中国叶刺瘿螨亚科四新种记述(蜱螨亚纲：瘿螨科)

记述了叶刺瘿螨亚科(Phyllocoptinae)四新种：茅莓上三脊瘿螨Calepitrimerus rubi sp.nov.,槐顶冠瘿螨Tegolophus sophorae sp.nov.,丁香四刺瘿螨Tetraspinus syringae sp.nov.和柳副四瘿螨Paratetra sallicis sp.nov.。     

山西刺皮瘿螨属三新种记述（瘿螨总科：瘿螨科：叶刺瘿螨亚科）

记述采自山西历山自然保护区的瘿螨3新种：山马兰刺皮瘿螨Aculops kalimeris Xie sp. nov., 寄主是山马兰Kalimeris lautureana (Debx.) Kitam. (菊科Compositae)；稠李刺皮瘿螨Aculops padus Xie sp. nov.，寄主是稠李Prunus padus Linn. (蔷薇科Rosaceae)；野豌豆刺皮瘿螨Aculops sepius Xie sp. nov.，寄主是野豌豆Vicia sepium Linn. (豆科Fabaceae)。模式标本保存在安康学院农学与生命科学学院。     

中国瘿螨亚科Eriophyinae二新种记述（蜱螨亚纲：瘿螨科）

描述了瘿螨亚科二新种：胡枝子瘤瘿螨Acerialespedezae Kuang,sp.nov.,模式产地辽宁鞍山市;竹斜瘿螨Acaralox bambusae Kuang,sp.nov.,模式产地湖南冷水江市。     

广西十万大山瘿螨一新属五新种(蜱螨亚纲,瘿螨科)

新属为拟叶剌瘿螨属Paraphyllocoptes gen.nov.,模式种为十万山拟叶刺瘿螨Paraphyllocoptes shiwanshanensis sp.nov..5个新种是十万山拟叶剌瘿螨Paraphyllocoptes shiwanshanensis sp.nov.,假蒌上瘿螨Epitrimerus piper sp.nov.,润楠叶剌瘿螨Phyllocoptes machilus sp.nov.,广西斜背瘤瘿螨Vasates guangxiensis sp.nov.和棋子豆分位瘿螨Disella cylindrokeluphae sp.nov..     

中国瘿螨科三新种记述(蜱螨亚纲:瘿螨总科)

记述瘿螨科3新种：紫珠瘤瘿螨Aceria callicarpae,sp.nov.,寄主为大叶紫珠;甜茶叶刺瘿螨Phyllocoptes suavissimi,sp.nov.,寄主为甜茶;以及黄瑞木畸瘿螨Abacarus adinandrae sp.nov.,寄主为亮叶黄瑞木。     

中国四瘿螨属一新种记述(蜱螨亚纲,瘿螨科)

记述瘿螨科Eriophyidae、叶刺瘿螨亚科Phyllocoptinae四瘿螨属Tetra 1新种,即石河子四瘿螨Tetra shiheziensis sp.nov.寄主为杨树Populus sp.(Salicaceae),分布新疆石河子市.     

中国瘿螨科二新种记述(蜱螨亚纲)

记述瘿螨科Eriophyidae 2新种 :叶刺瘿螨亚科Phyllocoptinae小丽瘿螨族Acaricalini的橄榄裂柄瘿螨DichopelmuscanariiKuang ,XuetZeng ,sp .nov .;伪足瘿螨亚科Nothopodinae伪足瘿螨族Nothopodini的博白合位瘿螨CosellabobainensisKuang ,sp .nov .。     

中国叶刺瘿螨亚科四新种记述

记述叶刺瘿螨亚科4新种:野葛藤裂柄瘿螨 Dichopelmus puerariae,sp.nov.,猪肚勒上三脊瘿螨 Calepitrimerus jasmini,sp.nov.,环江顶冠瘿螨 Tegolophus huanjiangensis,sp.nov.,类芦新四瘿螨 Neotetra neyraudiae,sp.nov..模式标本保存在广西大学农学院.     

