苦瓜胚胎学研究

以石蜡制片法对苦瓜(Momordica charantia L.)进行了胚胎学研究。小孢子母细胞减数分裂时,胞质分裂为同时型,形成四面体型四分体和左右对称型四分体。成熟花粉为二细胞型。子房三室,双珠被,厚珠心,倒生胚珠。大孢子四分体为线形,合点端功能大孢子发育成为蓼型胚囊。中央细胞细胞质中有大量贮藏物质存在。极核在受精时融合。双受精过程属有丝分裂前配子融合类型。3个反足细胞随受精过程进行而退化。胚胎发生为柳叶菜型。核型胚乳,合点端具胚乳吸器。     

苦瓜化学成分和生物活性的研究进展

本文就近年来国内外对苦瓜的研究情况进行综述,主要概述了其化学成分、生物活性(药理活性和抗虫作用)的进展情况。     

苦瓜降血糖活性部位的高通量筛选研究

PPAR与2型糖尿病存在密切关系,该受体已成为抗2型糖尿病的主要靶点。苦瓜是一种民间的中草药,药理实验文献报道具有显著的降血糖作用。本文以PPAR三种亚型PPARα、PPARγ,和PPARβ／δ为靶点的高通量筛选模型,对苦瓜多糖进行活性筛选。筛选结果表明MC-3对PPARδ和PPARγ具有较强的激活效果,其激活倍数分别达1．995、1．689。MC．3是一种潜在的降糖、降脂的活性部位。     

苦瓜干制前后氨基酸组分的变化

经酸水解,利用氨基酸自动分析仪测定干制加工前后的苦瓜中总氨基酸和游离氨基酸含量。结果表明干制前后的苦瓜在氨基酸质量分数上有明显差别,总氨基酸质量分数分别为11.99%和10.87%,游离氨基酸分别为2.36%和0.70%。结论:干制前后的苦瓜中氨基酸质量分数差别明显,其中碱性氨基酸质量分数的变化尤其显著,总氨基酸中精氨酸质量分数下降50%,在游离氨基酸中下降78%;同时还原糖质量分数也由干制前的4.86%下降为干制后的1.86%,说明苦瓜干制过程中发生了美拉德反应,造成了氨基酸和还原糖含量的下降。     

HPLC-ELSD测定苦瓜皂甙的含量

本文用HPLCELSD法测定苦瓜中皂甙B的含量。色谱条件:色谱柱ZorbaxSBC18,4.6×150mm;检测器ELSD(EvaporativeLightScatteringDetector);柱温30℃;流动相:甲醇水(70:30);流速1.0mL/min,N2压力:2.0×105Pa。皂甙B的保留时间在为7.295min,在浓度为0.1058～5.290μg/μL之间有很好的线性关系(R2=0.9918)。平均加标回收率为100.27%(n=3),RSD=2.83%。实验结果表明此方法可以作为苦瓜皂甙的定量测定方法     

苦瓜中苦瓜甾苷的提取工艺研究

本研究通过单因素实验和正交实验,采用HPTLC检测方法,以苦瓜甾苷浸提量为考察指标,对影响苦瓜甾苷提取效果的各因素进行了研究。结果表明各因素对苦瓜甾苷提取效果的影响程度从高到低依次为:乙醇浓度>固液比>浸提时间>浸提温度。确定了苦瓜甾苷的最佳提取工艺参数为乙醇浓度80%,浸提温度55℃,浸提时间5h,固液比1:10。     

比色法测定苦瓜中的总皂甙

本试验通过对高氯酸和硫酸体系进行比较,选择香草醛-冰醋酸-高氯酸体系作为测定苦瓜皂甙的合适显色条件,并对体系中各个因素逐一考察,确定比色法测定苦瓜皂甙的条件为：0．2mL冰醋酸,0．8mL高氯酸,5％香草醛．冰醋酸溶液,70℃条件下反应20min。试验以苦瓜皂甙建立了苦瓜皂甙测定回归曲线,线性和稳定性可靠,平均加标回收率100．78％,变异系数为1．910％。     

Biocatalytic Production of Acyclic Bis[bibenzyls] from Dihydroresveratrol by Crude Momordica charantia Peroxidase

Biotransformation of dihydroresveratrol by crude Momordica charantia peroxidase provided six new acyclic bis[bibenzyls] 1 – 6 . Their structures were established on the basis of NMR and MS analyses as C? C, C? O? C, and C? CH₂? C dimers of dihydroresveratrol. Compounds 1 – 6 were tested for antiproliferative activity against human prostate cancer PC3 cell line in vitro, and 2 and 6 were found to be more potent than the parent compound.     

Cucurbitane-type triterpenoids from the aerial parts of Momordica charantia L.

