Schistosoma japonicum Eggs Induce a Proinflammatory,Anti-Fibrogenic Phenotype in Hepatic Stellate Cells

Hepatic fibrosis induced by egg deposition is the most serious pathology associated with chronic schistosomiasis, in which the hepatic stellate cell (HSC) plays a central role. While the effect of Schistosoma mansoni eggs on the fibrogenic phenotype of HSCs has been investigated, studies determining the effect of eggs of S . japonicum on HSCs are lacking. Disease caused by S . japonicum is much more severe than that resulting from S. mansoni infection so it is important to compare the pathologies caused by these two parasites, to determine whether this phenotype is due to the species interacting differently with the mammalian host. Accordingly, we investigated the effect of S . japonicum eggs on the human HSC cell line, LX-2, with and without TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor beta) co-treatment, so as to determine the impact on genes associated with fibrogenesis, inflammation and matrix re-organisation. Activation status of HSCs was assessed by αSMA (Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin) immunofluorescence, accumulation of Oil Red O-stained lipid droplets and the relative expression of selected genes associated with activation. The fibrogenic phenotype of HSCs was inhibited by the presence of eggs both with or without TGF-β treatment, as evidenced by a lack of αSMA staining and reduced gene expression of αSMA and Col1A1 (Collagen 1A1). Unlike S. mansoni-treated cells, however, expression of the quiescent HSC marker PPAR-γ (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma) was not increased, nor was there accumulation of lipid droplets. In contrast, S . japonicum eggs induced the mRNA expression of MMP-9 (Matrix Metalloproteinase 9), CCL2 (Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 2) and IL-6 (Interleukin 6) in HSCs indicating that rather than inducing complete HSC quiescence, the eggs induced a proinflammatory phenotype. These results suggest HSCs in close proximity to S . japonicum eggs in the liver may play a role in the proinflammatory regulation of hepatic granuloma formation.     

Oxydromus Grube, 1855 reinstated over Ophiodromus Sars, 1862 (Polychaeta,Hesionidae)

The hesionid polychaete genera Oxydromus Grube, 1855 and Ophiodromus Sars, 1862 have been regarded as synonyms with the former considered as invalid since it was thought to be a junior homonym of Oxydromus Schlegel, 1854. However, Schlegel’s name is an incorrect subsequent spelling for Ocydromus Wagler, 1830 (Aves, Gruiformes, Rallidae) and is not an available name. Consequently, Oxydromus Grube, 1855 must be reinstated for this hesionid polychaete genus. A check-list of valid species of Oxydromus including 30 new combinations is provided.     

Metabolism of d-Glycero-d-Manno-Heptitol, Volemitol, in Polyanthus. Discovery of a Novel Ketose Reductase