中国叶刺瘿螨亚科四新种记述(蜱螨亚纲:瘿螨科)

记述叶刺瘿螨亚科4新种：野葛藤裂柄瘿螨Dichopelmus puerariae,sp．nov．,猪肚勒上三脊瘿螨Calepitrimerus jasmini,sp．nov．,环江项冠瘿螨Tegolophus huanjiangensis,sp．nov．,类芦新四瘿螨Neotetra neyraudiae,sp．nov．。模式标本保存在广西大学农学院。     

羽毛瘿螨科3新种记述（蜱螨亚纲：羽爪瘿螨科）

记述羽爪瘿螨科3个新种：扁担杆鼻植羽瘿植Rhinophytoptus grewiae sp.nov.,寄主为扁担杆;喜树蜡皮瘿螨Apodiptacus comptothecae sp.nov.,寄主为喜树：竹无毛双羽瘿螨Asetadiptacus indosasae sp.nov.,寄主为大节竹。     

Effects of Feeding and Drinking on Acetylcholine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens, Striatum, and Hippocampus of Freely Behaving Rats

Extracellular levels of acetylcholine (ACh) were measured in the nucleus accumbens (NAC), striatum (STR), and hippocampus (HIPP) using microdialysis in 30-min intervals before, during, and after free-feeding in 20-h food-deprived rats. The effects on ACh in the NAC and STR were also observed in response to water intake in 20-h water-deprived animals. Neostigmine was used in the perfusate to improve ACh recovery. Basal ACh was sensitive to tetrodotoxin and low calcium, and therefore largely neuronal in origin. Feeding caused a 38% increase in extracellular ACh in the NAC and no change in the STR or HIPP. Dopamine was also increased in the NAC (48%) and to a lesser extent in the STR (21%) following feeding. Drinking caused 18-20% increases in ACh release in both the NAC and STR. In a separate experiment, ACh release in the NAC was monitored in 10-min intervals during free-feeding; ACh increased in the interval immediately following maximal food intake. These results suggest a site-specific increase in ACh release following feeding that cannot be solely attributed to the activation associated with this behavior.     

Seasonal patterns in feeding ecology of three small fishes in the Biandantang Lake, China

Feeding ecology of three small fish species, Hypseleotris swinhonis, Ctenogobius giurinus and Pseudorasbora parva was studied seasonally in the Biandantang Lake, a small, shallow lake in central China. Gut length, adjusted for total body length, was significantly higher in spring than in other seasons for all the three species. Seasonal changes in gut length were not associated with changes in food quality. Weight of fore-gut contents, adjusted for body weight, was significantly higher in winter and spring than in summer and autumn in H. swinhonis and C. giurinus , and significantly higher in autumn than in spring and summer for P. parva. Percentage of empty fore-guts was highest in summer and lowest in spring for H. swinhonis and C. giurinus , and highest in winter and lowest in autumn for P. parva. Diet of the three small fishes showed apparent seasonal changes, and these changes reflected partly the seasonal fluctuations of food resources in environment. Diet breadth was high in winter and low in autumn for H. swinhonis , high in winter and low in spring and summer for C. giurinus , and high in autumn and low in spring for P. parva. Diet overlaps between pairs of species were biologically significant in most cases, except between H. swinhonis and P. parva in summer and autumn and between C. giurinus and P. parva in autumn.     

Effects of insecticide applications on macroinvertebrate density and biomass in rice-fields in the Rhône-delta,France

The density of 23 macroinvertebrate species and the total macroinvertebrate biomass were compared between rice-fields treated with lindane and diazinon in June and alphamethine in August and untreated controls. The macroinvertebrates could be divided into four groups: (1) Taxa, in which the densities were lower in the insecticide treatment in July and August than in the non-insecticide treatment. (2) The Culicidae which occurred in the insecticide treatment in significantly lower density in July, but in significantly higher density in August. (3) Ischnura elegans (Vander L.) which was found in July after the lindane application in significantly higher numbers in the insecticide treatments, but in significantly lower numbers in the insecticide treatment in August after the application of the pyrethroid. In these three groups, we assumed that direct effects due to the insecticides toxicity were the reason for the differences in density. (4) The fourth group included three taxa in which the densities were significantly higher in the insecticide treatment in July and August than in the control. For this, indirect effects due to reduced biotic interactions may be responsible. The biomass was higher in the insecticide treatments in July, mainly because of a high increase in gastropod density, during the rest of the season it was similar between treatments and controls.     

