24个定性性状信息进行主成分分析和聚类分析;获取443条地理分布信息,构建复合群的分布式样。特征值大于1的前7个主成分的累计贡献率较低,仅为67.748%。“茎生叶是否具柄”“中下部茎生叶形态”“花序类型”“中下部茎生叶大小”“萼片脉纹于先端汇合”“叶基心形”等性状对前3个主成分的贡献值大,可作为异叶虎耳草复合群物种分类与鉴定的关键性状。基于形态聚类结果和地理分布式样,可将异叶虎耳草复合群划分为3个分支：喜马拉雅山南坡分支、环四川盆地山区分支以及横断山分支（包含一个广布种S. egregia）。主成分分析结果支持将异叶虎耳草复合群划分为3个分支。     

Phylogeography of the Arctic-Alpine Saxifraga oppositifolia (Saxifragaceae) and some related taxa based on cpDNA and ITS sequence variation

Saxifraga oppositifolia (Saxifragaceae) is an important model system for the evolution of Arctic-Alpine plant species. Sequences of the psbA-trnH intergenic spacer of chloroplast DNA and of the internal transcribed spacer region, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, of the nuclear ribosomal DNA were used to investigate the intraspecific evolution and phylogeography of this species. Samples from nearly the species' entire circumpolar distribution were included in the analysis as well as samples from the closely related taxa S. smalliana from Alaska and S. blepharophylla and S. biflora from the Alps (S. aizoides served as outgroup). These latter taxa showed a low number of parsimony informative characters, in both cpDNA and ITS sequences, which separated them from S. oppositifolia. Two main cpDNA haplotypes were detected within S. oppositifolia, one with a Eurasian distribution and one with an East Asian-North American distribution. This confirmed the existence of two cpDNA lineages with different geographical distributions in this species, which had previously been reported based on a RFLP analysis. The ITS phylogeny was not useful with respect to the intraspecific evolution and phylogeography of S. oppositifolia, because it showed a largely unresolved topology with low statistical support. The cpDNA sequence analysis, however, also suggested a putative long-distance dispersal event. All investigated taxa had cpDNA haplotypes that were congruent with their geographical origin rather than their phylogeny. This could point to putative lineage sorting in S. oppositifolia and related taxa.     

Molecular analysis of the Pleistocene history of Saxifraga oppositifolia in the Alps

A recent circumpolar survey of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) haplotypes identified Pleistocene glacial refugia for the Arctic-Alpine Saxifraga oppositifolia in the Arctic and, potentially, at more southern latitudes. However, evidence for glacial refugia within the ice sheet covering northern Europe during the last glacial period was not detected either with cpDNA or in another study of S. oppositifolia that surveyed random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variation. If any genotypes survived in such refugia, they must have been swamped by massive postglacial immigration of periglacial genotypes. The present study tested whether it is possible to reconstruct the Pleistocene history of S. oppositifolia in the European Alps using molecular methods. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of cpDNA of S. oppositifolia, partly sampled from potential nunatak areas, detected two common European haplotypes throughout the Alps, while three populations harboured two additional, rare haplotypes. RAPD analysis confirmed the results of former studies on S. oppositifolia; high within, but low among population genetic variation and no particular geographical patterning. Some Alpine populations were not perfectly nested in this common gene pool and contained private RAPD markers, high molecular variance or rare cpDNA haplotypes, indicating that the species could possibly have survived on ice-free mountain tops (nunataks) in some parts of the Alps during the last glaciation. However, the overall lack of a geographical genetic pattern suggests that there was massive immigration of cpDNA and RAPD genotypes by seed and pollen flow during postglacial times. Thus, the glacial history of S. oppositifolia in the Alps appears to resemble closely that suggested previously for the species in northern Europe.     

