亚洲玉米螟越冬幼虫存活和滞育解除与水分摄入的关系

在22～28℃和16～22℃变温条件下研究了水分对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)越冬幼虫存活、滞育解除及成虫生殖潜力的影响。结果表明：在越冬幼虫复苏后至化蛹阶段,水分是影响越冬幼虫完成滞育发育的关键因子,只有满足其饮水需求,才能解除滞育而化蛹。幼虫的存活和化蛹率随幼虫饮水后体重的增加而增加。幼虫化蛹的早晚受温度和水分的综合影响,在22～28℃下越冬幼虫化蛹进度较快,在复苏后35天时为最佳饮水时间,比在16～22℃下早5～10天。此阶段如能满足幼虫的需水量,幼虫死亡率低,化蛹率高,而只在滞育发育早期或后期饮水时,死亡率高,化蛹率低。同一变温条件下,其滞育发育因饮水时间的推迟而延长。因此可以推测春季温度偏高、干旱的气候条件不利于亚洲玉米螟越冬代的大发生,反之亦然。     

Brain-independent development in the moth Sesamia nonagrioides

The caterpillars of Sesamia nonagrioides developing under long-day (LD) photoperiod pupate in the 5th or 6th instar whereas under short day (SD) conditions they enter diapause and undergo several extra larval molts. The diapause is terminated within 1-3 instars upon transfer of SD larvae to the LD conditions. Brain removal from the 6th instar larvae promotes pupation followed by imaginal development; however, one third of the SD larvae and 12% of the LD larvae debrained at the start of the instar first undergo 1-2 larval molts. The incidence of larval molts is enhanced by the brain implants. Exclusively pupal molts occur in the LD larvae debrained late in the 6th instar. Decapitation elicits pupation in both LD and SD larvae, except for some of the 4th and 5th and rarely 6th instar that are induced to a fast larval molt. The pupation of decapitated larvae is reverted to a larval molt by application of a juvenile hormone (JH) agonist. No molts occur in abdomens isolated from the head and thorax prior to the wandering stage. Abdomens isolated later undergo a larval (SD insects) or a pupal (LD insects) molt. Taken together the data reveal that in S. nonagrioides (1) several larval molts followed by a pupal and imaginal molt can occur without brain; (2) an unknown head factor outside the brain is needed for the pupal-adult molt; (3) brain exerts both stimulatory and inhibitory effect on the corpora allata (CA); (4) larval molts induced in CA absence suggest considerable JH persistence.     

Host regulation effects on Heliothis virescens (F.) larvae inducd by teratocytes of Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck (Lepidoptera,Noctuidae-Hymenoptera,Braconidae)

Teratocytes deriving from the serosal membrane of Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck, obtained “in vitro” from embryos hatched on a semidefined medium, were injected at different numbers and in different developmental stages of nonparasitized Heliothis virescens (F.) last instar larvae. Host development was affected by teratocyte injections and the responses registered ranged from normal to complete inhibition of pupation, according to the number of teratocytes injected and the developmental stage of the larva at time of injection. Complete pupation failure was observed when teratocytes derived from 4C nigriceps embryos were injected into 1st day 5th instar (new-slender stage) host larvae. Complete pupation occurred when teratocytes from 2 embryos were injected into 3rd or 4th day 5th instars (burrow-digging or day 1 cell formation stage). Intermediate responses, such as the formation of pupal cuticle without ecdysis or with only partial ecdysis, were obtained with intermediate teratocyte numbers, or host developmental stages. All pupae derived from teratocyte injected larvae failed to develop into adults normally obtained from control injected larvae. The larval weight just before pupation was negatively affected only when teratocyte injections were performed on 1st day 5th instar H. virescens larvae. Teratocyte injections altered the hemolymph protein titer to a level similar to that occurring in parasitized larvae. At the same time the ecdysteroid titer was characterized by a late significant increase, which reached values almost 3 times greater than found in normally parasitized larvae, and also surpassed the highest values registered for nonparasitized larvae. Ligation of parasitized larvae between the meso- and metathorax demonstrated that when the prothoracic glands were excluded, there was almost no ecdysteroid production posterior to the ligation. Ligations performed on parasitized larvae to isolate parasitoid eggs before hatching in the last abdominal segments, demonstrated that only virus and venom determined a reduction of the ecdysteroid titer. On the basis of these results the possible role of teratocytes in affecting the biological activity of ecdysteroids is postulated and discussed in a wider context of host-parasitoid physiological interactions.     