Effects of ammonium sulphate application on the rhizosphere,fine-root and needle chemistry in aPicea abies (L.) Karst. stand

Rhizosphere, fine-root and needle chemistry were investigated in a 28 year old Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden. The uptake and allocation pattern of plant nutrients and aluminium in control plots (C) and plots repeatedly treated with ammonium sulphate (NS) were compared. Treatments started in 1988. Current year needles, one-year-old needles and cylindrical core samples of the LFH-layer and the mineral soil layers were sampled in 1988, 1989 and 1990. Compared to the control plots, pH decreased significantly in the rhizosphere soil in the NS plots in 1989 and 1990 while the SO₄-S concentration increased significantly. Aluminium concentration in the rhizosphere soil was generally higher in the NS plots in all soil layers, except at 0–10 cm depths, both in 1989 and 1990. Calcium, Mg and K concentrations also increased after treatment with ammonium sulphate. Ammonium ions may have replaced these elements in the soil organic matter. The NS treatment significantly reduced Mg concentrations in fine roots in all layers in 1990. A similar trend was found in the needles. Ca concentrations in fine roots were significantly lower in the NS plots in the LFH layer in 1990 and the same pattern was found in the current needles. The N and S concentrations of both fine roots and needles were significantly higher in the NS plots. It was suggested that NS treatment resulted in displacement of Mg, Ca and K from exchange sites in the LFH layer leading to leaching of these cations to the mineral soil. Further application of ammonium sulphate may damage the fine roots and consequently adversely affect the water and nutrient uptake of root systems.     

Sexual dimorphism of body size and shell shape in European tortoises

Adult body size and shape were examined in almost 1400 individuals of the tortoises Testudo graeca , T. hermanni and T. marginata from Greece. The size at maturity was greater in females than in males in all three species. Maximum and mean adult sizes were also greater in females than in males in T. graeca and T. hermanni . Males grew to a larger size than females in T. marginata , and mean adult size was similar in the sexes in this species. Sexual dimorphism of shape (adjusted for size covariate) was shown in most of the characters examined, and the degree of this dimorphism differed significantly among the three species. Differences were related to their contrasting courtship behaviours: horizontal head movements and severe biting in T. marginata , vertical head bobs and carapace butting in T. graeca , and mounting and tail thrusting in T. hermanni . There was no difference in the frequency of observations of courtship or fighting among the three species, but courtship was about 10 times more common than combat in males. All species showed greatest courtship activity in autumn; copulation was rarely observed in T. hermanni (only 0.36% of courting males) and not seen in the other species in the field. Observations made throughout the activity season indicated that feeding was equally common in males and females in all three species. Differences in shape were more likely to be the result of sexual selection than of natural selection for fecundity. Detailed predictions are made for sexual dimorphism of other characters in these species.     

Genetic variance in temperature dependent adult size deriving from physiological genetic variation at temperature boundaries

An increase in genetic variation in body size has often been observed under stress; an increase in dominance variance and interaction variance as well as in additive genetic variance has been reported. The increase in genetic variation must be caused by physiological mechanisms that are specific to adverse environments. A model is proposed to explain the occurrence of an increase in genetic variation in body size in Drosophila at extreme temperatures. The model has parameters specific to the low- and high-temperature regions of the viable range. Additive genetic variation in the boundary temperatures leads to a marked increase in additive genetic variation in development rate and body size at extreme temperatures. Additive genetic variation in the temperature sensitivity in the low- and high-temperature regions adds non-additive genetic variation. Development rate shows patterns in additive genetic variation that differ from the patterns of genetic variation in body size; therefore, the genetic correlation between development rate and body size changes sign repeatedly as a function of temperature. The existence of dominance in the genetic variation in the boundary temperatures or in the low- and high-temperature sensitivities leads to a higher total genetic variance due to higher dominance and interaction variance, for both development rate and body size. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Light Induced Enhancement in Proline Levels Under Stress is Regulated by Non-Photosynthetic Events