叉梗茅膏菜的订正

根据对国内外标本的研究,认为叉梗茅膏菜不能成立,将其归入圆叶茅膏菜。     

Photosynthetic characteristics and biomass distribution of the dominant vascular plant species in a high Arctic tundra ecosystem,Ny-Ålesund,Svalbard: implications for their role in ecosystem carbon gain

Studies on terrestrial ecosystems in the high Arctic region have focused on the response of these ecosystems to global environmental change and their carbon sequestration capacity in relation to ecosystem function. We report here our study of the photosynthetic characteristics and biomass distribution of the dominant vascular plant species, Salix polaris, Dryas octopetala and Saxifraga oppositifolia, in the high Arctic tundra ecosystem at Ny-Alesund, Svalbard (78.5 degrees N, 11.5 degrees E). We also estimated net primary production (NPP) along both the successional gradient created by the proglacial chronosequence and the topographical gradient. The light-saturated photosynthesis rate (A (max)) differed among the species, with approximately 124.1 nmol CO(2) g(-1)leaf s(-1) for Sal. polaris, 57.8 for D. octopetala and 24.4 for Sax. oppositifolia, and was highly correlated with the leaf nitrogen (N) content for all three species. The photosynthetic N use efficiency was the highest in Sal. polaris and lowest in Sax. oppositifolia. Distributions of Sal. polaris and D. octopetala were restricted to the area where soil nutrient availability was high, while Sax. oppositifolia was able to establish at the front of a glacier, where nutrient availability is low, but tended to be dominated by other vascular plants in high nutrient areas. The NPP reflected the photosynthetic capacity and biomass distribution in that it increased with the successional status; the contribution of Sal. polaris reached as high as 12-fold that of Sax. oppositifolia.     

单叶黄荆的分类学修订

根据对单叶黄荆（Vitex simplicifolia）模式标本的研究,结合在其模式产地的野外调查,发现单叶黄荆与黄荆（V.negundo）并无本质区别,不宜作为独立的种,但其叶片为单叶而且比较稳定,将其降级并组合为黄荆的变种。     

单叶黄荆的分类学修订

根据对单叶黄荆(Vitex simplicifolia)模式标本的研究,结合在其模式产地的野外调查,发现单叶黄荆与黄荆(V.negundo)并无本质区别,不宜作为独立的种,但其叶片为单叶而且比较稳定,将其降级并组合为黄荆的变种。     

福建3个产地水仙的核型分析

通过对福建漳州、平潭和南日岛3地水仙(Narcissus tazetta Linn. var. chinensis Roem.)核型的分析,探讨南日岛地区水仙的起源,了解南日岛、漳州、平潭3地水仙的亲缘关系.结果表明:3地水仙的染色体数目及倍性相同,均为同源三倍体(2n=3x=30);核型差异较小,都属于典型不对称的二型核型.3地水仙是同一起源的中国水仙,它们之间形态特征的差异是不同环境条件下的自发突变,经过长期的自然选择所形成的基因型和生态型的差异.     

我国苏铁属一新种

我国苏铁属(苏铁种)一新种, 即念珠苏铁。     

蓼属一新变种——铺地火炭母

采自海南省文昌市文昌镇一个蓼科蓼属植物新变种,与火炭母(Polygonum chinenseLinn.var.chinense)相比较,其主要特点是茎匍匐,叶具大斑点,命名为铺地火炭母(Polygonum chinenseLinn.var.procumbensZ.E.Zhao et J.R.Zhao)。     

Response of Saxifraga oppositifolia L. to simulated climate change at three contrasting latitudes

Saxifraga oppositifolia, a widespread circum-arctic and alpine plant species, was exposed to increased temperature at three ITEX sites of different latitudes: Val Bercla in the Swiss Alps (46°N), Latnjajaure in mid-alpine Northern Sweden (68°N), and Alexandra Fjord, Ellesmere Island (79°N) in the Canadian High Arctic. Phenology, growth, and reproduction were monitored for 2 or 3 consecutive years. Increased temperature had little influence on the phenology of S. oppositifolia , although flowering period was somewhat longer and pollination earlier in the experimental plots. A decrease in the density of flowers on each plant was noted at two sites over 3 years, with a slightly larger decrease in the warmed plots. The few changes observed in reproductive variables (e.g. fruit : flower ratio) are mostly assigned to increased shading by taller growing neighbouring plants of other species, thus limiting performance of the shade-intolerant S. oppositifolia . It is assumed that survival of this species, especially at the lower limits of its altitudinal and latitudinal distribution, will depend on seed dispersal to new, open habitats.