Evidence for the presence of a threshold weight for entering diapause in the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle, Psacothea hilaris

Under long-day conditions larvae of Psacothea hilaris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) pupate after the 4th or 5th instar, while under short-day conditions they undergo 2-4 nonstationary supernumerary molts and eventually enter diapause. To explore the possibility of a threshold weight for entering diapause, P. hilaris larvae were deprived of food on days 0 (day of ecdysis), 4 or 8 of the 4th, 5th and 6th instars under short-day conditions. Within the first 40 days of starvation, 60% of the larvae starved starting on day 0 of the 4th instar died, but all the larvae starved at later stages survived. The incidence of diapause in these survivors was determined by the occurrence of pupation after a temporary chilling at 15 degrees C for 15 days. Diapause incidence increased as the onset of starvation was delayed; from 11% in the larvae starved on day 0 of the 5th instar to 100% in the larvae starved on day 4 and day 8 of the 6th instar. Analysis of the relationship between the initial weight of a respective larva at the onset of starvation and its pupation success revealed that none of the larvae weighing 690 mg did. This finding suggests the presence of a threshold weight (about 600 mg), below which larvae are incapable of entering diapause. We discuss these findings with reference to the life history of P. hilaris.     

Evidence for nucleolus organizer regions as the units of regulation in nucleolar dominance in Arabidopsis thaliana interecotype hybrids

Nucleolar dominance describes the silencing of one parent's ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes in a genetic hybrid. In Arabidopsis thaliana, rRNA genes are clustered in two nucleolus organizer regions, NOR2 and NOR4. In F(8) recombinant inbreds (RI) of the A. thaliana ecotypes Ler and Cvi, lines that display strong nucleolar dominance inherited a specific combination of NORs, Cvi NOR4 and Ler NOR2. These lines express almost all rRNA from Cvi NOR4. The reciprocal NOR genotype, Ler NOR4/Cvi NOR2, allowed for expression of rRNA genes from both NORs. Collectively, these data reveal that neither Cvi rRNA genes nor NOR4 are always dominant. Furthermore, strong nucleolar dominance does not occur in every RI line inheriting Cvi NOR4 and Ler NOR2, indicating stochastic effects or the involvement of other genes segregating in the RI mapping population. A partial explanation is provided by an unlinked locus, identified by QTL analysis, that displays an epistatic interaction with the NORs and affects the relative expression of NOR4 vs. NOR2. Collectively, the data indicate that nucleolar dominance is a complex trait in which NORs, rather than individual rRNA genes, are the likely units of regulation.     

Individual variability and inheritance of the number and size of the nucleolar organizer regions in chromosomes of domestic swine

Individual variability of the number and size of silver-staining nucleolar organiser regions (NOR) was studied in 76 pigs of Semirechenskaya, Big White and Duroc breeds. The variability of the NOR number is exclusively caused by the presence of the 8NOR- allele (the chromosomes of the 8th homologous pair lacking the silver-staining NOR). Concentration of the 8NOR- allele is about 0.7 in the average for all three breeds. All 7 offsprings from the homozygous parents male 8NOR- /8NOR- and female 8NOR+/8NOR+ were heterozygotes 8NOR- /8NOR+. These data, together with good agreement between found and expected (according to the Hardy-Weinberg law) frequencies of homo- and heterozygotes suggest the codominant character of the NOR number inheritance. This allows using the NOR analysis to control the parentage announced. The study of inheritance of the size of NOR did not prove unequivocally its codominant character.     

反胶束法萃取核桃胰蛋白酶抑制剂及其抗虫研究

植物胰蛋白酶抑制因子对植物本身具有保护作用,能调节植物蛋白质的合成和分解,并具有抗虫作用。为明确核桃蛋白酶抑制剂对小菜蛾的抗虫效果,该研究采用AOT/异辛烷反胶束法和亲和层析法萃取及纯化核桃胰蛋白酶抑制剂,命名为WTI,并对其抑制活性和生物活性进行测试。迪克森作图法测得纯化的核桃胰蛋白酶抑制剂的抑制常数为2.1×10-9mol/L。抗虫试验表明,小菜蛾自1龄起至化蛹前的整个幼虫阶段中,核桃胰蛋白酶抑制剂均对其产生了较强的毒杀作用。尤其是在1-3龄期,效果最佳。与对照组相比,WTI能延迟小菜蛾的化蛹时间,降低其化蛹率。核桃胰蛋白酶抑制剂对小菜蛾有明显的毒杀作用,但不表现出明显的生长抑制作用,且一定浓度的核桃胰蛋白酶抑制剂能将小菜蛾扼杀在其化蛹之前,从而能够控制其繁殖。     