Six new cucurbitane-type triterpenoids (1–6), together with two known analogues (7 and 8) were isolated from the aerial parts of Momordica charantia L. The structures of new compounds were identified as cucurbita-6,24-dien-3β,23-diol-19,5β-olide (1), (19R)-5β,19-epoxy-19-methoxycucurbita-6,24-dien-3β,23-diol (2), (19S)-5β,19-epoxy-19-methoxycucurbita-6,24-dien-3β,23-diol (3), (19R)-5β,19-epoxy-19-isopropoxycucurbita-6,24-dien-3β,23-diol (4), 3β,23-dihydroxy-5-methoxycucurbita-6,24-dien-19-al (5) and (19R)-7β,19-epoxy-19-methoxycucurbita-5,24-dien-3β,23-diol (6), by extensive MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic technologies. This is the first report of the isolation of tetracyclic triterpenoids possessing a 7β,19-epoxy system, viz., 6, from M. charantia L.     

Inheritance of gynoecism in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)

The inheritance of sex expression in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and other cucurbits is well documented; however, the genetics of female sex (gynoecism) expression in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) has not been described. Inheritance of gynoecism in bitter gourd was studied in a 100% gynoecious line (Gy263B). The F(2) and testcross segregation data revealed that gynoecism in Gy263B is under the control of a single, recessive gene. Following the gene nomenclature of cucurbits, it is proposed that the gene symbol, gy-1, be assigned for the expression of gynoecism in bitter gourd.     

长白大苦瓜高效再生系统的建立

目的:长白大苦瓜是蔬菜新品种,其高效再生系统的建立有助于蔬菜的快速生产,克服季节性、地域性对蔬菜生产的影响。方法:通过不同激素之间的配比寻找合适的种子萌发、不定芽分化和生根培养基。结果:预处理可有效提高种子萌发率,并获得长势整齐、健壮的无菌苗。添加6-BA 0.5mg/L NAA 0.5mg/L的培养基诱导的不定芽分化率较高,而激素组合6-BA 2mg/L NAA 0.5mg/L则对诱导丛生芽具有较好的效果。添加NAA 0.5mg/L能使试管苗的生根率达到50%。经过3d炼苗,移入腐叶土和泥炭土比例为1∶1的基质土壤中就可以正常生长。结论:长白大苦瓜可以建立高效的再生系统,实现试管苗的快速生产。     

Protective Effect of Borage Seed Oil and Gamma Linolenic Acid on DNA: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies

Borage (Borago officinalis L.) seed oil has been used as a treatment for various degenerative diseases. Many useful properties of this oil are attributed to its high gamma linolenic acid content (GLA, 18:3 ω-6). The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the safety and suitability of the use of borage seed oil, along with one of its active components, GLA, with respect to DNA integrity, and to establish possible in vivo toxic and in vitro cytotoxic effects. In order to measure these properties, five types of assays were carried out: toxicity, genotoxicity, antigenotoxicity, cytotoxicity (using the promyelocytic leukaemia HL60 cell line), and life span (in vivo analysis using the Drosophila model). Results showed that i) Borage seed oil is not toxic to D. melanogaster at physiological concentrations below 125 µl/ml and the studies on GLA indicated non-toxicity at the lowest concentration analyzed ii) Borage seed oil and GLA are DNA safe (non-genotoxic) and antimutagenic compared to hydrogen peroxide, thereby confirming its antioxidant capacity; iii) Borage seed oil and GLA exhibited cytotoxic activity in low doses (IC₅₀ of 1 µl/ml and 0.087 mM, respectively) iv) Low doses of borage seed oil (0.19%) increased the health span of D. melanogaster; and v) GLA significantly decreased the life span of D. melanogaster.Based on the antimutagenic and cytotoxic effects along with the ability to increase the health span, we propose supplementation with borage seed oil rather than GLA, because it protects DNA by modulating oxidative genetic damage in D. melanogaster, increases the health span and exerts cytotoxic activity towards promyelocytic HL60 cells.     

苦瓜主要品质性状的遗传变异、相关和通径分析

对23份苦瓜材料的10个品质性状进行了研究。结果表明,苦瓜维生素C、还原糖、有机酸、果瘤、果色、果刺和苦味遗传变异系数大,遗传力高;水分含量遗传变异系数很小;风味遗传变异系数较小,遗传力低。苦瓜4个内在营养品质之间相关性小,而4个外观品质性状之间关系密切。两个味觉品质与4个内在营养品质之间相关性小,但与4个外观品质之间关系密切。内在营养品质与外观品质之间有一定关系。通径分析提出通过降低果实的苦味和有机酸含量来提高风味品质;通过水分含量和果瘤两性状的直接选择来实现对维生素C的间接选择。     

苦瓜提取物的抑菌活性研究

本文研究了苦瓜(MC)不同活性成分的抑菌活性.结果表明:苦瓜提取物对细菌的抑菌作用明显,但对霉菌、酵母菌的抑制效果不明显.苦瓜粗皂甙和苦瓜粗多糖的抑菌效果比纯品的好.苦瓜乙醇浸提物、苦瓜粗多糖、苦瓜多糖、苦瓜粗皂甙、苦瓜皂甙、苦瓜粗蛋白对藤黄八叠球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为50、100、5、100、2、20 mg/mL.苦瓜多糖、苦瓜皂甙和苦瓜蛋白是苦瓜抑菌活性功能成分.     

