The role of nuclear pores in gene regulation,development and disease

Nuclear‐pore complexes (NPCs) are large protein channels that span the nuclear envelope (NE), which is a double membrane that encloses the nuclear genome of eukaryotes. Each of the typically 2,000–4,000 pores in the NE of vertebrate cells is composed of multiple copies of 30 different proteins known as nucleoporins. The evolutionarily conserved NPC proteins have the well‐characterized function of mediating the transport of molecules between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm. Mutations in nucleoporins are often linked to specific developmental defects and disease, and the resulting phenotypes are usually interpreted as the consequences of perturbed nuclear transport activity. However, recent evidence suggests that NPCs have additional functions in chromatin organization and gene regulation, some of which might be independent of nuclear transport. Here, we review the transport‐dependent and transport‐independent roles of NPCs in the regulation of nuclear function and gene expression.     

The coded functions of noncoding RNAs for gene regulation

For eukaryotes, fine tuning of gene expression is necessary to coordinate complex genetic information. Recent studies have shown that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play central roles in this process. For example, ncRNAs participate in multiple diverse functions such as mRNA degradation, epigenetic regulation and alternative splicing. The findings regarding this new player in gene regulation suggest that the mechanism of gene regulation is much more complicated and subtle than previously thought. In this review, new findings concerning the role of ncRNAs in gene regulation are discussed.     

真核基因转录与转录调节相关复合物

真核细胞核中转录因子与染色质模板如何相互作用调节基因转录是基因表达调控研究的一个中心问题.近来的研究表明,参与基因转录的各种调节因子在核内形成多种复合物,如RNA聚合酶Ⅱ全酶、染色质重塑复合物、核小体以及增强小体等.这些复合物之间相互作用,调节染色质结构,在染色质模板上进一步组装成转录复合物,参与转录调节的各个环节,调节转录复合物活性.这些复合物的形成,整合了转录调节的各种信息,提高了转录调节效率,是真核基因有效、严格、有序表达的基础.另一方面,这些复合物的存在给基因表达调控的研究提出了新问题,发展新的研究思路和新的研究技术具有重要意义.     

染色质构象调控真核基因的表达

真核基因的表达受到各种顺式调控元件、反式作用因子、染色质DNA以及组蛋白表观遗传修饰等多因素、多层次的调控。染色质三维空间结构的变化在调控真核基因表达方面也发挥了至关重要的作用。染色质构象的变化一方面可以使增强子等调控元件与靶基因相互靠近,从而促进基因表达;同时也可能通过形成空间位阻结构阻碍调控元件作用于靶基因,抑制基因表达。虽然染色质结构变化调控真核基因表达的机制仍缺乏较为精确的分子模型,但在组蛋白修饰、核小体定位、染色体领域以及染色质间相互作用等表观遗传学研究中,已经发现有诸多证据支持染色质构象在真核基因表达调控中的重要地位。文章主要综述了染色质结构及其构象的变化等对真核基因表达调控的影响。     

Quantitative Live Cell Fluorescence-microscopy Analysis of Fission Yeast

Several microscopy techniques are available today that can detect a specific protein within the cell. During the last decade live cell imaging using fluorochromes like Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) directly attached to the protein of interest has become increasingly popular ¹. Using GFP and similar fluorochromes the subcellular localisations and movements of proteins can be detected in a fluorescent microscope. Moreover, also the subnuclear localisation of a certain region of a chromosome can be studied using this technique. GFP is fused to the Lac Repressor protein (LacR) and ectopically expressed in the cell where tandem repeats of the lacO sequence has been inserted into the region of interest on the chromosome². The LacR-GFP will bind to the lacO repeats and that area of the genome will be visible as a green dot in the fluorescence microscope. Yeast is especially suited for this type of manipulation since homologous recombination is very efficient and thereby enables targeted integration of the lacO repeats and engineered fusion proteins with GFP ³. Here we describe a quantitative method for live cell analysis of fission yeast. Additional protocols for live cell analysis of fission yeast can be found, for example on how to make a movie of the meiotic chromosomal behaviour ⁴. In this particular experiment we focus on subnuclear organisation and how it is affected during gene induction. We have labelled a gene cluster, named Chr1, by the introduction of lacO binding sites in the vicinity of the genes. The gene cluster is enriched for genes that are induced early during nitrogen starvation of fission yeast ⁵. In the strain the nuclear membrane (NM) is labelled by the attachment of mCherry to the NM protein Cut11 giving rise to a red fluorescent signal. The Spindle Pole body (SPB) compound Sid4 is fused to Red Fluorescent Protein (Sid4-mRFP) ⁶. In vegetatively growing yeast cells the centromeres are always attached to the SPB that is embedded in the NM ⁷. The SPB is identified as a large round structure in the NM. By imaging before and 20 minutes after depletion of the nitrogen source we can determine the distance between the gene cluster (GFP) and the NM/SPB. The mean or median distances before and after nitrogen depletion are compared and we can thus quantify whether or not there is a shift in subcellular localisation of the gene cluster after nitrogen depletion.     

雷帕霉素诱导β-珠蛋白家族基因座位重塑调控该基因的转换表达

β-珠蛋白基因编码异常导致的β-地中海贫血是许多亚洲国家最常见的血红蛋白病。深入研究珠蛋白基因表达的分子基础和表观遗传机制,是探索治疗地中海贫血新方案的关键。本研究利用FAIRE、3C及ChIP等主要技术方法,探讨雷帕霉素诱导CD4⁺T细胞核内染色质重塑过程中,β-珠蛋白家族基因座位的三维相互作用网络及其重塑在功能上调控基因表达的分子机制。结果显示,雷帕霉素处理浓度从低到高的变化过程中,珠蛋白基因染色质的开放程度、基因启动子区与调控元件LCR之间的相互作用频率以及CTCF在基因启动子区的富集效率发生不同的改变,这种变化导致了基因表达模式也呈现相同的变化趋势。10 nmol/L浓度处理时,染色质可及性降低,基因表达下降(P<0.05);20 nmol/L和50 nmol/L浓度时,染色质可及性增加,基因表达上调(P<0.05)。本研究通过这种动态的变化过程阐述了β-珠蛋白家族基因表达转换调控的分子机制,为临床精准治疗提供了理论与临床实践基础。     

Molecular mechanisms that distinguish TFIID housekeeping from regulatable SAGA promoters

An important distinction is frequently made between constitutively expressed housekeeping genes versus regulated genes. Although generally characterized by different DNA elements, chromatin architecture and cofactors, it is not known to what degree promoter classes strictly follow regulatability rules and which molecular mechanisms dictate such differences. We show that SAGA‐dominated/TATA‐box promoters are more responsive to changes in the amount of activator, even compared to TFIID/TATA‐like promoters that depend on the same activator Hsf1. Regulatability is therefore an inherent property of promoter class. Further analyses show that SAGA/TATA‐box promoters are more dynamic because TATA‐binding protein recruitment through SAGA is susceptible to removal by Mot1. In addition, the nucleosome configuration upon activator depletion shifts on SAGA/TATA‐box promoters and seems less amenable to preinitiation complex formation. The results explain the fundamental difference between housekeeping and regulatable genes, revealing an additional facet of combinatorial control: an activator can elicit a different response dependent on core promoter class.