A method for rearing the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Psacothea hilaris</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), to stabilize the last larval instar

The larvae of Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe) grown continuously under a long day in the laboratory pupate after the 4th, 5th, or 6th instar. This developmental polymorphism has complicated studies on the control of metamorphosis in P. hilaris. Since pupation in P. hilaris is known to be suppressed under a short day, a change in the photoperiod from a short to a long day with appropriate timing may assist in obtaining physiologically homogeneous larvae that pupate at the next molt. When the photoperiod was changed from 12-h light:12-h dark to 15-h light:9-h dark at the beginning of the 5th instar, the pupation rate at the next (5th) molt reached 90%, which was significantly higher than the proportion of larvae that pupated after the 5th instar when the larvae were grown continuously under a long day (52%). This rearing technique will expedite studies on the control of metamorphosis in P. hilaris.     

Expression of ribosomal genes under the action of 5-azacytidine in the African green monkey RAMT cell line

The use of cytosine analogue--5-Azacytidine(5AzaC), derepression of ribosomal genes has been studied in one of organising chromosomes in the African green monkey RAMT cell line in which the nucleolar organizer region (NOR) in parental cells was active. The effect of 5AzaC on the functional state of NOR was assessed by the length of the secondary constriction in this chromosome and by the intensity of Ag-staining of NOR. 5AzaC was added to the cell culture at concentrations 2-16 M, either immediately after the cell passage or at the 24th h from the beginning of cell cultivation for the following 17-34 hours. As a control the cells cultivated in the absence of 5AzaC were used. Comparison of control cells with those treated with 5AzaC showed: 1) increase of the length of the second constriction in the chromosome with the initial inactive NOR in the 5AzaC--treated cells; 2) a marked increase of the intensity of NOR's Ag-staining in the same chromosome after incorporation of 5-AzaC into DNA. The conclusion about the methylation of cytosine bases in the DNA of ribosomal genes in one NOR organising chromosomes in RAMT cell line was made.     

棉铃虫老熟幼虫有效越冬虫量的分析

通过从棉田和玉米田采回的第 4代老熟幼虫的化蛹率和羽化率观察 ,发现棉田和玉米田的老熟幼虫化蛹率分别为 65%～ 83 0 5%和 55%～ 80 % ,其化蛹后的羽化率分别为 1 0 %～ 87%和 1 3 %～77% ,而且 2种寄主作物间无显著差异。由此进一步分析了棉田和玉米田老熟幼虫的有效越冬虫率和有效越冬虫量 ,作者认为 8月 3 1日至 9月 1 0日是棉铃虫老熟幼虫有效越冬虫量的主要来源期 ,且棉田显著高于玉米田 ,构成了第 2年棉铃虫种群发生基础。     

Effect of kaolin on fitness and behavior of Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae

The mechanisms by which kaolin, a clay particle film formulation, affects the fitness and behavior of larvae of obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), were investigated. Feeding experiments tested kaolin as a physical barrier versus a physiological toxin for larvae that consumed kaolin applied either to apple (Malus spp.) leaves or mixed in artificial diet. Behavioral experiments tested the effects of kaolin applied to apple leaves on neonate dispersal and leaf rolling by third and fourth instars. When larvae fed on apple leaves sprayed with kaolin, mortality and time to pupation of larvae increased significantly, whereas pupal mass significantly decreased. When larvae consumed kaolin mixed into an artificial diet, however, the effects on mortality, pupation time, and pupal mass were negligible. There may be minor physiological effects from consumption because male time to pupation was delayed for larvae fed diets containing the highest concentration of kaolin. In behavioral experiments, neonate larvae dispersed more quickly off plants covered with kaolin than control plants, and kaolin delayed the construction of leaf shelters by third and fourth instars. We showed that the effects of kaolin on C. rosaceana larvae are primarily physical, causing changes in dispersal and rolling behaviors and as a physical barrier to feeding.     