Volemitol (d-glycero-d-manno-heptitol, α-sedoheptitol) is an unusual seven-carbon sugar alcohol that fulfills several important physiological functions in certain species of the genus Primula. Using the horticultural hybrid polyanthus (Primula × polyantha) as our model plant, we found that volemitol is the major nonstructural carbohydrate in leaves of all stages of development, with concentrations of up to 50 mg/g fresh weight in source leaves (about 25% of the dry weight), followed by sedoheptulose (d-altro-2-heptulose, 36 mg/g fresh weight), and sucrose (4 mg/g fresh weight). Volemitol was shown by the ethylenediaminetetraacetate-exudation technique to be a prominent phloem-mobile carbohydrate. It accounted for about 24% (mol/mol) of the phloem sap carbohydrates, surpassed only by sucrose (63%). Preliminary ¹⁴CO₂ pulse-chase radiolabeling experiments showed that volemitol was a major photosynthetic product, preceded by the structurally related ketose sedoheptulose. Finally, we present evidence for a novel NADPH-dependent ketose reductase, tentatively called sedoheptulose reductase, in volemitol-containing Primula species, and propose it as responsible for the biosynthesis of volemitol in planta. Using enzyme extracts from polyanthus leaves, we determined that sedoheptulose reductase has a pH optimum between 7.0 and 8.0, a very high substrate specificity, and displays saturable concentration dependence for both sedoheptulose (apparent K_m = 21 mm) and NADPH (apparent K_m = 0.4 mm). Our results suggest that volemitol is important in certain Primula species as a photosynthetic product, phloem translocate, and storage carbohydrate.Alditols (sugar alcohols or acyclic polyols) may be chemically described as reduction products of aldose or ketose sugars. The most prevalent plant alditols are the hexitols sorbitol, mannitol, and galactitol. However, as many as 17 different alditols occur naturally in higher plants (for review, see Bieleski, 1982; Lewis, 1984; Loescher and Everard, 1996). The lesser-known alditols are often restricted in their occurrence but still fulfill important functions in those plants where they do occur. Volemitol (Fig. ​(Fig.1) 1) is a good example of a less common but important alditol. This seven-carbon sugar alcohol seems to be confined to certain sections of the genus Primula, so much so that it has been suggested as a useful chemotaxonomical marker (Kremer, 1978). Very little is known about the physiology and metabolism of volemitol in primulas, except that it was an early photosynthetic product in cowslip (Primula veris) and oxslip (Primula elatior) (Kremer, 1978). Figure 1Fischer projections of volemitol and its four structurally related seven-carbon sugars. Nomenclature follows that of Collins (1987); trivial names are underlined.The physiological roles of alditols are manifold and largely resemble those of disaccharides and oligosaccharides. They include photosynthetic assimilation, translocation and storage of carbon, and reducing power, as well as protection against different types of stresses (for review, see Bieleski, 1982; Lewis, 1984; Loescher and Everard, 1996; Stoop et al., 1996). The biosynthetic pathways of the hexitols sorbitol (glucitol), mannitol, galactitol (dulcitol), and the pentitol ribitol have been established in higher plants. They generally use NADPH as a hydrogen donor and aldose phosphate as a hydrogen acceptor, in concert with the corresponding phosphatases. One exception might be galactitol, which was suggested to be formed directly from unphosphorylated Gal (and NADPH) (Negm, 1986). Although all foliar alditols are thought to be phloem-mobile (Lewis, 1984), this has only been demonstrated for sorbitol, mannitol, and galactitol (Zimmermann and Ziegler, 1975; Davis and Loescher, 1990; Moing et al., 1992; Flora and Madore, 1993).To expand our knowledge of alditol metabolism in higher plants beyond that of hexitols, we studied the carbohydrate metabolism of polyanthus (Primula × polyantha). This popular horticultural hybrid of primrose (Primula vulgaris), oxlip, and cowslip (Mabberley, 1997) was chosen because preliminary experiments showed that its volemitol content is very high, similar to that of the wild-type species, and because it may be easily grown both outdoors and indoors.We give a general overview on volemitol metabolism in polyanthus with special emphasis on the role of volemitol in plant development and phloem transport. We also report on a novel enzyme, a NADPH-dependent ketose reductase, which forms volemitol by the reduction of sedoheptulose.     

The melectine bee genera Brachymelecta and Sinomelecta (Hymenoptera,Apidae)

The enigmatic, cleptoparasitic bee genera Brachymelecta Linsley and Sinomelecta Baker (Apinae: Melectini) are redescribed, each represented by a single species which has not been reencountered since capture of the type series ca. 1878 and 1900, respectively. Both genera are the only melectines to possess two submarginal cells in the forewing but are otherwise wholly dissimilar. Brachymelecta mucida (Cresson), a species known only from the male holotype collected in “Nevada”, is newly described and figured, including the first account of the hidden sterna and genitalia. Sinomelecta oreina Baker is similarly described and figured based on the holotype male and paratype female, apparently collected from the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Both genera are valid and from the available data do not appear to represent merely autapomorphic forms of Melecta Latreille. Indeed, the terminalia of Sinomelecta oreina are in some respects more similar to those of species of Thyreus Panzer.     