In Vivo Inhibition of Seed Development and Reserve Protein Accumulation in Recombinants of Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis and Responsiveness Mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana

In Arabidopsis thaliana, seed development in recombinants of the ABA-deficient aba mutant with the ABA response mutants abi1 or abi3 is compared to wild type and the monogenic parents. Aberrant seed development occurred in the aba,abi3 recombinant and was normal in aba,abi1, abi3 and aba,abi1 seeds. Embryos of the recombinant aba,abi3 seeds maintained the green color until maturity, the seeds kept a high water content, did not form the late abundant 2S and 12S storage proteins, were desiccation intolerant, and often showed viviparous germination. Application of ABA, and particularly of an ABA analog, to the roots of plants during seed development partially alleviated the aberrant phenotype. Seeds of aba,abi3 were normal when they developed on a mother plant heterozygous for Aba. In contrast to seed development, the induction of dormancy was blocked in all monogenic mutants and recombinants. Dormancy was only induced by embryonic ABA; it could not be increased by maternal ABA or ABA applied to the mother plant. It is concluded that endogenous ABA has at least two different effects in developing seeds. The nature of these responses and of the ABA response system is discussed.     

Biosynthesis of Host and Viral Deoxyribonucleic Acid During Hyperplastic Fowlpox Infection In Vivo

The synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) during in vivo infection of chick epithelium with fowlpox virus was examined by incorporation of tritiated thymidine into the acid-insoluble fraction. The proportion of precursor incorporated into host and viral DNA at various times after infection was determined by chromatography on columns of methylated albumin-kieselguhr. The first 60-hr period of infection was characterized by the synthesis of predominantly host DNA, the rate of production of which increased markedly over the control between 36 and 48 hr postinoculation (PI). Although the replication of viral DNA began between 12 and 24 hr PI, the rate of synthesis was very low during the first 60 hr. In contrast, an abrupt increase in the rate of viral DNA synthesis occurred between 60 and 72 hr PI, concomitantly with a sharp decline of host DNA synthesis. Subsequently, between 72 and 96 hr, the ratio of synthesis of viral DNA to host DNA progressively increased to a maximum of greater than 2:1. The temporal relationship of this biphasic pattern of host and viral DNA synthesis to hyperplasia and viral replication is discussed.     

In vitro and in silico elucidation of antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities of bioactive compounds from Momordica charantia L.

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) has been used to manage diabetes and related conditions in various parts of the world. In the present study, ten compounds were isolated from acetone and methanol extracts of bitter melon. The chemical structures of compounds were unambiguously elucidated by 1D, 2D NMR, and high-resolution mass spectra. Identified compounds 1–7 exhibited significant inhibition of α-amylase and moderate inhibition of α-glucosidase activities. Momordicoside G and gentisic acid 5-O-β-d-xyloside showed the highest inhibition of α-amylase (70.5%), and α-glucosidase (56.4%), respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking studies of isolated compounds 1–7 were able to bind to the active sites of both enzymes. Additionally, the isolated compounds 1–7 significantly attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory markers NF-κB, INOS, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and Cox-2 in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. One phenolic derivative, gentisic acid 5-O-β-d-xyloside, was isolated and identified for the first time from bitter melon, and significantly suppressed the expression of Cox-2 and IL-6 compared to the LPS-treated group. α-Amylase and α-glucosidase are targets of anti-diabetes drugs, our findings suggest that compounds purified from bitter melon may have potential to use as functional food ingredients for the prevention of type 2 diabetes and related inflammatory conditions.     

In Vivo and In Vitro Studies on gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Metabolism with the Radish Plant (Raphanus sativus, L.)

Labeled glutamate was rapidly converted to γ-aminobutyrate in intact, excised radish (Raphanus sativus L., var. Champion) leaves. Labeled γ-aminobutyrate was metabolized via succinate and the Krebs cycle and was not carboxylated to form glutamate. Administration of carbon-14 and tritium-labeled succinate indicated that less than 10% of the γ-aminobutyrate formation occurs by amination of succinic semialdehyde. Therefore, most γ-aminobutyrate formation must be via glutamate decarboxylation.