Bt玉米(MG95)对粘虫的抗性和拒食作用

在室内以我国自主培育的转Bt基因玉米 (简称 :Bt玉米 )为材料 ,测定了Bt玉米对不同龄期 ( 1～ 4龄 )粘虫PseudaletiaseparataWalker的影响。测定指标包括 :幼虫体重、幼虫发育历期、幼虫死亡率、化蛹率、蛹重、蛹历期、羽化率、产卵量、成虫历期、卵孵化率。结果显示 :用Bt玉米喂养的 1～ 4龄幼虫在处理 6d及 1～ 3龄幼虫在处理 9d时的体重与对照相比均差异显著 ;除 1龄幼虫外 ,2～ 4龄幼虫处理 6d及 2～ 3龄幼虫处理 9d后的死亡率差异不显著 ;用Bt玉米喂养的各龄幼虫发育历期延长 ,与对照相比差异显著 ;1、2龄幼虫的化蛹率与对照相比有显著差异 ,3、4龄则差异不显著 ;1～ 4龄幼虫的蛹重、蛹历期及羽化率均差异显著 ;成虫历期仅 1龄幼虫差异显著 ;与对照相比 ,各龄粘虫的产卵数、卵孵化率均无显著差异。结果表明 ,1龄幼虫对Bt玉米最为敏感。另外 ,拒食实验结果显示 ,在实验开始后的 8,1 6,2 4,3 2及 48h ,非选择性测定的拒食率为 63 2 0 ,64 60 ,48 99,2 3 3 5和 0 5 4% ,选择性测定的拒食率为98 3 3 ,82 43 ,71 5 4,40 1 6和 0 2 7% ,总体趋势是拒食率随时间延长而降低 ,48h后Bt玉米对粘虫幼虫无拒食活性。     

Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the cellular defense response of Ephestia kuehniella larvae fed Bacillus thuringiensis

While maintained under all combinations of three temperatures and two RH, fifth instar larvae of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella were fed wheat treated with spores and crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. Larvae that had fed on wheat with the bacterial preparation contained higher concentrations of nodules in their haemocoel than did larvae fed on wheat without bacteria. Nodule concentrations in larvae fed untreated wheat were unaffected by temperature or relative humidity. Larvae fed treated wheat had higher nodule concentrations at 32 degrees C than at 15 and 23 degrees C, and higher nodule concentrations at a relative humidity of 85% than at 43%. The percentage of larvae that pupated was lower when larvae were fed the bacterial preparation, and was significantly higher at 23 degrees C than at 15 and 32 degrees C, regardless of whether larvae were fed bacteria or not. Less time was required for larvae to develop to pupation at higher temperatures and at higher humidity. Mean time to pupation was lower for bacteria-fed larvae than for those fed untreated wheat, and this appeared to be a result of truncation of the distribution of times to pupation because only rapidly developing larvae survived to pupation.     

小菜蛾活化蛋白激酶C受体1基因PxyRACK1在变态发育调控中的作用

[目的]活化蛋白激酶C受体1(receptor for activated C kinase 1,RACK1)参与了多细胞生物体中重要的信号传导,调节生物体的生长发育.本研究旨在克隆小菜蛾Plutella xylostella RACK1基因PxyRACK1,调查其表达模式,明确其对小菜蛾化蛹的影响及其机制.[方法]克...     

X-Y-autosome translocation, chromosome compaction, NOR expression and heterochromatin insulation in the Scarabaeid beetle Dynastes hercules hercules

The karyotype of the giant beetle Dynastes hercules hercules is composed of only 16 autosomes and large sex chromosomes. Meiotic studies in the males showed that a large part of the sex chromosomes undergo synapsis at pachynema similarly to autosomes, demonstrating that both derived from an autosome-gonosome translocation. Therefore, karyotype formula is 18,neoXY. The heterochromatisation of the neoX short arm at pachynema indicates that it corresponds to the ancestral X. It carries the nucleolar organizer region (NOR) in its proximal part, which is undercondensed, especially in male mitotic and meiotic cells. In female mitotic cells, both NOR staining and undercondensation were more difficult to observe in the neoX short arms. In somatic interphase nuclei, NOR expression strongly varies with the sex. Two separated compact groups of silver dots were observed in female nuclei, while a single dispersed and large group of silver deposit exists in the males. Both the lower condensation and the higher NOR expression of the single neoX of the males, compared to each of the two neoXs of the females, is interpreted to be a consequence of dosage compensation, a mechanism not yet described in Coleoptera. In mammals as well as in Coleoptera, the carriers of gonosome-autosome translocations not exhibiting deleterious phenotypes show constitutive heterochromatin at the autosome-gonosome junction. Thus, heterochromatin may play an important universal role by clearly separating chromosome segments with different regulations of gene expression, such as inactivation or dosage compensation of the X chromosome on the one side and a conventional autosomal structure on the other side.