Interaction of Cryptochrome 1, Phytochrome, and Ion Fluxes in Blue-Light-Induced Shrinking of Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Protoplasts

Protoplasts isolated from red-light-adapted Arabidopsis hypocotyls and incubated under red light exhibited rapid and transient shrinking within a period of 20 min in response to a blue-light pulse and following the onset of continuous blue light. Long-persisting shrinkage was also observed during continuous stimulation. Protoplasts from a hy4 mutant and the phytochrome-deficient phyA/phyB double mutant of Arabidopsis showed little response, whereas those from phyA and phyB mutants showed a partial response. It is concluded that the shrinking response itself is mediated by the HY4 gene product, cryptochrome 1, whereas the blue-light responsiveness is strictly controlled by phytochromes A and B, with a greater contribution by phytochrome B. It is shown further that the far-red-absorbing form of phytochrome (Pfr) was not required during or after, but was required before blue-light perception. Furthermore, a component that directly determines the blue-light responsiveness was generated by Pfr after a lag of 15 min over a 15-min period and decayed with similar kinetics after removal of Pfr by far-red light. The anion-channel blocker 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid prevented the shrinking response. This result, together with those in the literature and the kinetic features of shrinking, suggests that anion channels are activated first, and outward-rectifying cation channels are subsequently activated, resulting in continued net effluxes of Cl⁻ and K⁺. The postshrinking volume recovery is achieved by K⁺ and Cl⁻ influxes, with contribution by the proton motive force. External Ca²⁺ has no role in shrinking and the recovery. The gradual swelling of protoplasts that prevails under background red light is shown to be a phytochrome-mediated response in which phytochrome A contributes more than phytochrome B.     

Emblica officinalis Extract Induces Autophagy and Inhibits Human Ovarian Cancer Cell Proliferation,Angiogenesis, Growth of Mouse Xenograft Tumors

Patients with ovarian cancer (OC) may be treated with surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, although none of these strategies are very effective. Several plant-based natural products/dietary supplements, including extracts from Emblica officinalis (Amla), have demonstrated potent anti-neoplastic properties. In this study we determined that Amla extract (AE) has anti-proliferative effects on OC cells under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. We also determined the anti-proliferative effects one of the components of AE, quercetin, on OC cells under in vitro conditions. AE did not induce apoptotic cell death, but did significantly increase the expression of the autophagic proteins beclin1 and LC3B-II under in vitro conditions. Quercetin also increased the expression of the autophagic proteins beclin1 and LC3B-II under in vitro conditions. AE also significantly reduced the expression of several angiogenic genes, including hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in OVCAR3 cells. AE acted synergistically with cisplatin to reduce cell proliferation and increase expression of the autophagic proteins beclin1 and LC3B-II under in vitro conditions. AE also had anti-proliferative effects and induced the expression of the autophagic proteins beclin1 and LC3B-II in mouse xenograft tumors. Additionally, AE reduced endothelial cell antigen – CD31 positive blood vessels and HIF-1α expression in mouse xenograft tumors. Together, these studies indicate that AE inhibits OC cell growth both in vitro and in vivo possibly via inhibition of angiogenesis and activation of autophagy in OC. Thus AE may prove useful as an alternative or adjunct therapeutic approach in helping to fight OC.     

Laterality Influences Schooling Position in Rainbowfish,Melanotaenia spp

Cerebral lateralization is a widespread trait among animals, is often manifested as side biases in behaviour (laterality) and has been suggested to provide fitness benefits. Here we examined the influence of laterality on the organisation of fish schools using rainbowfish (Melanotaenia spp) as model species. The pattern and strength of laterality for each individual was determined by examining eye preferences whilst examining their reflection in a mirror. Schools of four fish of known laterality were then created and the preferred position for each fish within the school was repeatedly observed in a flume. Fish which showed right eye preferences in the mirror test preferentially adopted a position on the left side of the school. Conversely, fish that showed left eye preferences in the mirror test or where non-lateralised preferentially adopted a position slightly to the right side of the school. However, this general pattern varied depending on the species and sex of the school. Our results strongly implicate individual laterality in the geometry of school formation.     

A new species of Xorides Latreille (Hymenoptera,Ichneumonidae, Xoridinae) parasitizing Pterolophia alternata (Coleoptera,Cerambycidae) in? Robinia?pseudoacacia

A new species is described, Xorides benxicus Sheng, sp. n., reared from the cerambycid twig-boring pest of Robinia pseudoacacia Linnaeus, Pterolophia alternata Gressitt, 1938, in Benxi County, Liaoning Province, China. A key is given to the species similar to Xorides benxicus Sheng, namely Xorides asiasius Sheng & Hilszczański, 2009, Xorides cinnabarius Sheng & Hilszczański, 2009 and Xorides sapporensis (Uchida, 1928).     