Vigna radiata (L.) seedlings (5-d-old) were exposed to different concentrations of NaCl in light and in dark. The content of proline in the shoots increased with an increase in NaCl concentration, in light as well as in dark. But, irrespective of the concentration of NaCl, proline accumulation in the shoots was higher in light than in dark. Pretreatment of seedlings with dichlorophenyl dimethyl urea (DCMU) did not make any significant difference in light promoted stress induced proline accumulation. As DCMU is a potent inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport, the light reaction of photosynthesis was not responsible for the observed light promotion of stress induced proline accumulation. In another set of experiments, 5-d-old green as well as etiolated seedlings were exposed to NaCl stress in the presence of different concentrations of sucrose. Irrespective of the concentration of sucrose used, proline content in shoots of stressed seedlings was higher in light than in dark. Although, sucrose enhanced NaCl stress induced increase in proline content in dark by about 32 %, this enhancement was not comparable to the 286 % increase in proline content brought about by light. These results showed that certain factors other than photosynthesis play a role in light promotion of stress induced proline accumulation.     

Ion balance in tomato cultivars differing in salt tolerance. I. Sodium and potassium accumulation and fluxes under moderate salinity

The magnitude of sodium and potassium fluxes in Lycopersicon escutentum cuhivars Ace and Edkawi (Edkawi is considered more sait-tolerant I was evaluated in planls grown for 10 days in aerated Hoagland solution with the addition of 25 or 100 mM NaCl. Ion accumulatiun in different plant pans, ion concentration in xylem exudate. transpiration and membrane leakiness were measured. Both cultivars responded very similarly to these levels of salinity in terms of growth. No conspicuous differences in membrane leakiness were observed. Net uprake rates were calculated from ion contents data. Potassium uptake rates were lower in salinized planls than in controls, especially in cv. Aee. Potassium/sodium selectivity ratios were much higher in Edkawi than in Ace. and higher in shoot uptake rates than in xy lem exudate. This indicates that Edakw i has a higher capacity to retain potassium under salinity, a character which could contribute to its salt-tolerance.     

短日照对浮萍植物中过氧化物酶和硝酸还原酶活性的影响

短日照处理引起Lemna minor的两个日长反应不同的品系,以及Lemna paucicostata6746中硝酸还原酶的体外活性下降.在L. minorGl和L. paucicostala6746两个短日品系中,短日照导致过氧化物酶活性和抗坏血酸含量水平增高.其抗坏血酸含量水平与过氧化物酶的活性水平具有平行增长关系.对日长不敏感的品系L. minorG2中过氧化物酶活性在短日下呈现强烈起伏和随后的衰减.其抗坏血酸含量水平在同期表现连续下降.对两个L. minor品系中过氧化物酶同工酶的比较表明,在不敏感品系中缺乏迁移最快的阴离子酶带,而同一酶带存在于短日照品系中,并呈现明显的被诱导变化.       

Total nitrogen and free amino acids in Morus alba stems from autumn through spring

During leaf senescence and abscission, total nitrogen in leaves of mulberry ( Morus alba L. ev. Shin-ichinose) declined substantially whereas total nitrogen in buds, bark and stem wood increased markedly, suggesting translocation of nitrogen from senescent leaves in the autumn. After leaf abscission the winter buds and stems remained almost unchanged with respect to fresh and dry weight and total nitrogen until bud break in spring. In burst buds these parameters then increased drastically during the new growth while they decreased markedly in stems. Free arginine in the stem bark accumulated in parallel with the accumulation of total nitrogen in buds and stems in the autumn. Accumulation of proline in the wood, bark and buds also started in October but continued even after leaf-fall, increasing until mid-January (wood), mid-February (bark) and the new growth (buds). Prior to and in the early stage of bud break, proline in bark and wood decreased significantly and arginine in stem bark decreased slightly. Simultaneously, proline and arginine in the dormancy-releasing buds and asparagine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid in the buds and stems increased appreciably, suggesting that this increase in free amino acids was mainly derived from free amino acids (proline and arginine) stored in stems. The resulting marked decrease in total nitrogen and the drastic increase in asparagine in the stems and sprouting buds/new shoots were primarily due to a breakdown of protein stored in stems.