Redescription of Heterodea zeae,the Corn Cyst Nematode,with SEM Observations

Heterodera zeae, the corn cyst nematode, is redescribed and illustrated with comparative details and measurements of females, cysts, and larvae from Maryland, USA; and India. Scanning electron micrographs o f specimens from the United States are also presented. Revised measurements for the larval stylet and new diadnostic characters, especially in the cyst cone, for H. zeae are given. The relationship of H. zeae to close species is discussed.     

Taxonomic revision of the genus Callimerus Gorham s. l. (Coleoptera,Cleridae). Part I. latifrons species-group

The latifrons species-group (=Brachycallimerus sensu Chapin 1924, Corporaal 1950; = flavofasciatus-group sensu Kolibáč 1998) of Callimerus Gorham is redefined and revised. Five species are recognized including one new species Callimerus cacuminis Yang & Yang sp. n. (type locality: Yunnan, China). Callimerus flavofasciatus Schenkling, 1902 is newly synonymized with Callimerus latifrons Gorham, 1876. Callimerus trifasciatus Schenkling, 1899a is transferred to the genus Corynommadius Schenkling, 1899a. Callimerus gorhami Corporaal, 1949 and Callimerus pallidus Gorham, 1892 are excluded from the latifrons species-group (their assignment to a species-group will be dealt with in a subsequent paper). A key to species of the latifrons species-group is given and habitus of each type specimen, male terminalia, and other diagnostic characters are illustrated.     

Antimicrobial Potential of Endophytic Fungi Derived from Three Seagrass Species: Cymodocea serrulata,Halophila ovalis and Thalassia hemprichii

Endophytic fungi from three commonly found seagrasses in southern Thailand were explored for their ability to produce antimicrobial metabolites. One hundred and sixty endophytic fungi derived from Cymodocea serrulata (Family Cymodoceaceae), Halophila ovalis and Thalassia hemprichii (Family Hydrocharitaceae) were screened for production of antimicrobial compounds by a colorimetric broth microdilution test against ten human pathogenic microorganisms including Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, a clinical isolate of methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Escherichia coli ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Candida albicans ATCC 90028 and NCPF 3153, Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 90112 and ATCC 90113 and clinical isolates of Microsporum gypseum and Penicillium marneffei . Sixty-nine percent of the isolates exhibited antimicrobial activity against at least one test strain. Antifungal activity was more pronounced than antibacterial activity. Among the active fungi, seven isolates including Hypocreales sp. PSU-ES26 from C . serrulata , Trichoderma spp. PSU-ES8 and PSU-ES38 from H . ovalis , and Penicillium sp. PSU-ES43, Fusarium sp. PSU-ES73, Stephanonectria sp. PSU-ES172 and an unidentified endophyte PSU-ES190 from T . hemprichii exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against human pathogens with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of less than 10 µg/ml. The inhibitory extracts at concentrations of 4 times their MIC destroyed the targeted cells as observed by scanning electron microscopy. These results showed the antimicrobial potential of extracts from endophytic fungi from seagrasses.     

Redescription and Lectotype Designation of Tylenchorhynchus cylindricus Cobb, 1913

Tylenchorhynchus cylindricus is redescribed and illustrated from N. A. Cobb''s original specimens collected in 1910. In 1955 M. W. Allen established a neotype from specimens collected near Cathedral City, California. Recently Cobb''s original sketches, line drawings, and balsam slides were rediscovered and examined. The specimens collected by Cobb were compared with the neotype established by Allen and with other collections of nominal T. cylindricus. Differences in morphology of the Cathedral City (Allen) and Los Patos (Cobb) populations were observed. Collections of males and females from Cathedral City, California; Mosida, Utah; and Kings County, California; were similar to each other except for some variation in female tail shape. Females in Cobb''s collection and in a collection from a beach near Ensenada, Mexico, were similar to each other but differed morphologically from other collections. We consider all collections to represent a range of variation within the species. A lectotype and an allolectotype were selected to establish the taxonomic base for the genus. A ruling has been requested from the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature on the disposition of the neotype.